{"id":36954,"date":"2019-01-13T23:00:55","date_gmt":"2019-01-13T22:00:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.fjala.info\/?p=36954"},"modified":"2020-04-08T14:55:40","modified_gmt":"2020-04-08T13:55:40","slug":"kush-jam-une-kush-je-ti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/kush-jam-une-kush-je-ti\/","title":{"rendered":"Kush jam un\u00eb? Kush je ti? – sqarime sipas teoris\u00eb s\u00eb Frojdit"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sigmund Freud (Zigmund Frojd) nuk besonte n\u00eb nj\u00eb fitore t\u00eb Arsyes s\u00eb past\u00ebr. Ai ishte i bindur se rruga p\u00ebr lumturin\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebsh paqe me an\u00ebt e saj t\u00eb paarsyeshme.
\n\u00a9 Julia Ossko dhe Eugen Schulz p\u00ebr ZEIT WISSEN<\/i><\/p>\n

Marr\u00eb nga Zeit.de<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

P\u00ebrshtatur n\u00eb shqip nga Arben<\/b> e Dr.\u00a0<\/strong>Dashamir \u00c7okaj<\/b><\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Sigmund Freud (Zigmund Frojd) e ka revolucionarizuar psikologjin\u00eb me teorin\u00eb e tij t\u00eb s\u00eb pavet\u00ebdijshmes. Trash\u00ebgimia e tij \u00ebsht\u00eb e perceptueshme, n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha fijet e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb sot – dhe relevante.<\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

P\u00cbRMBAJTJA<\/strong>
\nFaqe 1 \u2014 Kush jam un\u00eb? Kush je ti?<\/a><\/em>
\nFaqe 2 \u2014 Me vet\u00eb-analiz\u00ebn e tij, Frojdi mohoi pun\u00ebn e tij m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme<\/a><\/em>
\nFaqe 3 \u2014 “Thjesht\u00eb, un\u00eb nuk jam njeri i shkenc\u00ebs”<\/a><\/em>
\nFaqe 4 \u2014 Do t\u00eb donim kaq shum\u00eb t\u00eb kuptoheshim<\/a><\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Nga Tobias H\u00fcrter<\/strong>*<\/a>)<\/p>\n

22 Dhjetor 2018, 20:30 ZEIT Wissen\u00a0Nr. 1\/2019, 11 Dhjetor 2018<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Faqe 1 – Kush jam un\u00eb? Kush je ti?<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Edmund Stoiber nuk konsiderohet si simbol i seksit dhe nuk njihet si i dhunsh\u00ebm. Por, n\u00eb maj t\u00eb vitit 2007, kur ai ishte kryeminist\u00ebr i Bavaris\u00eb, pati th\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb intervist\u00eb: “Jam m\u00ebsuar me faktin se \u00e7do dit\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebngjes shikoj n\u00eb kopsht dhe ndoshta ekzekutoj nj\u00eb lule. P\u00ebrndryshe, i them gruas time se \u00e7far\u00eb do t\u00eb b\u00ebja, dhe pastaj ajo e b\u00ebn at\u00eb me kopshtarin.<\/i>” E qart\u00eb, t\u00eb gjith\u00eb e din\u00eb: vet\u00ebdija e Stoiber-it tregon p\u00ebr kopshtarin\u00eb, e pand\u00ebrgjegjshmja e tij preferon seksin dhe krimin. P\u00ebrsh\u00ebndetje nga Dr. Frojdi.<\/p>\n

Ju nuk duhet ta prezentoni Zigmund Frojdin p\u00ebr k\u00ebdo<\/a>. Gjithkush e njeh emrin dhe ngjashm\u00ebrin\u00eb e tij. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga ata shkenc\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb pak\u00ebt, q\u00eb kan\u00eb hyr\u00eb n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn e p\u00ebrditshme, madje edhe n\u00eb fjalorin e atyre, q\u00eb kurr\u00eb nuk kan\u00eb lexuar asnj\u00eb linj\u00eb t\u00eb tij. Ne i p\u00ebrdorim konceptet e tij, p\u00ebr t\u00eb analizuar veten dhe nj\u00ebri-tjetrin: zhvendosjen<\/em>, komplekset<\/em>, frazat frojdiane t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs<\/em>. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, teoria e tij e pavet\u00ebdijes rrezaton n\u00eb fusha t\u00eb ndryshme si sociologjia, pedagogjia, politika, filozofia, let\u00ebrsia dhe studimet e teatrit. E drejt\u00eb? A \u00ebsht\u00eb kjo shkenc\u00eb apo supersticion? A nuk duhet ne t\u00eb pyesim m\u00eb tep\u00ebr studiuesit e trurit, se \u00e7far\u00eb po ndodh n\u00eb mendjen e Edmund Stoiber dhe njer\u00ebzve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb?<\/p>\n

\"\" Ky tekst vjen nga revista ZEIT WISSEN 1\/19.
\nRevista aktuale mund t\u00eb blihet n\u00eb kiosk\u00eb ose k\u00ebtu.<\/i><\/p>\n

