{"id":45014,"date":"2019-09-18T08:12:18","date_gmt":"2019-09-18T06:12:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/?p=45014"},"modified":"2019-09-18T08:12:18","modified_gmt":"2019-09-18T06:12:18","slug":"shenjtori-arber-mihal-trivoli-qe-u-kryqezua-per-te-verteten-pj-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/shenjtori-arber-mihal-trivoli-qe-u-kryqezua-per-te-verteten-pj-i\/","title":{"rendered":"Shenjtori Arb\u00ebr Mihal Trivoli, q\u00eb u “kryq\u00ebzua” p\u00ebr t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebn (Pj. I)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Nga: Fatbardha Demi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Xhelozia q\u00eb m\u00eb ka pushtuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb V\u00ebrtet\u00ebn nuk m\u00eb l\u00eb t\u00eb qet\u00eb, q\u00eb g\u00ebnjeshtra t\u00eb mos ket\u00eb mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb shihet para s\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebs dhe err\u00ebsira t\u00eb mos mburret para drit\u00ebs. <\/em>
\nMihal Trivoli<\/b><\/p>\n

Rast\u00ebsisht, n\u00eb nj\u00eb program televiziv t\u00eb RTSh mbi Europ\u00ebn (maj 2019) nj\u00eb specialist nga Namibia (Afrik\u00eb) i kishte paraqitur k\u00ebrkes\u00eb Muzeut historik W. Humboldt n\u00eb Berlin p\u00ebr kthimin e 20 mij\u00eb objekteve t\u00eb marra padrejt\u00ebsisht gjat\u00eb periudh\u00ebs koloniale (1884 – 1919) nga Gjermania. K\u00ebrkesa bazohej tek e drejta ligjore e zot\u00ebrimit t\u00eb \u00ab\u00a0pron\u00ebs historike\u00a0\u00bb e popullit dhe shtetit namibian, p\u00ebr faktin se marrja e tyre ishte ber\u00eb n\u00eb rrug\u00eb t\u00eb paligjshme.<\/p>\n

Natyrsh\u00ebm fillova t\u00eb mendohem se: \u00c7far\u00eb i \u00ebsht\u00eb marr\u00eb nga \u00ab\u00a0PRONA\u00a0historike <\/em>\u00bb Kombit ton\u00eb ? P\u00ebrfundimi ishte trondit\u00ebs<\/p>\n

– Pothuajse gjith\u00ebshka\u00a0!<\/p>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb grabitje p\u00ebrfshiheshin\u00a0: Faktet shkencore q\u00eb lidhen me origjin\u00ebn, gjuh\u00ebn, simbolet, etno-kultur\u00ebn, besimin, mitollogjin\u00eb, figurat e shquara, objektet arkeologjike dhe nd\u00ebrtimore etj. e deri tek periudha t\u00eb t\u00ebra para-historike e t\u00eb lasht\u00ebsis\u00eb si dhe\u00a0 ngjarjet e m\u00ebvonshme t\u00eb popullit ton\u00eb si psh lufta \u00e7lirimtare dhe formimi i shtetit hellen m\u00eb 1821.<\/p>\n

Kjo \u00ab\u00a0s\u00ebmundje\u00a0\u00bb \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e p\u00ebrhapur sidomos n\u00eb studimet sllave dhe greke. P\u00ebr sh\u00ebmbull, murgun ortodoks Jan Kukuzeli i lindur (1270) n\u00eb nj\u00eb familje arb\u00ebrore t\u00eb Durr\u00ebsit, i sh\u00ebnjt\u00ebruar p\u00ebr veprimtarin\u00eb e tij si kompozitor dhe hartues i notave t\u00eb hymneve ortodokse, nga studiues t\u00eb v\u00ebndeve t\u00eb ndryshme ballkanike paraqitet me origjin\u00eb bullgare, serbe, greke apo rumune , ndon\u00ebse origjina arb\u00ebrore mund t\u00eb d\u00ebshmohet leht\u00ebsisht edhe sot.<\/p>\n

Fatkeq\u00ebsisht, kjo grabitje e paligjshme vijon edhe para syve tan\u00eb duke e \u00e7vler\u00ebsuar rolin e `faktit shkencor`<\/strong> dhe `t\u00eb vertet\u00ebs`<\/strong> n\u00eb shkenc\u00ebn historike moderne n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri dhe n\u00eb Bot\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Ky shkrim i kushtohet njer\u00ebs prej k\u00ebtyre \u00ab\u00a0pronave \u00a0historike\u00bb t\u00eb periudh\u00ebs mesjetare t\u00eb Kombit Arb\u00ebr .<\/p>\n

Shekulli i 15-t\u00eb ka sh\u00ebnuar ngjarjen m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb Historin\u00eb e mesjet\u00ebs europiane t\u00eb em\u00ebrtuar RILINDJE.<\/em> Nga figurat madhore t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj periudhe, njihet me origjin\u00eb\u00a0 arb\u00ebrore vet\u00ebm Gjergj Kastriot Skenderbeu (1405-1468) . Por k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00ab\u00a0fat\u00a0\u00bb nuk e pati nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr arb\u00ebr i famsh\u00ebm -Gjergj Xhemisto Pletone (1355-1452 ) nga Morea e Peloponezit (Gadishulli Ilirik) i cili i p\u00ebrcolli elit\u00ebs italiane arritjet m\u00eb t\u00eb shquara t\u00eb bot\u00ebs pellazge\u00a0: n\u00eb shkenc\u00eb, filozofi, drejtimin e shtetit, zhvillimin ekonomik, mbrojtjes dhe r\u00ebnd\u00ebsis\u00eb vendimtare t\u00eb qeverisjes nga njer\u00ebz t\u00eb ditur, fakt q\u00eb Europa e vuri n\u00eb zbatim mbasi ju pre koka (1793) \u00e7iftit mbret\u00ebror t\u00eb Franc\u00ebs (Marie Antoinette-Louis XVI-t\u00eb) n\u00eb shekullin e 18-t\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Po n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb shekull , nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr misionar arb\u00ebr i \u00c7am\u00ebris\u00eb (Epir) Mihal Trivoli (1475-1556), turbulloi ujrat e nd\u00ebnjura t\u00eb mesjet\u00ebs s\u00eb popujve sllav, duke ju sjell\u00eb frym\u00ebn e re t\u00eb qytet\u00ebrimit per\u00ebndimor . T\u00eb tre k\u00ebta erudit\u00eb dhe veprimtar\u00eb nuk ishin arb\u00ebrit e vet\u00ebm, por ishin m\u00eb t\u00eb shquarit e\u00a0 shekullit t\u00eb 15-t\u00eb, q\u00eb i p\u00ebrkisnin popullsis\u00eb s\u00eb st\u00ebrlasht\u00eb dhe me qytet\u00ebrim t\u00eb zhvilluar n\u00eb Gadishullin Ilirik.<\/p>\n

\"\"\"\"\"\"<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Gjergj Kastriot Skenderbeu (1405-1468 ) 2.Gjergj Xhemisto Pletone (Giorgio Gemisto Pletone<\/a>,1355<\/a> –\u00a01452<\/a>) 3. Mihal Trivoli ( 1475-1556)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Mihal Trivoli nga Arta e \u00c7ameris\u00eb (Epir) <\/strong><\/h3>\n

    Ishte merita e studiuesit Kolec Traboini, q\u00eb u mund\u00ebsua t\u00eb njihej nga shqipetar\u00ebt veprimtaria e tij qytet\u00ebruese tek popujt sllav\u00eb. (Shenjtori Maxim Greku ose Mihal Trivoli Artioti. Gazeta \u201cKoha jon\u00eb\u201d nr.120, 3maj 2004 f21)<\/p>\n

    Deri n\u00eb vitin 1943 jeta e tij e plot\u00eb ishte e panjohur p\u00ebr studiuesit sepse ishte e ndar\u00eb n\u00eb dy pjes\u00eb t\u00eb palidhura me njera tjetr\u00ebn, ajo e Per\u00ebndimit dhe e Lindjes europiane .<\/p>\n

