{"id":43492,"date":"2019-07-24T01:04:42","date_gmt":"2019-07-23T23:04:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/?p=43492"},"modified":"2019-07-24T01:04:42","modified_gmt":"2019-07-23T23:04:42","slug":"marredheniet-nderetnike-ne-boten-bashkekohore","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/marredheniet-nderetnike-ne-boten-bashkekohore\/","title":{"rendered":"Marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet nd\u00ebretnike n\u00eb bot\u00ebn bashk\u00ebkohore"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nik\u00eb Gashaj<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh t\u00eb shteteve t\u00eb bot\u00ebs bashk\u00ebkohore manifestohen nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb problemesh mbi baza etnike, nacionale, fetare, gjuh\u00ebsore dhe dallime t\u00eb tjera midis popullat\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre. Nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb rralla marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet e tensionuara, por as konfliktet e ashpra t\u00eb cilat ua humbin jet\u00ebn qindra mij\u00ebra ose madje miliona njer\u00ebzve. Qysh nga Lufta e Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore n\u00eb bot\u00eb kan\u00eb qen\u00eb rreth 250 konflikte t\u00eb m\u00ebdha etnike, nd\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat sipas numrit t\u00eb viktimave dhe r\u00ebnd\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb pasojave, n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti jan\u00eb t\u00eb njohura p\u00ebrleshjet nd\u00ebrmjet indus\u00ebve dhe mysliman\u00ebve pas ndarjes s\u00eb Indis\u00eb (1947), lufta e kurd\u00ebve p\u00ebr t\u00eb fituar shtetin e vet, luft\u00ebrat e bask\u00ebve n\u00eb Spanj\u00eb dhe t\u00eb irlandez\u00ebve n\u00eb Irland\u00ebn Veriore (t\u00eb par\u00ebt p\u00ebr q\u00ebllim t\u00eb autonomis\u00eb, kurse t\u00eb dyt\u00ebt p\u00ebr t\u2019u ndar\u00eb dhe bashkuar me Republik\u00ebn e Irland\u00ebs), konflikti me rastin e orvatjes s\u00eb ndarjes s\u00eb Bijafr\u00ebs nga Nigeria (1967-70), e cila ka kushtuar rreth 2 milion\u00eb jet\u00eb njer\u00ebzish, p\u00ebrleshja nd\u00ebrmjet popujve t\u00eb Bahutut dhe Vatutsit n\u00eb Ruand\u00eb dhe marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet tejet t\u00eb konfrontuara midis grupeve t\u00eb nj\u00ebjta n\u00eb Burundu, konflikti n\u00eb mes t\u00eb shumic\u00ebs singaleze dhe pakic\u00ebs tamile n\u00eb Sri-Lank\u00eb, si dhe lufta etnike n\u00eb Bosnje dhe Hercegovin\u00eb, n\u00eb Kosov\u00eb, n\u00eb Maqedoni dhe n\u00eb Lugin\u00ebn e Preshev\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Para disa viteve (1991) \u00ebsht\u00eb konstatuar se n\u00eb bot\u00eb veprojn\u00eb edhe rreth 640 l\u00ebvizje secesioniste, t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebr baz\u00eb kan\u00eb arsyet nacionale respektivisht etnike. Shum\u00eb shtete q\u00eb ballafaqohen me problemet e lartp\u00ebrmendura b\u00ebjn\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekje q\u00eb t\u00eb gjejn\u00eb m\u00ebnyra p\u00ebr t\u2019i zgjidhur ato. K\u00ebtu nj\u00eb kujdes t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb do t\u2019ia kushtojm\u00eb disa hulumtimeve shkencore t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre problemeve, si dhe disa ideve, t\u00eb cilat gjat\u00eb decenieve t\u00eb fundit jan\u00eb prezantuar n\u00eb literatur\u00eb, me q\u00ebllim q\u00eb t\u00eb kontribuojn\u00eb q\u00eb k\u00ebto shtete n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb kushtetuese-juridike dhe institucionale, si dhe praktiko-politike t\u00eb zgjidhin \u00e7\u00ebshtjet kru\u00e7iale, t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsohen marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet nd\u00ebretnike, t\u00eb hamonizohen interesat, t\u00eb shmangen konfliktet, apo s\u00eb paku t\u00eb b\u00ebhet zbutja e tyre.<\/p>\n