Ka shum\u00eb pik\u00ebpyetje n\u00eb lidhje me k\u00ebto pyetje. Nuk ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb kjo, n\u00ebse Frojdi i vjet\u00ebr ka t\u00eb drejt\u00eb. B\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr vet\u00ebkuptimin ton\u00eb: \u00c7far\u00eb lloj qenieje \u00ebsht\u00eb njeriu? B\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr at\u00eb q\u00eb konsiderohet normale dhe at\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e \u00e7mendur, dhe p\u00ebr m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si duhet t\u00eb trajtohen njer\u00ebzit me s\u00ebmundje mendore.<\/p>\n

Kur Freud studionte mjek\u00ebsin\u00eb n\u00eb Vjen\u00eb n\u00eb vitet 1870, ai filloi t\u00eb rrethohej nga k\u00ebto pik\u00ebpyetje. Ai preu qindra ngjala lumore n\u00eb k\u00ebrkim t\u00eb organeve t\u00eb tyre seksuale. Ai shqyrtoi sistemin nervor t\u00eb krustaceve. Por ishte njeriu, q\u00eb Frojdi donte t\u00eb kuptonte: origjin\u00ebn biologjike t\u00eb proceseve psikike<\/strong>. Ai filloi t\u00eb studionte trurin e f\u00ebmij\u00ebve, t\u00eb cilin ai pastaj e priste n\u00eb flet\u00eb t\u00eb holla dhe t\u00eb thata n\u00ebn let\u00ebr filtri. Ai studioi p\u00ebr 15 semestra.<\/p>\n

Hulumtimet baz\u00eb ishin nj\u00eb luks p\u00ebr pasardh\u00ebsit e familjeve t\u00eb pasura. I ati i Frojdit, megjithat\u00eb, e ushqeu familjen e tij me nj\u00eb biznes, q\u00eb ishte t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn n\u00eb skajet e krimit dhe q\u00eb nuk sillte gjithnj\u00eb ndonj\u00eb fitim. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, ai ishte hebre, gj\u00eb q\u00eb e b\u00ebri t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr djalin e tij Zigmund t\u00eb p\u00ebrparoj\u00eb n\u00eb Akademin\u00eb e at\u00ebhershme, edhe pse ai nuk e mori besimin.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb nj\u00eb moment, ishte e pashmangshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb fituar para. N\u00eb pritje t\u00eb viteve Martha Bernays donte t\u00eb martohej. Frojdi e pa, se ai duhej t\u00eb b\u00ebhej mjek praktikues. Por, \u00e7far\u00eb mjeku? Ai e provoi dor\u00ebn e tij n\u00eb kirurgji, por e gjeti veten shum\u00eb t\u00eb ngath\u00ebt. N\u00eb mjek\u00ebsin\u00eb e brendshme, ai nuk i duroi t\u00eb s\u00ebmur\u00ebt q\u00eb vdisnin. Edhe f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e s\u00ebmur\u00eb e godit\u00ebn at\u00eb n\u00eb shpirt, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb ai e la pediatrin\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb 1886, kthehet i fresk\u00ebt nga muaji i mjaltit, Frojdi hapi praktik\u00ebn e tij private neurologjike. Ai trajtoi kryesisht grat\u00eb. Histeria ishte e mod\u00ebs\u00a0s\u00eb diagnoz\u00ebs\u00a0s\u00eb koh\u00ebs, pacient\u00ebt vuanin nga pamund\u00ebsia e t\u00eb folurit, konvulsione dhe halu\u00e7inacione p\u00ebr gjarp\u00ebrinjt\u00eb dhe minjt\u00eb. Shkaku i dyshuar nga shum\u00eb mjek\u00eb ishte ngushtimi i vezoreve. Menj\u00ebher\u00eb pas hapjes s\u00eb praktik\u00ebs s\u00eb tij, Frojdi e posht\u00ebroi veten me nj\u00eb ligj\u00ebrat\u00eb mbi histerin\u00eb mashkullore, n\u00eb Shoqat\u00ebn e Mjek\u00ebve t\u00eb Vjen\u00ebs. “Por, zoti koleg, si mund t\u00eb flisni ju p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb marr\u00ebzi?!<\/em>” – b\u00ebrtiti nj\u00eb kirurg i moshuar. “Hysteron \u00ebsht\u00eb emri i mitr\u00ebs, si mundet nj\u00eb burr\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb histerik?<\/em>”<\/p>\n