    N\u00eb Per\u00ebndim njihej me emrin Mihal Trivoli, nj\u00eb nga t\u00eb p\u00ebrkushtuarit e besimit ortodoks n\u00eb manastirin Vatoped (Atos). Nd\u00ebrsa p\u00ebr Lindjen njihej si Maksim Greku, nj\u00eb murg i ardhur nga mali i shenjt\u00eb Atos dhe kishte sh\u00ebrbyer n\u00eb Rusi deri sa vdiq (1556) duke l\u00ebn\u00eb pas nj\u00eb trash\u00ebgimi t\u00eb gj\u00ebr\u00eb si teolog fetar, shkrimtar dhe ishte p\u00ebrkthyesi m\u00eb prodhimtar i t\u00eb gjitha koh\u00ebrave me 365 shkrimet e tij. (1)<\/p>\n

    Vet\u00ebm pas afro kat\u00ebr shekujsh, n\u00eb vitin 1943 studiuesi rus I. Denisov (\u0418. \u0414\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432) zbuloi provat se Maksim Greku ishte murgu Maksim i manastirit t\u00eb Vatopedit (Hellade) i lindur me emrin Mihal Trivoli nga Arta e Epirit t\u00eb famsh\u00ebm, t\u00eb quajtur m\u00eb von\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri , si\u00e7 na e pohon studiuesi arb\u00ebresh Nikoll Ketta n\u00eb vepr\u00ebn e tij \u00ab\u00a0Tesoro di Notizie\u00a0su de\u00b4 Macedoni<\/em> \u00bb\u00a0 ( 1777) (2) .<\/p>\n

    Ky zbulim u arrit pas nj\u00eb pune shum\u00ebvje\u00e7are analizuese dhe krahasuese t\u00eb veprave t\u00eb tij n\u00eb arkivat e Franc\u00ebs, Italis\u00eb dhe Greqis\u00eb (3)\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

    K\u00ebrkimi i vonuar shekullor p\u00ebr murgun Mihal nga ana e rus\u00ebve, mbi materialet e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve jam mb\u00ebshtetur gjat\u00eb studimit tim, sigurisht ka edhe ar\u00ebsye t\u00eb tjera, si\u00e7 do ta v\u00ebrejm\u00eb gjat\u00eb shkrimit.<\/p>\n

    Studiuesi\u00a0 \u00c7udinov, n\u00eb shkrimin e tij \u00ab\u00a0Komente p\u00ebr emrin Maksim-ilian<\/em>\u00bb p\u00ebrpiqet t\u00eb zbuloj\u00eb origjin\u00ebn etnike t\u00eb Mihalit : \u00ab\u00a0\u2026 emri europer\u00ebndimor Maksim-ilian dhe emri rus Maksim Greku duket se jan\u00eb e njejta gj\u00eb, meq\u00ebn\u00ebse \u00ab\u00a0Ilian\u00a0\u00bb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb fakt \u00ab\u00a0Elin\u00a0\u00bb (hellen-sh\u00ebn im) do t\u00eb thot\u00eb \u00ab\u00a0Grek\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

    Grek\u00ebt i em\u00ebrtonin `ellin\u00eb` ose `elin\u00eb`. Edhe n\u00eb biografin\u00eb e Vasilit t\u00eb III-t\u00eb ,\u00a0 (carit Rus, 1479-1533) p\u00ebr Mihalin jan\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur emrat Maksim Grek dhe Maksim-Ilian\u00a0\u00bb (4) T\u00eb njejtin pohim e lexojm\u00eb edhe n\u00eb Fjalorin e Bruzen de la Martiniere (Le Grand dictionnaire g\u00e9ographique et critique<\/em>, 1739), ku shkruhet\u00a0:<\/p>\n

    \u00ab\u00a0Sipas shkruesve latin\u00eb, Hellen \u00ebsht\u00eb sinonim i emrit Grek<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb. (5)<\/p>\n

    Kjo lajthitje nga padituria e latin\u00ebve t\u00eb lasht\u00eb, vijon t\u00eb mbisundoj\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha botimet studimore t\u00eb bot\u00ebs megjithes\u00eb sipas Robert de Anzhely (Enigma<\/em>) emri \u201cgrek\u201d u p\u00ebrdor vet\u00ebm pas pavarsis\u00eb (1821).<\/p>\n

    \u201cMe p\u00ebrjashtim t\u00eb shqipfol\u00ebsve ose t\u00eb ardhurve nga shqipfol\u00ebsit, q\u00eb jan\u00eb pasardh\u00ebs t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb grek\u00ebve t\u00eb lasht\u00eb (ata q\u00eb sot i quajm\u00eb \u00ab\u00a0grek\u00ebt e lasht\u00eb\u00a0\u00bb-sh\u00ebn im) t\u00eb gjith\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb racave t\u00eb ndryshme dhe nuk kan\u00eb asnj\u00eb lidhje me helen\u00ebt e lasht\u00eb\u00a0\u00bb. (6)<\/p>\n

    P\u00ebr barazimin \u201cHellen=Grek\u201d, n\u00eb shkenc\u00ebn historike bot\u00ebrore nuk ka asnj\u00eb fakt shkencor !<\/strong><\/p>\n

    E p\u00ebrs\u00ebris gjith\u00ebmon\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pohim me q\u00ebllim q\u00eb , si\u00e7 thot\u00eb nj\u00eb shprehje \u00e7ame \u201c t\u00eb d\u00ebgjoj\u00eb edhe veshi i t\u00eb shurdh\u00ebrit\u201d. N\u00eb t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt , sipas studiuesit Mehmet Elezi \u201c Nj\u00eb shkenc\u00eb e pa bazuar n\u00eb fakte, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb shkenc\u00eb por politike\u201d. (7)<\/p>\n

    Si rrjedhoj\u00eb e k\u00ebtij barazimi antishkencor i vendosur dhunsh\u00ebm tek periudha e Lasht\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe veprat e\u00a0 shkruesve antik\u00eb (q\u00eb botohen sot), z\u00eb fill p\u00ebrvet\u00ebsimi m\u00eb i madh i \u201cpron\u00ebs historike\u201d t\u00eb Shqipetaro-Arb\u00ebrve.\u00a0 Por le t\u00b4i kthehemi tem\u00ebs son\u00eb.<\/p>\n

    Jeta drejt liris\u00eb dhe drit\u00ebs s\u00eb Per\u00ebndimit<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Pas pushtimit t\u00eb Kostandinopoj\u00ebs nga fiset turko-mongole t\u00eb udh\u00ebhequra nga Mehmeti II (1453 )\u00a0 familja Trivoli gjeti streh\u00eb n\u00eb ishullin e Korfuzit.\u00a0 Gjat\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb tij n\u00eb atdhe Mihali u pajis me nj\u00eb kultur\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb nga prind\u00ebrit q\u00eb ishin njer\u00ebz t\u00eb lexuar dhe nga xhaxhai i tij Dhimitri, i cili zot\u00ebronte nj\u00eb bibliotek\u00eb t\u00eb pasur ku nuk mungonin emrat e Platonit, Aristotelit, Plotinos, etj. Mihali i formuar tashm\u00eb me ar\u00ebsimin e nevojsh\u00ebm , pas pamund\u00ebsis\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar\u00a0 n\u00eb Korfuz dhe duke k\u00ebrkuar nj\u00eb shkollimin m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrparuar t\u00eb koh\u00ebs, n\u00eb vitin 1492 \u00a0u largua drejt Gadishullit italik.<\/p>\n

    Kishte koh\u00eb q\u00eb qytetet e bregut per\u00ebndimor t\u00eb Adriatikut ishin p\u00ebrfituesit kryesore t\u00eb shfryt\u00ebzimit t\u00eb rrug\u00ebve drejt Lindjes. Shk\u00ebmbimet treg\u00ebtare me Lindjen dhe Afrik\u00ebn Veriore soll\u00ebn p\u00ebrfitime t\u00eb medha monetare p\u00ebr treg\u00ebtar\u00ebt italian\u00eb, t\u00eb cilat u perdor\u00ebn p\u00ebr zhvillimin e bujq\u00ebsis\u00eb, prodhimet e artizanatit dhe veprimtarin\u00eb minerale, duke\u00a0 e b\u00ebr\u00eb Gadishullin nj\u00eb nga zonat m\u00eb t\u00eb zhvilluara t\u00eb Europ\u00ebs. Elita treg\u00ebtare, e cila shpesh ishte edhe zot\u00ebruese e bankave (si familja Medi\u00e7i n\u00eb Firenc\u00eb) ndihmoi shume n\u00eb zhvillimin e jet\u00ebs kulturore dhe artistike t\u00eb vendit, por duke i dh\u00ebn\u00eb p\u00ebrparsi p\u00ebrhapjes s\u00eb shkollimit. N\u00eb rast se n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve 1500, n\u00eb kontinentin europian ishin hapur 58 universitete, 21 prej tyre ndodheshin n\u00eb Itali, nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00eb Franc\u00eb ishin hapur 4 dhe Angli 2. (8)<\/p>\n