Idet\u00eb e tilla llogarisin n\u00eb kap\u00ebrcimin e dominimit ose t\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnimit me dominim t\u00eb nj\u00eb bashk\u00ebsie etnonacionale mbi t\u00eb tjerat, si dhe t\u00eb vendosjes s\u00eb raportit dhe bashk\u00ebpunimit nd\u00ebretnik mbi parimet e partneritetit. Mir\u00ebpo, k\u00ebto ide n\u00eb praktik\u00ebn e nj\u00eb pjese t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb map\u00ebs politike nuk jan\u00eb jet\u00ebsuar.<\/p>\n

Hulumtimet tregojn\u00eb se konfliktet rreth interesave dhe sistemit t\u00eb vlerave luajn\u00eb rol shum\u00eb t\u00eb madh dhe shpien deri n\u00eb mosmarr\u00ebveshjet dhe kacafytjet politike. Me rastin e konflikteve t\u00eb interesit, pal\u00ebt jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb gatshme p\u00ebr kompromise, se sa me rastin e konflikteve rreth vlerave (fetare, ideologjike etj.).<\/p>\n

Studiuesit theksojn\u00eb, po ashtu, se zgjidhjet kushtetuese dhe institucionale \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e leht\u00eb t\u2019i gjesh para se pas shp\u00ebrthimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrleshjeve t\u00eb hapura, sepse kur t\u00eb ndodhin kacafytjet, at\u00ebher\u00eb as ato zgjidhje t\u00eb cilat n\u00eb koh\u00ebn e m\u00ebparshme ndoshta ishin t\u00eb mundshme, m\u00eb nuk e k\u00ebnaqin as nj\u00ebr\u00ebn prej pal\u00ebve n\u00eb konflikt. Ka mjaft indikator\u00eb q\u00eb tregojn\u00eb se lufta e t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenjve p\u00ebr pushtet, apo e elitave politike, luan nj\u00eb rol tejet t\u00eb madh dhe paraqet nj\u00eb nga shkaqet m\u00eb kryesore t\u00eb konflikteve.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb at\u00eb drejtim, gjithsesi, nj\u00eb rol t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm e kan\u00eb vet\u00ebdija etnike dhe paraftyrimi q\u00eb ndonj\u00eb prej grupeve ka mbi vetveten, p\u00ebr tiparet etnike, nacionale, fetare t\u00eb identitetit, si dhe mbi marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet e veta me grupet e tjera. Imagjinatat e tilla p\u00ebrshkojn\u00eb jet\u00ebn e an\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb grupit dhe ato jan\u00eb me r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi, pa marr\u00eb parasysh, ose pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr arsye se n\u00eb to mund t\u00eb gjejm\u00eb nj\u00eb mbushullim paragjykimesh dhe paraftyrimesh t\u00eb gabuara, elemente dhe ndjenja mitike e iracionale, bot\u00ebkuptime t\u00eb nj\u00ebanshme etj. Kjo, natyrisht, e v\u00ebshtir\u00ebson edhe v\u00ebrtetimin e s\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb zgjidhjeve t\u00eb konflikteve dhe raporteve kontestuese nd\u00ebrmjet dy ose t\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb grupeve. N\u00eb zgjidhjen e k\u00ebtyre \u00e7\u00ebshtjeve nj\u00eb rol t\u00eb madh e luan pushteti i s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs, respektivisht aranzhmanet kushtetuese-juridike.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebrkimin e zgjidhjeve mbi baza t\u00eb pushtetit t\u00eb s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs domosdo duhen t\u00eb merren n\u00eb shqyrtim edhe idet\u00eb q\u00eb parashohin krijimin e intitucioneve adekuate p\u00ebr shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb pluraliste, heterogjene, multikulturore dhe multietnike, si dhe autonomit\u00eb e pakicave, qofshin ato politiko-territoriale, kulturore apo personale.<\/p>\n