Koleg\u00ebt v\u00ebshtir\u00eb se i referonin pacient\u00eb Frojdit, praktika nuk ishte e q\u00ebndrueshme. Ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb Frojdi e kaloi dit\u00ebn i vet\u00ebm n\u00eb klinik\u00ebn e tij, nganj\u00ebher\u00eb “budallenjt\u00eb”, si i quante ai pacient\u00ebt e tij, vrapuan te dera. Pastaj ai punonte deri n\u00eb or\u00ebn 22:00 n\u00eb klinik\u00eb, e m\u00eb pas n\u00eb tavolin\u00ebn e pun\u00ebs. Kur i binin energjit\u00eb, ai e nxiste veten me nj\u00eb doz\u00eb kokain\u00eb. Ai gjithashtu e vler\u00ebsoi k\u00ebt\u00eb drog\u00eb, si nj\u00eb ila\u00e7 sht\u00ebpiak p\u00ebr dhimbje koke dhe ftohje.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Faqe 2 – Me vet\u00eb-analiz\u00ebn e tij, Frojdi mohoi pun\u00ebn e tij m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Fillimisht, Frojdi i trajtoi “budallenjt\u00eb” e tij sipas metodave t\u00eb zakonshme: elektroterapi<\/em>, masazhe<\/em>\u00a0dhe banja mjek\u00ebsore<\/em>. Ai u p\u00ebrpoq gjithashtu t’i hipnotizonte ata, nj\u00eb teknik\u00eb q\u00eb ai e kishte m\u00ebsuar n\u00eb Franc\u00eb. Ideja ishte q\u00eb pacient\u00ebt t\u00eb kthehen n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje sa m\u00eb t\u00eb relaksuar t\u00eb mund\u00ebshme, n\u00eb at\u00eb situat\u00eb, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn i ishin shkaktuar vuajtjet, dhe n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, t\u00eb shkarkonin emocionet e tyre t\u00eb ndrydhura. Suksesi ishte i moderuar.<\/p>\n

Sesionet u b\u00ebn\u00eb gradualisht\u00a0bisedore, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn Zigmund Frojd<\/a> u p\u00ebrpoq t’i gjurmonte kujtimet e pacient\u00ebve p\u00ebr ngjarjet e turpshme. Frojdi vuri re se shum\u00eb nga pacient\u00ebt e tij raportuan, se ishin abuzuar seksualisht si f\u00ebmij\u00eb. “Tani kam marr\u00eb nj\u00eb hap t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm<\/em>,” shkroi ai m\u00eb von\u00eb. “Un\u00eb udh\u00ebtova n\u00ebp\u00ebr histeri dhe fillova t\u00eb eksploroj n\u00eb jet\u00ebn seksuale t\u00eb t\u00eb ashtuquajturit nevrastenik<\/strong>, me t\u00eb cil\u00ebt u takova shpesh n\u00eb or\u00ebt e shumta n\u00eb klinik\u00ebn time. Ky eksperiment m\u00eb bindi, se ka pasur abuzime t\u00eb r\u00ebnda t\u00eb funksionit seksual n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb k\u00ebta pacient\u00eb<\/em>.” Frojdi zhvilloi “teorin\u00eb e joshjes<\/em>“, sipas t\u00eb cil\u00ebs\u00a0histeria rrjedh nga abuzimi seksual<\/em>. Nj\u00eb tez\u00eb e eg\u00ebr, q\u00eb edhe miqt\u00eb dhe koleg\u00ebt e tij m\u00eb besnik\u00eb, nuk e pranuan.<\/p>\n

Frojdi e kuptoi shpejt\u00a0se historit\u00eb, q\u00eb tregonin pacient\u00ebt e tij, nuk ishin gjithmon\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrteta. Jo se ata g\u00ebnjenin q\u00ebllimisht: Sikur me magji, kujtesa e tyre dukej se shmangte p\u00ebrvojat e pak\u00ebndshme dhe i mbushnin boshll\u00ebqet me tregime t\u00eb b\u00ebra vet\u00eb<\/em>. P\u00ebr t\u00eb kap\u00ebrcyer “censorin” e brendsh\u00ebm, i cili, sipas hamendjes s\u00eb Frojdit, i mbante pacient\u00ebt e tij larg nga burimi i vuajtjeve t\u00eb tyre, me k\u00ebt\u00eb ai zhvilloi teknik\u00ebn, q\u00eb ndjek\u00ebsit e tij ende aplikojn\u00eb sot: shoq\u00ebrimin e lir\u00eb<\/strong>. Terapisti e l\u00eb pacientin sa m\u00eb pa pengesa, p\u00ebr t’u futur n\u00eb mendime. Kur fjalimi vjen n\u00eb rritje, dyshohet p\u00ebr nj\u00eb rezistenc\u00eb pand\u00ebrgjegjshme<\/a>, q\u00eb t\u00eb dy mund ta kap\u00ebrcejn\u00eb s\u00eb bashku, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb dep\u00ebrtojn\u00eb n\u00eb qoshet e fshehta t\u00eb shpirtit. N\u00eb 1896, Frojdi e p\u00ebrdori fjal\u00ebn “psikoanaliz\u00eb<\/strong>” p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb koh\u00ebn kur Frojdi ishte duke pritur n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e zbraz\u00ebt t\u00eb k\u00ebshillimit, ai fitoi pacientin m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm t\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb tij: vetveten. N\u00eb fund t\u00eb \u00e7do dite, ai i kushtoi vetes nj\u00eb gjys\u00ebm ore vet\u00eb-analiz\u00eb. Ai filloi t\u00eb shkruante \u00ebndrrat e tij. Ai shqyrtonte d\u00ebshtimet e tij dhe fantazit\u00eb e thella. Me vet\u00eb-analiz\u00ebn e tij, Frojdi mohoi pun\u00ebn e tij m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme: Interpretimin e \u00ebndrrave<\/em>. U shfaq n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb shekullit. Materiali ishte kryesisht i p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga \u00ebndrrat e Frojdit. \u00cbndrr\u00ebn e par\u00eb, q\u00eb ai analizoi, ai e quajti “Injeksioni Irma”. Ai e kishte \u00ebnd\u00ebrruar at\u00eb gjat\u00eb pushimeve t\u00eb tij verore n\u00eb 1895.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, Frojdi shpresonte p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kok\u00eb t\u00eb lir\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb shkruar. Por mendimet e tij u drejtuan rreth t\u00eb s\u00ebmur\u00ebs s\u00eb tij Irma, nj\u00eb vejush\u00eb prej 21 vjet\u00ebsh, e cila vuante nga neveria dhe neveritja e vazhdueshme. E kishte rraskapitur r\u00ebnd\u00eb trajtimi i saj, ndjenja e fajit e kishte rr\u00ebnuar at\u00eb. Ai luante kok\u00ebn dhe \u00ebnd\u00ebrroi: rreth Irmas, mikut t\u00eb tij Otto dhe nj\u00eb dit\u00eblindjeje. N\u00eb \u00ebnd\u00ebrr Irma i duket “e zbeht\u00eb dhe e fryr\u00eb”, sikur ajo kishte nj\u00eb infeksion. “Ne gjithashtu e dim\u00eb menj\u00ebher\u00eb se nga vjen infeksioni,<\/em>” sh\u00ebnoi Frojdi, “miku Otto i dha asaj nj\u00eb injeksion t\u00eb trimethylamin\u00ebs (formul\u00ebn e t\u00eb cil\u00ebs un\u00eb e shoh t\u00eb shtypur guximsh\u00ebm para meje). Ndoshta shiringa nuk ishte aq e past\u00ebr<\/em>“.<\/p>\n