    Metoda e pun\u00ebs n\u00eb k\u00ebto universitete ishte e ndryshme nga ajo e shkollave t\u00eb vjetra mesjetare. Programi m\u00ebsimor hartohej lirisht nga profesor\u00ebt t\u00eb cil\u00ebt, duke shfryt\u00ebzuar ndihm\u00ebn e student\u00ebve, p\u00ebrgatisnin libra praktik\u00eb m\u00ebsimor\u00eb. (9)<\/p>\n

    Mihali ka q\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb student dhe punonj\u00ebs sh\u00ebtit\u00ebs, metod\u00eb e njohur n\u00eb ato koh\u00eb. N\u00eb Padova, Bolonja, Milano, Ferrara dhe qytete t\u00eb tjera, ai ndjek leksionet dhe shoq\u00ebrohet me emigrant\u00eb t\u00eb shquar arb\u00ebr t\u00eb strehuar n\u00eb Itali si Kostandin dhe Jani Laskari, Giovanni Bessarione<\/a> etj.<\/p>\n

    Nj\u00eb rol t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb jet\u00ebn e tij profesionale dhe formimin e botkuptimit t\u00eb tij, kan\u00eb luajtur sidomos tre figura t\u00eb shquara t\u00eb Rilindjes italiane. Aldo Manucio (Aldo Manuzio1449-1515) ishte tipograf novator dhe botues i klasik\u00ebve (Ovidit, Platonit ,Aristotelit etj) dhe veprave t\u00eb humanist\u00ebve t\u00eb koh\u00ebs.(10) Mihali m\u00ebsoi prej tij mjesht\u00ebrin\u00eb e redaktimit, p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb referimeve dhe pun\u00ebn me dor\u00ebshkrimet. Nd\u00ebrsa humanisti Anxhelo Policiano (Angelo Poliziano1454-1494) ishte poet, dramaturg, mjesht\u00ebr n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebsi dhe sidomos n\u00eb l\u00ebmin e p\u00ebrkthimeve ku, jo rrall\u00eb her\u00eb mbante q\u00ebndrime kritike bazuar n\u00eb njohurit\u00eb e tij t\u00eb shumta dhe zot\u00ebrimin e gjuh\u00ebs latinine dhe t\u00eb greqishtes s\u00eb vjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n

    N\u00eb universitet ai jepte m\u00ebsime p\u00ebr mjesht\u00ebrin\u00eb e p\u00ebrkthimit dhe t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebsis\u00eb. (11)<\/p>\n

    Shkruhet se Mihal Trivoli fliste lirsh\u00ebm krahas gjuh\u00ebs gjermane, latinisht, fr\u00ebngjisht, italisht dhe ishte i interesuar p\u00ebr shkenca t\u00eb ndryshme , besimin dhe mjek\u00ebsin\u00eb. (12)<\/p>\n

    Njohja me Giovanni\u00a0 Piko de Mirandelo (1463-1494) pati nj\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb n\u00eb formimin e \u201c botkuptimit t\u00eb zgjeruar \u201d t\u00eb Mihalit, q\u00eb n\u00ebnkuptonte pranimin e k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimeve t\u00eb ndryshme. N\u00eb idet\u00eb e tij, Giovanni Piko bazohej tek filozofi i p\u00ebrqafuar nga Rilindja italiane – Platoni, por ruante nj\u00eb respekt t\u00eb thell\u00eb p\u00ebr Aristotelin mbi t\u00eb cilin mb\u00ebshtetej Kisha. N\u00eb veprat e tij ay shfryt\u00ebzonte si dijet e Hermetizmit t\u00eb Thotit pellazg, ashtu edhe ato t\u00eb Kabbales hebraike, metod\u00eb q\u00eb i kund\u00ebrvihej dogmatizmit t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs kristiane. (13)<\/p>\n

    Ndoshta ishte ndikimi i Giovanni Pikos , mik i ngusht\u00eb i murgut domenikan Savonarola (Girolamo Savonarola<\/a>,\u00a01452-1498) dhe i \u201cbotkuptimit t\u00eb zgjeruar\u201d t\u00eb tij, q\u00eb edhe Mihali t\u00eb b\u00ebhej ndjek\u00ebsi i p\u00ebrkushtuar i murgut asket, armikut t\u00eb ideve humaniste.<\/p>\n

    Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb Rilindja italiane po p\u00ebrjetonte kulmet e saj n\u00eb artin e piktur\u00ebs dhe skulptur\u00ebs me veprat e Leonardo da Vin\u00e7it, Boti\u00e7elit, Mikelangelos, Donatelos, etj. Ishte fryma e re e p\u00ebrhapur nga artist\u00ebt, studiuesit e shkencave, zbulimi i Kontinenteve t\u00eb reja dhe shpikja e shtypshkronj\u00ebs (1455), q\u00eb ngjalli n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb epok\u00eb nj\u00eb ndjenj\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00eb p\u00ebr ta g\u00ebzuar jet\u00ebn. N\u00eb nj\u00eb nga letrat e ruajtura nga Mihali lexojm\u00eb<\/p>\n

    \u201c Miku im mos u d\u00ebshp\u00ebro, mos harro ta shfryt\u00ebzosh jet\u00ebn duke kujtuar fjal\u00ebn e njeriut t\u00eb m\u00ebn\u00e7ur : Jetoje pranver\u00ebn sepse shum\u00eb shpejt gjithshka do t\u00eb vyshket\u201d.(14)<\/p>\n

    Fisi Trivoli i p\u00ebrkiste fisnik\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb lart\u00eb, e af\u00ebrt me dinastin\u00eb e Paleolog\u00ebve dhe sidomos faktit, q\u00eb nj\u00eb nga paraardh\u00ebsit e Mihalit ka qen\u00eb Patriark i Kostandinopolit . (15). Pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb aj\u00ebr \u201ct\u00eb liris\u00eb\u201d ku e ngriti periudha e Humanizmit shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb mesjetare, predikimet e zjarrta t\u00eb murgut Savonarola apo tradita familiare i dhan\u00eb fund jet\u00ebs laike t\u00eb Mihalit. Si\u00e7 v\u00eb n\u00eb dukje studiuesi arb\u00ebresh Nikoll Keta, p\u00ebr familjet m\u00eb fisnike t\u00eb etnis\u00eb arb\u00ebrore, dy pun\u00ebsimet m\u00eb t\u00eb zgjedhura p\u00ebr f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e tyre ishin sh\u00ebrbimi si \u00ab\u00a0njeriu i Zotit\u00a0\u00bb apo n\u00eb ushtri : \u00ab Tek ne, ata m\u00eb me autoritet q\u00eb synojn\u00eb t\u00eb jen\u00eb n\u00eb krye t\u00eb familjeve tona p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht b\u00ebhen prift\u00ebrinj\u00a0\u00bb. (16)<\/p>\n

    Tashm\u00eb n\u00eb mosh\u00eb t\u00eb pjekur ai zgjodhi\u00a0 t\u00eb b\u00ebhej murg p\u00ebr t\u00b4i sh\u00ebrbyer \u201cshp\u00ebtimit t\u00eb shpirtit t\u00eb njeriut\u201d, sipas sh\u00ebmbullit t\u00eb Krishtit, larg mirq\u00ebnjes materiale dhe k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsive fizike. Megjithat\u00eb, veprimtaria e m\u00ebvon\u00ebshme tregoi se, idet\u00eb e epok\u00ebs rilindase nuk u braktis\u00ebn asnj\u00ebher\u00eb duke e afruar figur\u00ebn e tij m\u00eb shum\u00eb me anti-kristianin arb\u00ebr Gjergj Xhemisto Pletonen se sa me fanatikun katolik Savonarola.<\/p>\n