Problemi i jet\u00ebs s\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt (konsociation) t\u00eb popullat\u00ebs s\u00eb bashk\u00ebsive t\u00eb ndryshme etnike ka nj\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi shum\u00eb t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb p\u00ebrpjestime t\u00eb gjera, meq\u00ebn\u00ebse numri i shteteve monoetnike n\u00eb bot\u00eb, sot \u00ebsht\u00eb fare i vog\u00ebl. Nd\u00ebrkaq, sot jetojm\u00eb n\u00eb epok\u00ebn e \u201cringjalljes etnike\u201c, t\u00eb \u201ceksplodimit t\u00eb identitetit\u201c dhe t\u00eb batic\u00ebs s\u00eb nacionalizmit etnik. Situata aktuale sot domosdo shpie n\u00eb drejtim t\u00eb studimit dhe analiz\u00ebs s\u00eb opsioneve (zgjidhjeve) t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb institucionalizimit t\u00eb statusit dhe marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve nd\u00ebretnike n\u00eb nj\u00eb shtet.
\nOpsionet, n\u00eb nj\u00eb mas\u00eb t\u00eb madhe, varen nga situata t\u00eb ndryshme: nga karakteristikat shoq\u00ebrore t\u00eb bashk\u00ebsive etnike apo nacionale dhe marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet e tyre reciproke, statusi, shp\u00ebrndarja dhe vendosja territoriale, madh\u00ebsia e kolektiviteteve n\u00eb fjal\u00eb, si dhe nga ajo se a jan\u00eb bashk\u00ebsit\u00eb etnike t\u00eb \u201cterritorializuara\u201c apo jetojn\u00eb n\u00eb diaspor\u00eb dhe – n\u00eb rastin kur ato jan\u00eb t\u00eb territorializuara, cila \u00ebsht\u00eb shkalla e homogjenitetit t\u00eb popullat\u00ebs me nacionalitetin p\u00ebrkat\u00ebs n\u00eb ndonj\u00ebrin prej territoreve, respektivisht sa \u00ebsht\u00eb madh\u00ebsia e hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs ku kolektiviteti i till\u00eb e p\u00ebrb\u00ebn shumic\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebrkesat, t\u00eb cilat i parashtrojn\u00eb bashk\u00ebsit\u00eb e ndryshme etnike, mund t\u00eb klasifikohen:
\na) identiteti; b) t\u00eb drejtat dhe lirit\u00eb individuale e kolektive t\u00eb bashk\u00ebsis\u00eb etnonacionale pakic\u00eb; c)participimi i nacionaliteteve n\u00eb pushtetin shtet\u00ebror; \u00e7) synimet e bashk\u00ebsive etnike t\u00eb vendosin kontrollimin mbi resurset natyrore n\u00eb trojet ku jetojn\u00eb ose n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat pretendojn\u00eb dhe n\u00eb ndarjen e pasuris\u00eb shoq\u00ebrore. N\u00eb disa raste pushtetin politik e kan\u00eb bashk\u00ebsit\u00eb etnike shumic\u00eb, kurse pasurin\u00eb ekonomike e kan\u00eb bashk\u00ebsit\u00eb etnike pakic\u00eb.
\nN\u00eb situata t\u00eb tjera, bashk\u00ebsit\u00eb etnike numerikisht m\u00eb t\u00eb vogla mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb ekonomikisht t\u00eb par\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, por duke iu fal\u00ebnd\u00ebruar pozit\u00ebs politike dhe \u201cgjuh\u00ebz\u00ebs\u201c n\u00eb terezi t\u00eb koalicioneve parlamentare, ose mandej n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb sistemore, me t\u00eb drejt\u00eb p\u00ebr veto, \u00e7ka u jep mund\u00ebsi q\u00eb t\u00eb ndikojn\u00eb n\u00eb proceset politiko-juridike.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb, jo vet\u00ebm t\u00eb Evrop\u00ebs Juglindore dhe t\u00eb ish-Bashkimit Sovjetik, por edhe m\u00eb gjer\u00eb, do t\u00eb takohemi me konceptimin e kombit t\u00eb bazuar n\u00eb elemente t\u00eb origjin\u00ebs s\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt, gjuh\u00ebs, kultur\u00ebs, historis\u00eb etj., e jo sikurse trajtohet dhe definohet n\u00eb teorin\u00eb politike t\u00eb Evrop\u00ebs Per\u00ebndimore, t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetur n\u00ebn n\u00ebnshtet\u00ebsin\u00eb e qytetar\u00ebve.
\nN\u00eb historin\u00eb e shteteve multietnike, nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb ka dominuar nj\u00eb koncept i till\u00eb, se mbi bazat e t\u00eb drejtave individuale t\u00eb qytetar\u00ebve mund t\u00eb zgjidhen edhe problemet e pakicave etnonacionale. Nga nj\u00eb logjik\u00eb e till\u00eb, si dhe p\u00ebr arsye t\u00eb frik\u00ebs nga pasojat e ndonj\u00eb qasjeje tjet\u00ebr, jan\u00eb injoruar ose minimizuar t\u00eb drejtat kolektive t\u00eb pakicave komb\u00ebtare ose t\u00eb grupeve etnike. Nd\u00ebrkaq, nj\u00eb koncept i till\u00eb u ka dh\u00ebn\u00eb koloritin e vet ngjarjeve politike, shpeshher\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjakshme dhe me pasoja t\u00eb r\u00ebnda n\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet nd\u00ebretnike.<\/p>\n