Frojdi ndjeu leht\u00ebsim. Ai faj\u00ebsoi Otton p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrlikimet e Irmas, sepse ai e ka infektuar Irman me nj\u00eb shiring\u00eb t\u00eb sterilizuar keq. Por, \u00e7far\u00eb lidhje ka kjo me trimethylaminen? \u00cbsht\u00eb “nj\u00eb nga produktet e metabolizmit seksual<\/em>“, shpjegon Frojdi, q\u00eb p\u00ebrmban sperma dhe sekrecionet vaginale. Frojdi njohu n\u00eb \u00ebndrr\u00ebn e tij nj\u00eb d\u00ebshir\u00eb seksuale t\u00eb maskuar. Me vet\u00ebdije, ai kurr\u00eb nuk do i kishte lejuar vetes t’i afrohej Irmas seksualisht. Por ndjenja e pand\u00ebrgjegjshme e tij, kishte ndjer\u00eb si ajo. \u00cbndrra e injeksionit t\u00eb Irmas e solli at\u00eb n\u00eb iden\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb tij: \u00ebndrrat jan\u00eb mesazhe t\u00eb koduara nga e pavet\u00ebdijshmja<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Frojdi nuk ishte i pari, q\u00eb e mendonte fuqin\u00eb e t\u00eb pavet\u00ebdijshmes, Platoni e kishte b\u00ebr\u00eb tashm\u00eb at\u00eb rreth 400 vjet para Krishtit<\/strong>. N\u00eb shekullin e 19-t\u00eb, filozof\u00ebt gjerman\u00eb Arthur Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche dhe Eduard von Hartmann e theksuan rolin e t\u00eb pavet\u00ebdijshmes. Por Frojdi ishte i pari, q\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm spekulonte p\u00ebr t\u00eb pavet\u00ebdijshmen. Ai e hulumtoi at\u00eb. “E ardhmja e psikologjis\u00eb i p\u00ebrket pun\u00ebs tuaj<\/em>“, i tha psikologu dhe filozofi amerikan\u00a0William James.<\/p>\n

Me interpretimin e \u00ebndrrave, Frojdi guxoi p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb shkonte p\u00ebrtej sh\u00ebrimit t\u00eb shpirtit. Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb s\u00ebmur\u00ebt, por p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb njer\u00ebzit. “Psikoanaliza filloi si nj\u00eb terapi<\/em>,” tha ai n\u00eb nj\u00eb leksion, “por jo vet\u00ebm si nj\u00eb terapi, un\u00eb do t\u00eb d\u00ebshiroja ta rekomandoj at\u00eb p\u00ebr interesin tuaj. Por p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajtjes s\u00eb saj t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb informacionit q\u00eb na jep, n\u00eb lidhje me at\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb af\u00ebr njeriut, natyr\u00ebn e tij<\/em>.” Ngjash\u00ebm me Immanuel Kant, Frojdi ishte i bindur se njohuria e p\u00ebrmir\u00ebson bot\u00ebn. Por ndryshe nga Kanti, ai ishte edhe nj\u00eb “ndri\u00e7ues kritik<\/strong>“, si\u00e7 e quan psikoanalisti i Mynihut, Volfgang Mertens. Ai nuk besonte n\u00eb nj\u00eb fitore t\u00eb Arsyes s\u00eb past\u00ebr. Ai ishte i bindur se rruga drejt nj\u00eb jete t\u00eb lumtur, \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebsh paqe me an\u00ebt e saj t\u00eb paarsyeshme.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Faqe 3 – “Thjesht\u00eb, un\u00eb nuk jam njeri i shkenc\u00ebs”<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