    D\u00ebnimi me vdekje i Savonarol\u00ebs, korupsioni dhe \u00e7thurja q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshiu Kish\u00ebn katolike n\u00ebn Pap\u00ebn Aleksandri VI-t\u00eb (Borxhia) dhe lufta 11 vje\u00e7are me mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb franceze (1494-1559)\u00a0 i dha fund paqes s\u00eb Gadishullit dhe q\u00ebndrimit t\u00eb Mihal Trivolit n\u00eb Itali. N\u00eb vitin 1505 ai kthehet n\u00eb atdhe i vendosur p\u00ebr t\u00b4ia kushtuar jet\u00ebn studimeve teollogjike n\u00eb manastirin e Vatopedit (mali i shenjt\u00eb Atos).<\/p>\n

    \"\"\"\"<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Kapiteli i mermert\u00eb (shk.X) n\u00eb manastirin e Vatopedit n\u00eb malin e shenjt\u00eb Atos. Lulja br\u00ebnda rrethit \u00ebsht\u00eb simbol pellazg i Zotit dhe Shqiponja \u00a0simbol kultik i besimit H\u00ebnor i Dodon\u00ebs.\u00a0 2. Manastiri Vatoped<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Sipas tradit\u00ebs s\u00eb murgj\u00ebrve ai mori emrin Maksim, shenjtorit i dy kishave kristiane (katolike dhe ortodokse) – Maksim Predikuesit (580-662) . Aty Maksimi (Mihali) pati mund\u00ebsin\u00eb t\u00b4i thellonte dijet e tij teologjike n\u00eb nj\u00eb bibliotek\u00eb t\u00eb pasur me dor\u00ebshkrime, vepra arti dhe relike t\u00eb murgj\u00ebve sh\u00ebnjtor\u00eb. Mali i Atosit ka qen\u00eb v\u00ebndq\u00ebndrimi i preferuar i filozof\u00ebve t\u00eb lasht\u00eb dhe mbi r\u00ebnojat e banesave t\u00eb tyre, n\u00eb shk.10 murgjit kristian nd\u00ebrtuan manastiret e para. (17)<\/p>\n

      Nismat ushtarake t\u00eb Perandorit Kostandin (v.324) q\u00eb vijuan deri n\u00eb koh\u00ebn e Justinianit (v.556) p\u00ebr shkat\u00ebrimin e tempujve, veprave t\u00eb artit dhe djegien e librave t\u00eb bibliotekave, soll\u00ebn zhdukjen e nj\u00eb pjese t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs parakristiane. Megjithat\u00eb, Mihali gjat\u00eb 10 viteve pati mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb shfryt\u00ebzonte bibliotekat e manastireve t\u00eb cilat ishin m\u00eb t\u00eb pasura me libra hellene (mbi besimin, mitologjin\u00eb , shkencor\u00eb dhe filozofik\u00eb), se sa ato t\u00eb qyteteve dhe universiteteve europiane.(18)<\/p>\n

      Mali i shenjt\u00eb Atos ka sh\u00ebrbyer si \u201cq\u00ebndra\u201d e p\u00ebrpunimit t\u00eb teologjis\u00eb ortodokse dhe e edukimit t\u00eb elit\u00ebs prift\u00ebrore p\u00ebr Perandonin\u00eb romake t\u00eb Lindjes.<\/p>\n

      Kisha ortodokse duke qen\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtare shekullore e Kish\u00ebs katolike t\u00eb latin\u00ebve,\u00a0 sulltan\u00ebt e trajtuan si aleatin e tyre kund\u00ebr Per\u00ebndimit duke i b\u00ebr\u00eb favore. N\u00ebse sipas zakoneve islame ndalohej ndertimi i objekteve t\u00eb kultit kristian, Atosi e g\u00ebzonte me ferman k\u00ebt\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00eb. (19) Izolimi i lidhjeve t\u00eb Gadishullit Ilirik me Perendimin pas pushtimit turk, Kisha ortodokse\u00a0 e shfryt\u00ebzoi p\u00ebr t\u00b4i t\u00ebrhequr n\u00eb vath\u00ebn e saj mbret\u00ebrit\u00eb e Europ\u00ebs lindore dhe jug- lindore, s\u00eb bashku me popujt e tyre \u201ct\u00eb pafe\u201d si ata arb\u00ebr, bullgar, serb, vllah dhe rus\u00eb.<\/p>\n

      Rruga pa kthim drejt Lindjes<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Sundimi mbi dy shekullor i tartar\u00ebve-mongol mbi Rusin\u00eb kishte ndikuar n\u00eb munges\u00ebn e kultur\u00ebs besimtare dhe sidomos t\u00eb frym\u00ebs kund\u00ebrshtuese p\u00ebr ndreqjen e formave t\u00eb gabuara q\u00eb ndiqeshin n\u00eb ritualet kishtare. (20)<\/p>\n

      N\u00eb vitin 1515, Vasili III (1479-1533), princi (\u043a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u044c) rus i Mosk\u00ebs i k\u00ebrkon Igumenit t\u00eb Atosit t\u00b4i d\u00ebrgonin \u201c p\u00ebrkoh\u00ebsisht nj\u00eb p\u00ebrkthyes t\u00eb librave t\u00eb shenjt\u00eb\u201d. Si p\u00ebrgjigje carit i propozojn\u00eb\u00a0 murgun Maksim \u201cmjesht\u00ebr t\u00eb shkrimeve t\u00eb shenjta dhe i aft\u00eb n\u00eb trajtimin e \u00e7do libri kish\u00ebtar dhe helen (libra jo kristian-sh\u00ebn im)\u201d. (21)Vet\u00ebm pas tri vitesh, Maksimi s\u00eb bashku me d\u00ebrgat\u00ebn e murgj\u00ebrve t\u00eb Atosit mbrit\u00ebn n\u00eb oborrin e princit rus. Shum\u00eb shpejt ay t\u00ebrhoqi v\u00ebmendjen e rrethit t\u00eb oborrit t\u00eb cil\u00ebt vinin n\u00eb qelin\u00eb e tij (dhom\u00eb e murgjve-sh\u00ebn im) p\u00ebr t\u00eb d\u00ebgjuar shpjegimet mbi tema t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira filozofike t\u00eb librave t\u00eb shenjt\u00eb ku kishte fjal\u00eb t\u00eb filozofis\u00eb t\u00eb pap\u00ebrkthyera sakt\u00eb ose t\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb huaj.<\/p>\n

      Libri i par\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrktheu ka qen\u00eb Psalltri (1552), nj\u00eb nga librat m\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb kristianizmit n\u00eb mesjet\u00eb. P\u00ebrkthimi i librave t\u00eb shenjt apo t\u00eb autor\u00ebve klasik\u00eb, nuk ishte i lehte edhe p\u00ebr murgjit e Atosit.\u00a0 R. Jenkins (Bizanti dhe Bizantizmi<\/em>) pohon se: \u00abTalenti p\u00ebr spekullime n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e mendimit dhe t\u00eb filozofis\u00eb mbijetoi gjat\u00eb disa shekujve nd\u00ebrmjet helenist\u00ebve. Filozof\u00ebt greko-romak\u00eb , neo-platonik\u00ebt dhe Et\u00ebrit e kish\u00ebs ruajt\u00ebn shum\u00eb nga finesa por pak nga origjinaliteti i mendimtar\u00ebve klasik\u2026\u00bb (22) Fal\u00eb njohurive t\u00eb shumta n\u00eb fush\u00ebn fetare dhe laike, Mihali jo vet\u00ebm shpjegonte kuptimin q\u00eb kishin fjal\u00ebt n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn latine apo greke, por k\u00ebrkonte p\u00ebr to nj\u00eb emertim n\u00eb sllavisht.<\/p>\n