Mir\u00ebpo, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 p\u00ebrvojave negative t\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve nd\u00ebretnike, njohjet teorike dhe praktike tregojn\u00eb se sot nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i konsiderueshm\u00eb i shoq\u00ebrive multietnike t\u00eb Evrop\u00ebs demokratike bashk\u00ebkohore funksionojn\u00eb me sukses dhe n\u00eb harmoni, si p.sh.: Finlanda, Tiroli Jugor i Italis\u00eb, Zvicra, Belgjika, etj.<\/p>\n

Zhvillimi prosperues i k\u00ebtyre vendeve nuk mund t\u00eb paramendohet as t\u00eb kuptohet, n\u00ebqoft\u00ebse nuk e kemi parasysh se sistemet e tyre politike jan\u00eb t\u00eb bazuar dhe t\u00eb krijuar n\u00eb rend t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb parimet, sikurse jan\u00eb: pushteti i s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs, p\u00ebrshtatshm\u00ebria, toleranca, nderimi, respektimi dhe besimi reciprok i qytetar\u00ebve dhe bashk\u00ebsive etnike, nacionale, gjuh\u00ebsore, fetare etj.<\/p>\n

Nuk mund t\u00eb thuhet se k\u00ebto parime jan\u00eb di\u00e7ka e re, t\u00eb panjohura n\u00eb teori dhe praktik\u00eb, di\u00e7ka n\u00eb \u00e7ka nuk thirren edhe shum\u00eb shtete t\u00eb tjera. Nd\u00ebrkaq, ajo \u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb karakteristike p\u00ebr to q\u00ebndron n\u00eb at\u00eb aspekt se parimet n\u00eb fjal\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ter\u00ebsishme send\u00ebrtohen n\u00eb praktik\u00eb dhe se paraqesin nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebse t\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb p\u00ebrditshme t\u00eb qytetar\u00ebve dhe bashk\u00ebsive etnonacionale.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nik\u00eb Gashaj N\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh t\u00eb shteteve t\u00eb bot\u00ebs bashk\u00ebkohore manifestohen nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb problemesh mbi baza etnike, nacionale, fetare, gjuh\u00ebsore dhe dallime t\u00eb tjera midis popullat\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre. Nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb rralla marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet e tensionuara, por as konfliktet e ashpra t\u00eb cilat ua humbin jet\u00ebn qindra mij\u00ebra ose madje miliona njer\u00ebzve. Qysh nga […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":24116,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-43492","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-artikuj","category-histori"],"yoast_head":"\nMarr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet nd\u00ebretnike n\u00eb bot\u00ebn bashk\u00ebkohore - FJALA e LIR\u00cb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/marredheniet-nderetnike-ne-boten-bashkekohore\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet nd\u00ebretnike n\u00eb bot\u00ebn bashk\u00ebkohore - FJALA e LIR\u00cb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Nik\u00eb Gashaj N\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh t\u00eb shteteve t\u00eb bot\u00ebs bashk\u00ebkohore manifestohen nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb problemesh mbi baza etnike, nacionale, fetare, gjuh\u00ebsore dhe dallime t\u00eb tjera midis popullat\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre. 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