T\u00eb gjith\u00eb njer\u00ebzit, madje edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb arsyeshmit, jan\u00eb t\u00eb shtyr\u00eb nga “parimi i k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsis\u00eb<\/strong>” q\u00eb na b\u00ebn t\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsi t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur gj\u00ebra t\u00eb pak\u00ebndshme t\u00eb tilla, si pun\u00eb dhe bindje, besonte Frojdi. Por n\u00eb vend q\u00eb t\u00eb ndjekim parimin e k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsis\u00eb, ne duhet t\u00eb shtojm\u00eb “parimin e realitetit<\/strong>“, q\u00eb i udh\u00ebzon instinktet n\u00eb linja t\u00eb pranueshme shoq\u00ebrisht. Kur kompromisi midis parimit t\u00eb k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe parimit t\u00eb realitetit d\u00ebshton, lind ajo q\u00eb Frojdi e quajti “neuroza<\/strong>“.<\/p>\n

\"\"Teoria e Sublimimit \u00ebsht\u00eb pjesa m\u00eb shpres\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebse e doktrin\u00ebs s\u00eb Frojdit.
\n\u00a9 Julia Ossko dhe Eugen Schulz p\u00ebr ZEIT WISSEN<\/em><\/p>\n

Por n\u00ebse gj\u00ebrat shkojn\u00eb mir\u00eb, njeriu mund t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb gj\u00ebra t\u00eb m\u00ebdha. Q\u00ebllimi \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb konstruktive energjin\u00eb destruktive t\u00eb instinktit t\u00eb pavet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm<\/strong>. Frojdi dyshonte se ky proces i “sublimimit<\/strong>” ishte prapa arritjeve t\u00eb artit, shkenc\u00ebs dhe politik\u00ebs. Sherlock Holmes mund t’i ndjek\u00eb kriminel\u00ebt, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtur veten kund\u00ebr instinkteve t\u00eb tij kriminale. Nj\u00eb politikan q\u00eb b\u00ebn fushat\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb drejtat e t\u00eb varf\u00ebrve mund t\u00eb sublimoj\u00eb<\/em> lakmin\u00eb e tij. N\u00eb esen\u00eb e tij “Nj\u00eb kujtim p\u00ebr f\u00ebmij\u00ebrin\u00eb e Leonardo da Vin\u00e7it<\/em>“, Frojdi propozoi tez\u00ebn se Leonardo kishte qen\u00eb seksualisht jasht\u00ebzakonisht aktiv n\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebrin\u00eb dhe rinin\u00eb e tij, por d\u00ebshir\u00ebn e tij p\u00ebr k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsi trupore, ai e sublimoi\u00a0<\/em>m\u00eb von\u00eb\u00a0n\u00eb art dhe n\u00eb shkenc\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Teoria e sublimimit \u00ebsht\u00eb pjesa m\u00eb shpres\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebse e doktrin\u00ebs s\u00eb Frojdit. Ajo na tregon se nganj\u00ebher\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb mos merrni at\u00eb q\u00eb d\u00ebshironi. N\u00eb vend q\u00eb t\u00eb flejm\u00eb me k\u00ebdo q\u00eb na p\u00eblqen, ne mund t\u00eb kujdesemi p\u00ebr kopshtin ose t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb grimcat elementare.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Interpretimi i \u00ebndrrave u b\u00eb nj\u00eb nga librat m\u00eb t\u00eb lexuar, cituar dhe diskutuar t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb 20-t\u00eb. Psikoanaliza u rrit nga nj\u00eb teori e huaj tek nj\u00eb l\u00ebvizje. Ajo formoi shkolla t\u00eb ndryshme, t\u00eb cilat grindeshin me nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn dhe rreth babait, Frojdit. Student\u00ebt e Frojdit kishin p\u00ebr detyr\u00eb t\u00eb sheshonin gabimet e tij m\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebqija. Psikanalistja e Vien\u00ebs, Melanie Klein (1882-1960) analizoi gjithashtu\u00a0f\u00ebmij\u00ebt, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt Frojdi i kishte refuzuar gjithmon\u00eb. Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) kritikoi theksin e nj\u00ebansh\u00ebm t\u00eb Frojdit mbi seksualitetin. Psikoanalist\u00ebt feminist\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtuan patriarkalizmin e tij t\u00eb pap\u00ebrpunuar.<\/p>\n