      N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb shk.16-t\u00eb Maksimi p\u00ebrfundoi studimin \u00abTrajtimi i emrave sipas alfabetit<\/em>\u00bb (\u0422\u043e\u043b\u00ad\u043a\u043e\u00ad\u0432\u0430\u00ad\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u00ad\u043d\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043b\u00ad\u0444\u0430\u00ad\u0432\u0438\u00ad\u0442\u0443)\u00a0 duke ndikuar n\u00eb zhvillimin e shkenc\u00ebs gjuh\u00ebsore n\u00eb Rusi dhe t\u00eb hartimit t\u00eb fjalor\u00ebve. (23)<\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

      \u00ab\u00a0Gramatika \u00ebsht\u00eb fillimi dhe fundi i \u00e7do shkence \u2026\u00a0\u00bb – Mihal Trivoli (24)<\/em><\/p>\n

      Ai p\u00ebrpiloi dy punime \u201cMbi gramatik\u00ebn\u201d dhe \u201cDobia e gramatik\u00ebs\u201d. Sipas tij \u201cAi q\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i p\u00ebrgatitur mjaftuesh\u00ebm n\u00eb gramatik\u00eb, poezi, retorik\u00eb dhe filozofi, nuk do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb kuptoj\u00eb drejt dhe me v\u00ebrtetsi at\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e shkruar (n\u00eb librat e shenjt\u00eb-sh\u00ebn im) dhe as ti p\u00ebrkthej\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb tjet\u00ebr\u201d(25) Ai vendosi t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorte n\u00eb shkrim parimin e gjuh\u00ebs arb\u00ebrore : \u00e7do tingulli t\u00b4i p\u00ebrkiste nj\u00eb g\u00ebrm\u00eb dhe mbi baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb folur\u00ebs popullore t\u00eb shkruhej gjuha artificiale e kish\u00ebs ruse .<\/p>\n

      Bisedat dhe shkrimet e Mihalit dilnin jashte kufijve fetar\u00eb, duke shfryt\u00ebzuar edhe tematika nga \u201cSuda\u201d, Enciklopedia me e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb jet\u00ebn kulturore t\u00eb Perandoris\u00eb s\u00eb Lindjes s\u00eb shk.X. K\u00ebto njohuri t\u00eb gjithan\u00ebshme (gjuh\u00ebsore, filozofike, historike, kulturore, administrative,etj.) ishin \u201csi uji n\u00eb shkret\u00ebtir\u00eb\u201d p\u00ebr shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb akoma mesjetare t\u00eb mbret\u00ebris\u00eb moskovite e cila kishte nisur rrug\u00ebn p\u00ebr krijimin e Perandoris\u00eb Ruse dhe i nevojiteshin sidomos ligjet. Ato u huazuan nga ligjet e Kish\u00ebs ortodokse, n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet murgut t\u00eb Dardanis\u00eb \u2013Sava II (Rastko Nemanji) (26).<\/p>\n

      Libri i par\u00eb i botuar n\u00eb shtypshkonjat ruse ishte i epirotit Mihal Trivoli (27)\u00a0 Biografi i tij M.Gromov (\u0413\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u041c. \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447,\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c<\/em> \u0413\u0440\u0435\u043a<\/em>) shprehet se Maksimi ishte filozof n\u00eb kuptimin e gjer\u00eb t\u00eb fjal\u00ebs sikurse Tolstoi apo Dostojevski t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ndikuan n\u00eb zhvillimin e mendimit rus\u00a0 m\u00eb shum\u00eb sesa shum\u00eb bashk\u00eb-koh\u00ebs filozof profesionist\u00eb europian. (28) Kjo fal\u00eb metod\u00ebs popullarizuese q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorte Mihali. Nd\u00ebrsa Dhimiter Liha\u00e7evi (\u041b\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0432 \u0414. \u0421. ) e quante \u201cIntelektuali i par\u00eb i Rusis\u00eb\u201d(29)<\/p>\n

      Kjo veprimtari prej enciklopedisti t\u00eb fushave t\u00eb ndryshme i dha shum\u00eb autoritet dhe vler\u00ebsim, por gradualisht nxiti xhelozin\u00eb dhe kund\u00ebrv\u00ebnjen e k\u00ebshilltar\u00ebve t\u00eb princit dhe prelat\u00ebve t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs, s\u00eb fundmi edhe t\u00eb vet\u00eb Vasilit t\u00eb III-t\u00eb. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb ndryshim 360 grad\u00ebsh t\u00eb q\u00ebndrimit ndaj tij, natyrisht nuk mund t\u00eb fajsohet thjesht zilia, sepse ai ishte shum\u00eb i nevojsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr oborrin moskovit dhe Kish\u00ebn ruse dhe nuk do ta linin \u201ct\u00b4iu shp\u00ebtonte nga dora\u201d, por \u201cfati\u201d i tij:<\/p>\n

      1- U ndodh n\u00eb nj\u00eb qytetrim<\/strong> (mjedis) shum\u00eb t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm nga ay ku kishte lindur e formuar, si dhe\u00a0 ndikimi i ngjarjeve historike<\/strong> t\u00eb Rusis\u00eb s\u00eb shk.15-16.<\/p>\n

      2- Botkuptimi<\/strong> besimtar dhe karakteri i tij arb\u00ebror, i papranuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb moskovite t\u00eb koh\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

      Metodisti rus i dokumenteve historike \u2013 D.Liha\u00e7ev (\u0422\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0425\u2013\u0425VII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/em>) n\u00ebnvizonte r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb p\u00ebr historian\u00ebt, studimin e k\u00ebtyre faktor\u00ebve (30) , por edhe p\u00ebr lexuesin, p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar veprimet e figurave historike p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat flitet.<\/p>\n

      Le t\u00eb shikojm\u00eb se n\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb kushtesh historike ndodhej vendi, ku n\u00eb vitin 1518 shkeli k\u00ebmba e Mihal Trivolit me emrin Maksim …<\/p>\n

      Fatbardha Demi<\/strong>, (fatbardha_demi@yahoo.com<\/a>)
      \n28.08. 2019<\/em><\/p>\n

      \n

      SH\u00cbNJTORI\u00a0 ARB\u00cbR\u00a0 Q\u00cb\u00a0 U\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0KRYQ\u00cbZUA\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0 P\u00cbR T\u00cb V\u00cbRTET\u00cbN (Pj.II)<\/h1>\n
      \n

      \u00a0\u00ab Pasuria e vetme e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb pasuria shpirt\u00ebrore \u00bb\u00a0<\/em>
      \nMihal Trivoli<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

      Veprimtaria e Mihal Trivolit n\u00eb Rusi s\u00b4dot\u00eb njihej n\u00eb shum\u00ebllojshm\u00ebrin\u00eb dhe r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e saj, po t\u00eb mos ishin zbuluar rast\u00ebsisht n\u00eb vitin 1968 nga N.Pokrovski (\u041d. \u041d. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438 ) dosjet e tij gjyq\u00ebsore n\u00eb\u00a0 Altae t\u00eb Siberis\u00eb. (1)<\/p>\n

      Ky zbulim ka nj\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme sepse \u00ab\u00a0krimet\u00a0\u00bb e Mihalit, shpalosin jet\u00ebn fetare dhe shoq\u00ebrore t\u00eb Rusis\u00eb s\u00eb shk.15-16, si nj\u00eb kronik\u00eb e drejtp\u00ebdrejt\u00eb dhe e pandikuar nga ideollogjia e studiuesve modern\u00eb, si\u00e7 vihet re zakonisht n\u00eb librat historik\u00eb.\u00a0 N\u00eb studimet e shumta ruse kushtuar Mihal Trivolit mungon kriteri i theksuar nga metodisti D.Liha\u00e7ev (\u0422\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0425\u2013\u0425VII \u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/em>) : mbi domosdoshm\u00ebrin\u00eb\u00a0 \u201ce njohjes s\u00eb mjedisit <\/strong>\u201d tek dokumentet historike.<\/p>\n

      Mosnjohja e botkuptimit t\u00eb etnis\u00eb arb\u00ebrore dhe filozofis\u00eb besimtare t\u00eb saj ka ven\u00eb n\u00eb dyshim drejt\u00ebsin\u00eb e disa q\u00ebndrimeve t\u00eb tij (2) dhe justifikimin e \u201cferrit\u201dq\u00eb p\u00ebrjetoi (si\u00e7 do ta shikojm\u00eb m\u00eb posht\u00eb).<\/p>\n

      Rusia e car Vasilit III-t\u00eb<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Ishte nj\u00eb v\u00ebnd gjeografikisht af\u00ebr Europ\u00ebs mesdhetare, por shum\u00eb larg frym\u00ebs s\u00eb Rilindjes q\u00eb e kishte p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb at\u00eb. Vet\u00ebm n\u00eb fund t\u00eb shk.12, kur Sava II Nemanja n\u00eb manastirin Pantelimon t\u00eb Atosit morri p\u00ebrsip\u00ebr t`i bashkonte \u201cvath\u00ebs\u201d ortodokse t\u00eb principat\u00ebs s\u00eb tij edhe vendet e Lindjes europiane, rus\u00ebt u njoh\u00ebn me v\u00ebndet dhe popujt q\u00eb ndodheshin n\u00eb jug t\u00eb Gadishullit Ilirik dhe me Kostandinopolin. (3)<\/p>\n

      Historia e principat\u00ebs s\u00eb dinastis\u00eb s\u00eb Ryrikovi\u00e7\u00ebve t\u00eb Moskovis\u00eb , si\u00e7 quhej n\u00eb mesjet\u00ebn e her\u00ebshme, ka qen\u00eb nj\u00eb panoram\u00eb lufte, var\u00ebsie dhe i pushtimeve reciproke me mbret\u00ebrit\u00eb fqinje (Lituaneze, Hungareze, Krimes\u00eb, etj.) dhe me fiset aziatike (tartaro-bullgaro-mongole) q\u00eb sulmonin nga Lindja dhe Juglindja . Mbreti mongol – Batu (<\/strong>1208\u20131255\u00a0\u0433\u0433.), politika e t\u00eb cilit udh\u00ebhiqej nga amaneti i gjyshit t\u00eb tij \u00c7ingis-Han p\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosur \u00ab\u00a0sundimin bot\u00ebror t\u00eb mongol\u00ebve\u00a0\u00bb, vijonte me sukses pushtimet drejt Per\u00ebndimit.(4) K\u00ebto fise nomad\u00ebsh nuk njihnin asnj\u00eb mjesht\u00ebri tjet\u00ebr, si mjet pasurimi dhe sigurimi t\u00eb materialit njer\u00ebzor (p\u00ebr ushtar dhe skllever), p\u00ebrve\u00e7 luft\u00ebs dhe rritjes s\u00eb bag\u00ebtis\u00eb. Eg\u00ebrsia e jashtzakonshme n\u00eb mjeshtrin\u00eb e par\u00eb u b\u00eb tipar p\u00ebrcaktues i tyre, sa n\u00eb goj\u00ebn e Arb\u00ebrve p\u00ebr turko-mongol\u00ebt, ka mbijetuar shprehja : \u201cku shkel turku nuk mbin bar\u201d.<\/p>\n

      Zgjedha e fiseve mongole, aleancat me ta dhe vasaliteti ndaj trash\u00ebgimtar\u00ebve t\u00eb \u00c7ingis-Hanit, ka sh\u00ebnuar pjes\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb historis\u00eb s\u00eb Rusis\u00eb mesjetare. Fiset tartaro-mongole u vendos\u00ebn n\u00eb tokat e braktisura duke mbushur hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e nj\u00eb popullsie q\u00eb ishte vrar\u00eb, kishte marr\u00eb arratin\u00eb, apo u p\u00ebrzien pjes\u00ebrisht me popullsin\u00eb autoktone q\u00eb kishte mbetur. V\u00ebnd\u00ebsit ishin fiset e pellazg\u00ebve t\u00eb lasht\u00eb.<\/p>\n

      Ky fakt d\u00ebshmohet nga objektet arkeologjike, simbolet e besimit t\u00eb tyre h\u00ebnor etj. q\u00eb i huazuan edhe pushtuesit tartaro-mongol.<\/p>\n

      \"\"\"\"\"\"<\/p>\n

      a- Amulet\u00eb me simbolin e besimit h\u00ebnor t\u00eb pellazg\u00ebve (Sellenizmit), Gochevo, Rusia e jugut, shk.11; b. H\u00ebna dhe simboli i 3 fazave t\u00eb saj (trinita kristiane) t\u00eb varura m\u00eb posht\u00eb. shk.8;\u00a0 c. Simboli i besimit h\u00ebnor n\u00eb v\u00ebthet nga Hellada (Eleusi) e shk.8 pK.\u00a0 (5)<\/em><\/p>\n

      N\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn ruse moderne, kan\u00eb mbijetuar fjal\u00eb, rrenj\u00ebt e t\u00eb cilave tregojn\u00eb origjin\u00ebn pellazgo-arb\u00ebrore t\u00eb tyre (d\u00ebrguar nga P\u00ebrparim Demi):<\/p>\n

      dom – e ka origjin\u00ebn nga fjala \u0434\u044b\u043c (tymi) e cila vjen nga TIM (dial.\u00e7am). Deri von\u00eb n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn e popullit sht\u00ebpit\u00eb num\u00ebroheshin sipas oxhak\u00ebve nga dilte tymi.<\/p>\n

      \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 (strana)- v\u00ebnd. Rrenja e fjal\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb AN (an\u00eb, krahin\u00eb psh nga \u00e7\u00b4an\u00eb je?)
      \n\u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433 (fllag) – flamuri, i cili\u00a0 e ka origjin\u00ebn nga Flam\u00eb-zjarr.
      \n\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430 (gor-a) – e cila rrjedh nga GUR-i. Malet jane prej guri.
      \nreka (reka) \u2013 lumi dmth ka + rrjedh (uji).
      \n\u043b\u0435\u0441 (les) \u2013 pylli. Vjen nga LIS. N\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn shqipe \u201clis\u201d em\u00ebrtohen edhe shum\u00eb drur\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb si psh dushku duke marr\u00eb kuptimin e nj\u00eb pylli me pem\u00eb.
      \n\u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430 (kuda) \u2013 ku ? N\u00eb shqip dhe rusisht pyet drejtimin.
      \n\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433 (bereg) – breg i detit
      \n\u044f \u043f\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c(pitj),\u00a0-folje : me pi .
      \n\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 (ostrov) – ishull, ka prejardhje nga ISTRIA (is\/as\/asht + t (e) r) , e cila vjen nga STERE \/ e zez\u00eb (tok\u00eb e zez\u00eb). Ne italaisht TERRA. etj.<\/p>\n

      N\u00eb botimin e Institutit t\u00eb etnologjis\u00eb dhe antropologjis\u00eb (\u041d.\u041d. \u041c\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0443\u0445\u043e-\u041c\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0410\u041d , \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0422\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u00bb, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u00bb 2001 \u0433) shkruhet se : \u201c Lidhjet martesore t\u00eb tartar\u00ebve me v\u00ebnd\u00ebsit dhe etnit\u00eb e ndryshme, modifikuan pamjen fizike t\u00eb popujve q\u00eb i rrethonin dhe n\u00eb radh\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb atij rus, q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebn nj\u00eb realitet historik i sot\u00ebm dhe i dit\u00ebve t\u00eb ardh\u00ebshme\u201d. (6)<\/p>\n

      Sa p\u00ebr origjin\u00ebn e popujve q\u00eb u em\u00ebrtuan sllav\u00eb edhe sot studiuesit nuk mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktojn\u00eb shkenc\u00ebrisht origjin\u00ebn e emrave apo t\u00eb etnis\u00eb s\u00eb tyre, si\u00e7 e pohon edhe Kostandin Jiri\u00e7ek \u00a0duke folur p\u00ebr sllav\u00ebt serb\u00eb (Historia e Serb\u00ebve<\/em>, pj.I)\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Nuk ekziston asnj\u00eb `Codex diplomaticus` dhe asnj\u00eb ekstrat dokumentesh p\u00ebr historin\u00eb s\u00ebrbe, asnj\u00eb `Fontes rerum serbicarum`, madje asnj\u00eb shkenc\u00eb e burimeve apo nj\u00eb bibliografi historike\u00a0\u2026\u00bb \u00a0(7)<\/p>\n

      Shumica e studiuesve rus\u00eb pohojn\u00eb se zgjedha shekullore mongole \u201c ishte shkaku kryesor i prapambetjes s\u00eb Rusis\u00eb nga v\u00ebndet Per\u00ebndimore \u201d. (8)<\/p>\n