Pas zbulimit t\u00eb tij, Frojdi mori profesionin e jasht\u00ebzakonsh\u00ebm n\u00eb Universitetin e Vjen\u00ebs, t\u00eb cilin ai ishte duke u p\u00ebrpjekur p\u00ebr vite me radh\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, atij iu mohua njohja m\u00eb e lart\u00eb akademike: Megjith\u00ebse ai \u00ebsht\u00eb nominuar p\u00ebr \u00c7mimin Nobel dhjet\u00eb her\u00eb, si n\u00eb mjek\u00ebsi, ashtu edhe n\u00eb let\u00ebrsi, ai kurr\u00eb nuk e ka marr\u00eb at\u00eb.<\/em> N\u00eb vitin 1929, nj\u00eb ekspert nga Komiteti i Nobelit erdhi n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimin se, puna e Frojdit ishte shkenc\u00ebrisht e pavler\u00eb<\/strong>. Edhe vet\u00eb Frojdi nuk ishte shum\u00eb i qart\u00eb p\u00ebr statusin e pun\u00ebs s\u00eb tij. Nga nj\u00ebra an\u00eb, ai b\u00ebri nj\u00eb vler\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrjetshme, duke e quajtur veten nj\u00eb “neurolog<\/em>“. Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, ai rr\u00ebfeu: “Un\u00eb nuk jam aspak njeri i shkenc\u00ebs, as v\u00ebzhgues, as eksperimentues, as mendimtar. Un\u00eb jam Talent Conquistador, nj\u00eb aventurier me kuriozitet, guxim dhe k\u00ebmb\u00ebngulje t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb<\/em>“.<\/p>\n

Ngarkesa e joshkenc\u00ebs vazhdoi. Ajo q\u00eb njer\u00ebzit tregojn\u00eb p\u00ebr jet\u00ebn e tyre t\u00eb brendshme, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb burim i vlefsh\u00ebm i njohurive shkencore<\/em>, tha psikologu amerikan Xhon Watson n\u00eb vitin 1913. Nga kjo erdhi shkolla psikologjike e sjelljes, Behaviorism<\/strong>, q\u00eb k\u00ebrkonte t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsonte supozimet e Frojdit, p\u00ebr t\u00eb pavet\u00ebdijshmen me mekanizma t\u00eb matsh\u00ebm stimulues. Sot, shkenc\u00ebtari kognitiv Wolfgang Prinz shpjegon se m\u00ebsimi i Frojdit, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb “asnj\u00eb shkenc\u00eb<\/em>“.<\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, mund t\u00eb bien n\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim me k\u00ebt\u00eb. Edhe pse psikoanaliza nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb disiplin\u00eb empirike nga standardet e fizik\u00ebs dhe neurofiziologjis\u00eb. Por ajo gjithashtu mund t\u00eb matet me realitetin. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00ebse nj\u00eb pacient raporton se ka r\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb depresion, pas nj\u00eb karrier\u00eb t\u00eb suksesshme, at\u00ebher\u00eb ndoshta mendon psikoanalisti i tij, p\u00ebr ndjenj\u00ebn e fajit q\u00eb rezulton nga nj\u00eb rivalitet shtypur t\u00eb pacienti nga babai i tij. Edhe pse ky interpretim nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb si n\u00eb nj\u00eb eksperiment t\u00eb verifikuesh\u00ebm shkencor, “por p\u00ebrvoja e mij\u00ebra trajtimeve tregon se mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb vet\u00eb-d\u00ebnim, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb fajit t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, q\u00eb ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me d\u00ebshirat e tilla t\u00eb ndaluara<\/em>“, thot\u00eb psikoanalisti Wolfgang Mertens. Se p\u00ebr teorin\u00eb e t\u00eb pavet\u00ebdijshmes zbatohen kritereve t\u00eb tjera, si p\u00ebr teorin\u00eb e gravitacionit. Megjith\u00ebse Frojdi mund t\u00eb argumentoj\u00eb, psikoanaliza \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb disa m\u00ebnyra e lidhur me shkencat humane, m\u00eb shum\u00eb se sa shkencat natyrore. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shkenc\u00eb shpjeguese (hermeneutike), interpretuese.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Shum\u00eb nga tezat e Frojdit b\u00ebjn\u00eb keq, kur krahasohen me metodat e sotme. P\u00ebr tez\u00ebn se personaliteti i njer\u00ebzve t\u00eb rritur \u00ebsht\u00eb i ndikuar nga rrjedh\u00ebn e zhvillimit t\u00eb tyre psikoseksual dhe t\u00eb gjitha \u00ebndrrat jan\u00eb plot\u00ebsime d\u00ebshirash t\u00eb maskuara, nuk ka prova t\u00eb mira empirike, edhe pse ithtar\u00ebt e psikoanaliz\u00ebs kan\u00eb kontrolluar t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht p\u00ebr t’i gjetur ato. Megjithat\u00eb, psikoanaliza \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb disiplin\u00eb relativisht e re. Gjithashtu, shum\u00eb nga ajo q\u00eb pretendonin fizikant\u00ebt apo biolog\u00ebt n\u00eb dit\u00ebt e para t\u00eb shkenc\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre, se ishte e gabuar nga perspektiva e sotme – por megjithat\u00eb ata ishin n\u00eb rrug\u00ebn e duhur.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Faqe 4 – Do t\u00eb donim kaq shum\u00eb t\u00eb kuptoheshim<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

“Tre idet\u00eb kryesore t\u00eb Frojdit jan\u00eb pohuar mir\u00eb dhe tani jan\u00eb komponent\u00eb qendror\u00eb t\u00eb neuroshkenc\u00ebs moderne<\/em>“, thot\u00eb neurobiologu Eric Kandel. S\u00eb pari<\/em>, shumica e jet\u00ebs son\u00eb shpirt\u00ebrore mbetet e pavet\u00ebdijshme p\u00ebrgjithmon\u00eb<\/strong>. S\u00eb dyti<\/em>, Instinkti seksual dhe instinkti agresiv jan\u00eb rr\u00ebnjosur thell\u00eb n\u00eb qenien ton\u00eb dhe punojn\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb jet\u00ebs<\/strong>. S\u00eb treti<\/em>, ekziston nj\u00eb vazhdim\u00ebsi midis gjendjes mendore dhe s\u00ebmundjes<\/strong>, \u00e7rregullimet mendore jan\u00eb forma tep\u00ebr t\u00eb theksuara t\u00eb proceseve shpirt\u00ebrore normale<\/strong>. “Edhe pas nj\u00eb shekulli, teoria e Frojdit \u00ebsht\u00eb ende ndoshta teoria m\u00eb me influenc\u00eb dhe koherente e aktivitetit mendor<\/em>“, thot\u00eb Kandel.<\/p>\n

Jo m\u00eb pak e diskutueshme \u00ebsht\u00eb pyetja, n\u00ebse teoria frojdiane \u00ebsht\u00eb e sakt\u00eb, sesa n\u00ebse ajo funksionon. Frojdi vet\u00eb theksoi p\u00ebrs\u00ebri dhe p\u00ebrs\u00ebri se psikoanaliza nuk ishte e p\u00ebrshtatshme p\u00ebr \u00e7do pacient. P\u00ebr disa, metoda e terapis\u00eb s\u00eb sjelljes, q\u00eb del nga biheiviorizmi<\/em>\u00a0(psikologjia e sjelljes) \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e mir\u00eb. Studimet tregojn\u00eb se t\u00eb dyja mund t\u00eb ndihmojn\u00eb, dhe kompanit\u00eb e sigurimeve sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore paguajn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb dyja.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb dekadat e tij t\u00eb m\u00ebvonshme, Frojdi ishte m\u00eb tep\u00ebr nj\u00eb filozof kulturor, sesa nj\u00eb terapist. Gjat\u00eb Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Par\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, pacient\u00ebt u larguan p\u00ebrs\u00ebri. Ai kishte koh\u00eb q\u00eb mendonte se si shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb teknologjizuara, mund t\u00eb rr\u00ebshqasin n\u00eb barbariz\u00ebm dhe t\u00eb vrasin nj\u00ebri-tjetrin. N\u00eb librin e tij, Das Unbehagen in der Kultur<\/em>\u00a0(1930), (Pak\u00ebnaq\u00ebsia n\u00eb kultur\u00eb<\/em>), Frojdi p\u00ebrshkroi se si nj\u00eb shoq\u00ebri e t\u00ebr\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhet neurotike<\/strong>. Duke vepruar k\u00ebshtu, super-egoja<\/strong> vihet n\u00eb loj\u00eb, shkalla e tret\u00eb pran\u00eb id<\/strong>-it instinktiv dhe egos<\/strong> s\u00eb vet\u00ebdijshme.<\/p>\n

Nd\u00ebrsa id<\/strong>-i i pavet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm th\u00ebrret “hani, b\u00ebni seks, rrini<\/em>“, superego<\/strong>-ja paralajm\u00ebron “nuk duhet<\/em>“, “mundet<\/em>“, “duhet<\/em>“. Kjo p\u00ebrkujdeset q\u00eb njer\u00ebzit e civilizuar t\u00eb punojn\u00eb mir\u00eb, t\u00eb jetojn\u00eb monogam\u00eb dhe t\u00eb paguajn\u00eb taksat. Ego<\/strong>-ja varet n\u00eb mes t\u00eb fronteve dhe duhet t\u00eb nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebsoj\u00eb disi. Her\u00eb pas here, di\u00e7ka “e ndaluar” nga id<\/strong>-i zvarritet n\u00eb nd\u00ebrgjegje, si nj\u00eb \u00ebnd\u00ebrr ose shkarje e gjuh\u00ebs. Por kur tensioni mes instinkteve dhe Superego<\/em>-s b\u00ebhet shum\u00eb i madh, instinktet \u00e7lirohen n\u00eb luft\u00ebra, krime dhe dhun\u00eb seksuale.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Si do ta analizonte Frojdi shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb e shekullit t\u00eb 21-t\u00eb? “Ai mund t\u00eb shkruante nj\u00eb ese mbi<\/em> ‘Mediat Sociale dhe Fondacionet Narcistike<\/em>‘, thot\u00eb dijetari letrar dhe biografi i Frojdit Peter-Andr\u00e9 Alt. Sipas Zigmund Frojdit dhe student\u00ebve t\u00eb tij, t\u00eb gjith\u00eb kemi nj\u00eb an\u00eb narcisiste. Ajo lind n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn rreth nj\u00eb vje\u00e7, n\u00eb t\u00eb ashtuquajtur\u00ebn faz\u00eb e pasqyr\u00ebs<\/em><\/strong>, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn \u00e7do njeri ka nj\u00eb p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb, q\u00eb asnj\u00eb qen ose pul\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb kurr\u00eb: ai e njeh veten p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb pasqyr\u00eb<\/em>. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb shqet\u00ebsuese, sepse nga jasht\u00eb duket shum\u00eb ndryshe, se sa ndihet brenda.\u00a0Brenda k\u00ebsaj vorbulle t\u00eb pand\u00ebrprer\u00eb t\u00eb ndjenjave, mendimeve, frik\u00ebs dhe d\u00ebshirave, jasht\u00eb k\u00ebsaj fytyre relativisht t\u00eb ngurt\u00eb. P\u00ebr nj\u00eb jet\u00eb, ne p\u00ebrpiqemi ta kap\u00ebrcejm\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb boshll\u00ebk.<\/p>\n