      Kjo periudh\u00eb zgjati deri n\u00eb fund t\u00eb shk.16 , afro 250 vjet (9) duke ndikuar fuqimisht n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn, (10) m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e jetes\u00ebs, administrimit dhe traditave t\u00eb Rusis\u00eb. Mihali kritikonte p\u00ebrul\u00ebsin\u00eb q\u00eb tregonin\u00a0 rus\u00ebt duke imituar tartar\u00ebt duke u sjell\u00eb si sh\u00ebmbull q\u00ebndres\u00ebn e hellen\u00ebve, pavar\u00ebsisht sundimit t\u00eb gjat\u00eb turk. (11) Vet\u00eb Vasili III i Mosk\u00ebs em\u00ebrtohej sipas titullit t\u00eb mongol\u00ebve Mbreti-Han (12)<\/p>\n

      Murgu Maksim vinte nga nj\u00eb vend q\u00eb kishte njohur\u00a0 kulmin e lul\u00ebzimit t\u00eb qytetrimit mesjetar. N\u00eb Durr\u00ebs, si\u00e7 na d\u00ebshmon Jahja Dra\u00e7olli, ishte hapur Universiteti i par\u00eb n\u00eb Gadishullin Ilirik (1380).(13), nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb Universiteti i Torinos, q\u00eb mbahet si m\u00eb i lashti n\u00eb Itali, u themelua n\u00eb vitin 1404. (14)\u00a0 Ciceroni e em\u00ebrtonte Durr\u00ebsin qytet t\u00eb shkenc\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb artit, ku t\u00eb rinjt\u00eb romak\u00eb t\u00eb familjeve fisnike u pajis\u00ebn me dije. (15) Rektor i Universitetit ka q\u00ebn\u00eb edhe Gjon Durrsaku i cili punoi si rektor i par\u00eb i\u00a0Universitetit mesjetar t\u00eb Zar\u00ebs<\/a> (1396). (Arbers between West and East during Middle Ages, Zagreb, 2008, Wikipedia) .(16)<\/p>\n

      N\u00eb Mistra t\u00eb Mores\u00eb (Peloponez) f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e elit\u00ebs ndiqnin shkoll\u00ebn filozofike t\u00eb Thotit pellazg t\u00eb Egjiptit, t\u00eb drejtuar nga Gjergj Xhemisto Pletone, i cili luftoi p\u00ebr reformimin e fes\u00eb katolike afro nj\u00eb shekull para \u201crevolucionit\u201d (1517<\/a>)\u00a0t\u00eb gjermanit Martin Luteri. (17)<\/p>\n

      Qytet\u00ebrimi arb\u00ebror i koh\u00ebs s\u00eb Mihal Trivolit p\u00ebrfshinte emra t\u00eb shquar si Gjon Gazuli (1400 \u2013 1465) (lat. Johannes Gasulus) me origjin\u00eb nga Shqip\u00ebria veriore (Mirdita<\/a>, ose Zadrima<\/a> e Shkodr\u00ebs<\/a>), prift dominikan dhe humanist. Veprimtaria e tij shtrihej n\u00eb l\u00ebmin e astronomis\u00eb, matematik\u00ebs, fizik\u00ebs, filozofis\u00eb, diplomacis\u00eb, artit. N\u00eb tabel\u00ebn kronologjike t\u00eb Musantio-s, Gazulin e ndeshim nd\u00ebr matematikan\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhej t\u00eb shekullit XV. Teoria e tij e \u201cyj\u00ebsive qiellore\u201d\u00a0 do t\u00eb udh\u00ebhiqte Kopernikun ( 1473-1543) n\u00eb studimet mbi astronomin\u00eb .\u00a0 (18)<\/p>\n

      Pas pushtimit t\u00eb Kostandinopolit, bashk\u00eb me popullsin\u00eb u larguan drejt Europ\u00ebs per\u00ebndimore gjuh\u00ebtar\u00eb, poet\u00eb, historian\u00eb, muzikant\u00eb, piktor\u00eb , arkitekt\u00eb, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00eb, politikan\u00eb dhe teolog\u00eb arb\u00ebr, q\u00eb ndikuan n\u00eb pasurimin e jet\u00ebs shoq\u00ebrore n\u00eb \u201catdheun e ri\u201d. Sot mbisundon mendimi se, filizat e Rilindjes europiane t\u00eb Gadishullit italik kishin \u00e7elur m\u00eb her\u00ebt n\u00eb Gadishullin Ilirik. (F.Demi \u201c Arberit e shek 15 q\u00eb ndri\u00e7uan Europ\u00ebn<\/em>\u201d)<\/p>\n

      Niveli i zhvillimit shprehet ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht me fondin themelor t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs s\u00eb popullit (para krijimit t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve standarte t\u00eb shteteve). Mehmet Elezi (Gjuha shqipe n\u00eb bunker<\/em> ?, 2005, f24) e thekson r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebtij fakti n\u00eb studimet gjuh\u00ebsore dhe historike :<\/p>\n

      \u201cPasuria dhe zhvillimi i nj\u00eb gjuhe duken , nd\u00ebr t\u00eb tjera, te fjal\u00ebt q\u00eb shprehin nocione abstrakte e te caqet (em\u00ebrtimet) kozmogonike, q\u00eb lidhen me hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn dhe koh\u00ebn. Ato flasin p\u00ebr shkall\u00ebn e t\u00eb menduarit abstrakt t\u00eb nj\u00eb populli. ( …). Poashtu caqet (fjal\u00eb-sh\u00ebn im) nga jeta politike, administrative, juridike, ekonomike e kulturore d\u00ebshmojn\u00eb shkall\u00ebn e qytet\u00ebrimit gjat\u00eb qindravje\u00e7ar\u00ebve jo m\u00eb pak se muret e k\u00ebshtjellave, shtatoret e amfiteatrot.<\/p>\n

      Gjuha shqipe \u00ebsht\u00eb pabesueshm\u00ebrisht e pasur me k\u00ebto fjal\u00eb. Jo pak her\u00eb hahet edhe me gjuh\u00ebt e vjetra…\u201d<\/p>\n

      Ky nivel i lart\u00eb kulturor i trevave arb\u00ebrore shpreh kushtet e favorshme q\u00eb g\u00ebzonte bota shqipetare para pushtimit t\u00eb fiseve turko-mongole. \u201cFill mbas t\u00eb gjetunit\u201d t\u00eb shtypjes s\u00eb librave (1454 me botimin e Bibl\u00ebs) nga J.Gutenberg, \u00a0pohon At Donat Kurti, q\u00eb vler\u00ebsohet si ngjarja m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme e qytet\u00ebrimit t\u00eb shk.15, nisi pun\u00ebn shtypshkronja e Obotit n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri (1493), dmth vet\u00ebm 39 vite pas shpikjes s\u00eb saj. (19)<\/p>\n

      U zgjata n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pik\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00b4iu kund\u00ebrv\u00ebn\u00eb mendimit t\u00eb disa studiuesve (fatkeq\u00ebsisht edhe shqipetar) se popullsia e Kombit ton\u00eb \u201cka qen\u00eb e prapambetur, e ngujuar n\u00eb male, e shk\u00ebputur nga v\u00ebndet e tjera europjane dhe e varf\u00ebr\u201d.\u00a0 Faktet historike d\u00ebshmojn\u00eb se popullsia arb\u00ebrore e shk.15 kishte nj\u00eb qytet\u00ebrim t\u00eb zhvilluar dhe ishte e pasur :\u00a0 Historiani Lakonik (Laconico Calcondila 1423-1490) duke shkruar p\u00ebr pushtimin e qytetit t\u00eb Koron\u00ebs (Corone, Peloponez) pohon , se :<\/p>\n