D\u00ebshirojm\u00eb t\u00eb kuptohemi nga qeniet e tjera njer\u00ebzore, por ajo q\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt shohin tek ne \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb karikatur\u00eb e vetes son\u00eb. Prandaj ne p\u00ebrpiqemi vazhdimisht ta kultivojm\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb karikatur\u00eb, me shpres\u00ebn se t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt do t\u00eb na kuptojn\u00eb, n\u00ebse ne vet\u00ebm e l\u00ebmojm\u00eb mjaftuesh\u00ebm, dhe e rrezikojm\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb dashurin\u00eb ton\u00eb p\u00ebr veten ton\u00eb. “Epshi i privuar nga bota e jashtme \u00ebsht\u00eb i ushqyer me egon ton\u00eb<\/em>“, e shpjegoi Frojdi\u00a0narcizmin<\/strong>. Instagrami<\/em>, Tinder dhe Co<\/em>. e p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rrezik. Komunikimi i varf\u00ebr dhe p\u00ebrmbytja me selfies<\/strong> e b\u00ebjn\u00eb jet\u00ebn ton\u00eb nj\u00eb faz\u00eb t\u00eb zgjatur t\u00eb pasqyrimeve.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

TOBIAS H\u00dcRTER<\/strong>
\n\u00cbsht\u00eb djali i nj\u00eb psikoterapisteje dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithashtu psikoterapist. N\u00eb rinin\u00eb e tij, ai shpesh e vler\u00ebsoi at\u00eb, kur psikoanaliza mbeti e mbyllur n\u00eb klinik\u00ebn e k\u00ebshillimit t\u00eb prind\u00ebrve t\u00eb tij.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb vitit 1938, Frojdi e pa se t\u00eb gjitha pasqyrat e tij p\u00ebr qeniet njer\u00ebzore nuk e kan\u00eb mbrojtur at\u00eb nga \u00e7menduria m\u00eb e madhe kolektive e shekullit t\u00eb 20-t\u00eb. “Aneksimi<\/em>” i Austris\u00eb nga Gjermania ishte i plot\u00eb, nazist\u00ebt dogj\u00ebn librat e tij, Gestapoja kishte marr\u00eb n\u00eb pyetje vajz\u00ebn e tij Anna. Nj\u00eb vit para vdekjes s\u00eb tij, 82-vje\u00e7ari Frojd iku n\u00eb Lond\u00ebr me familjen e tij. Si mashtrimin e fundit, ai kishte n\u00ebnshkruar nj\u00eb formular: “Me k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsi konfirmoj q\u00eb deri m\u00eb sot, m\u00eb 4 qershor 1938, nuk ka pasur asnj\u00eb d\u00ebm p\u00ebr personin tim apo p\u00ebr an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e familjes sime. Autoritetet dhe zyrtar\u00ebt e partis\u00eb kan\u00eb qen\u00eb vazhdimisht t\u00eb v\u00ebmendsh\u00ebm me mua dhe an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e familjes sime<\/em>“.\u00a0Frojdi thuhet se ka shtuar me dor\u00eb: “Un\u00eb mund ta rekomandoj Gestaposn p\u00ebr k\u00ebdo<\/em>.”<\/p>\n

[ Burimet p\u00ebr artikullin ZEIT-Wissen mund t\u00eb gjenden k\u00ebtu<\/a>. ]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sigmund Freud (Zigmund Frojd) nuk besonte n\u00eb nj\u00eb fitore t\u00eb Arsyes s\u00eb past\u00ebr. Ai ishte i bindur se rruga p\u00ebr lumturin\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebsh paqe me an\u00ebt e saj t\u00eb paarsyeshme. \u00a9 Julia Ossko dhe Eugen Schulz p\u00ebr ZEIT WISSEN Marr\u00eb nga Zeit.de P\u00ebrshtatur n\u00eb shqip nga Arben e Dr.\u00a0Dashamir \u00c7okaj Sigmund Freud (Zigmund Frojd) […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":37001,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,35,9,36],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36954","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-artikuj","category-kulture","category-ne-plan-te-pare","category-shkence"],"yoast_head":"\nKush jam un\u00eb? 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