      \u201c Muhameti II mbeti i habitur nga fati i pabesuesh\u00ebm, kur i ra\u00a0 n\u00eb dor\u00eb pasuria e alban\u00ebve dhe helen\u00ebve t\u00eb k\u00ebtij v\u00ebndi t\u00eb bekuar dhe i d\u00ebrgoi lavde Zotit n\u00eb qiell q\u00eb kishte dashur papritmas ta g\u00ebzonte me mall t\u00eb \u00e7muesh\u00ebm t\u00eb \u00e7do lloji dhe m\u00eb i shumt\u00eb, krahasuar me qytetet e tjera t\u00eb arb\u00ebrve dhe t\u00eb helen\u00ebve t\u00eb Albanitis\u00eb pjellore… (Epirit dhe Gadishullit Ilirik-sh\u00ebn im) \u201d. (20)<\/p>\n

      Pavarsisht ndryshimit t\u00eb madh t\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb ruse nga ajo e v\u00ebndlindjes, murgu arb\u00ebr ishte nisur\u00a0 drejt Rusis\u00eb plot energji i frym\u00ebzuar nga misioni hyjnor \u201c t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapte besimin e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb kristian tek rus\u00ebt\u201d , por koha tregoi se rrota e \u201c fatit\u201d t\u00eb tij, nuk do t\u00eb kthehej m\u00eb kurr\u00eb drejt atdheut t\u00eb tij .\u00a0 Duket se Mihal e kishte parandjer\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rrezik \u2026<\/p>\n

      Mbasi mbaroi p\u00ebrrkthimet e librave t\u00eb shenjt\u00eb, n\u00eb vitin 1522 Mihali i shkruan princit moskovit Vasilit III : \u201c \u00a0Na lejo t\u00eb largohemi n\u00eb paqe dhe aty (kur t\u00eb jen\u00eb n\u00eb manastirin Vatoped t\u00eb malit Atos-shen im), me gjith shpirt dhe z\u00ebm\u00ebr t\u00eb g\u00ebzuar do t\u00eb\u00a0 tregoj dhe lart\u00ebsoj lavdin\u00eb dhe\u00a0 pushtetin fisnik t\u00eb mbret\u00ebrimit tuaj. \u201d (21) Vasilit III-t\u00eb e shp\u00ebrblen murgun dhe dy shoq\u00ebruesit e tij me dhurata t\u00eb \u00e7mueshme, por nuk e lejon t\u00eb largohet. Edhe n\u00eb dit\u00ebt e fundit t\u00eb jet\u00ebs, Mihali i lutet Ivanit IV p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbyllur syt\u00eb n\u00eb v\u00ebndin e tij, por k\u00ebrkesa mbetet pa p\u00ebrgjigjie. Sipas fjal\u00ebve q\u00eb qarkullonin n\u00eb oborrin mbret\u00ebror , shkaku ishte frika se : \u201cAi \u00ebsht\u00eb i m\u00ebn\u00e7ur dhe ka par\u00eb t\u00eb mirat dhe t\u00eb ligat tek ne dhe kur t\u00eb largohet, do t\u00b4i tregoj\u00eb n\u00eb vendin e tij\u201d duke p\u00ebrhapur nj\u00eb nam t\u00eb k\u00ebq ndaj Rusis\u00eb. (22)<\/p>\n

      Disa studiues t\u00eb tjer\u00eb mendojn\u00eb se pengimi i Mihalit ka qen\u00eb \u201cp\u00ebr nevojat shtet\u00ebrore\u201dsepse \u201cT\u00eb huajt e m\u00ebn\u00e7ur dhe me dhunti e kishin m\u00eb t\u00eb leht\u00eb t\u00eb hynin n\u00eb Rusi se sa t\u00eb dilnin prej saj\u201d.(23) A ishte vall\u00eb zelli dhe dijet e Mihalit pengesa p\u00ebr t\u00b4u kthyer n\u00eb atdhe ? Mendoj se ishte nj\u00eb ar\u00ebsye m\u00eb madhore : Mihal Trivoli duke dashur ta drejtonte car Vasilin e III-t\u00eb dhe djalin e tij n\u00eb \u201cudh\u00ebn e Zotit\u201d dhe t\u00eb Rilindjes europiane, kishte guxuar t\u00b4iu vinte p\u00ebrpara \u201cpasqyr\u00ebn\u201d e s\u00eb VERTET\u00cbS<\/em>\u00a0 s\u00eb regjimit t\u00eb tyre t\u00eb dhunsh\u00ebm dhe prapambetjen e qytet\u00ebrimit n\u00eb Rusi.<\/p>\n

      Vasili i III (1479\u00a0– 1533)\u00a0ishte djali i Ivanit III-t\u00eb nga martesa me princesh\u00ebn Sofia Paleolog (1455-1503), mbesa e Perandorit Kostandin Paleologut XI-t\u00eb, kurse Ivani i IV (1530-1584) nipi i saj. Kjo martes\u00eb \u201cgjeo-politike\u201d dhe p\u00ebr interesa t\u00eb Vatikanit, n\u00eb vend t\u00eb var\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb Rusis\u00eb ndaj Kish\u00ebs katolike solli forcimin e lidhjes me Kish\u00ebn ortodokse t\u00eb arb\u00ebrve. Shqiponja e huazuar nga ruset prej Paleolog\u00ebve dhe Kish\u00ebs ortodokse, do t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbente si simbol i s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs s\u00eb \u201ctrash\u00ebgimis\u00eb\u201dt\u00eb Rusis\u00eb mbi zot\u00ebrimet e Perandoris\u00eb romake t\u00eb Lindjes (Bizantit), t\u00eb zhdukur tashm\u00eb nga faqet e historis\u00eb europiane.(24)<\/p>\n

      \"\"\"\"<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. St. Basil of Caesarea and prince Vasili III of Russia. Icon 2. Ivani i IV mbasi vrau t\u00eb birin. Piktur\u00eb e Ilia Repinit (1883) (25)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Kur K\u00ebshillit i malit t\u00eb shenjt\u00eb Atos zgjodhi murgun epirot p\u00ebr misionin e tij apostolik n\u00eb Rusi, nuk\u00a0 u shkoi nd\u00ebrmend se po d\u00ebrgonin nj\u00eb \u201cPromete\u201d i cili do t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapte drit\u00ebn e Dijes m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrparuar t\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb tij. N\u00eb librin e tij (Maksim Greku dhe Per\u00ebndimi<\/em>) I.Denisovi e p\u00ebrcakton si \u201cmesian e qytet\u00ebrimit per\u00ebndimor\u201d drita e t\u00eb cilit nuk mundi ta zhduk\u00eb menj\u00ebher\u00eb mjegull\u00ebn e Rusis\u00eb barbare, por q\u00eb me vetmohim i sh\u00ebrbeu zgjimit t\u00eb saj gradual nga gjumi mesjetar. (26)<\/p>\n

        Me mbretin por kundra tij\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

        Princat e dinastis\u00eb s\u00eb Ryrikovi\u00e7\u00ebve, s\u00eb cil\u00ebs i p\u00ebrkiste edhe Vasili III-t\u00eb, pretendonin se ridhnin nga Perandori romak August e p\u00ebr rrjedhoj\u00eb u takonte titulli mbret\u00ebror i\u00a0 \u201ccesarit\u201d.(27) P\u00ebr botkuptimin besimtar t\u00eb Mihalit \u201cMbreti nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb gj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr ve\u00e7se sh\u00ebmb\u00eblltyra e gjall\u00eb dhe e dukshme e vet Mbretit Qiellor (Krijuesit-sh\u00ebn im)\u201d. (28)<\/p>\n

        T\u00eb frym\u00ebzuar nga k\u00ebto \u201cfuqi hyjnore\u201d Ryrikovi\u00e7\u00ebt, sidomos Vasili III, nuk tuteshin para p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb \u00e7do mjeti p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar pushtetin absolut n\u00eb vend dhe hap\u00ebsira tok\u00ebsore jasht\u00eb principat\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre me an\u00ebn e martesave, mashtrimit, paras\u00eb, burgosjes n\u00eb manastire e deri tek vrasjet e t\u00eb pabindurve, duke u rr\u00ebmbyer pasurin\u00eb. P\u00ebr familjet fisnike t\u00eb princave kund\u00ebrshtar\u00eb zbatohej metoda e shk\u00ebmbimit t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb duke i vendosur n\u00eb rrethinat e Mosk\u00ebs, nd\u00ebrsa\u00a0 moskovit\u00ebt n\u00eb pronat e tyre. (29)<\/p>\n

        Sikurse n\u00eb Lindje edhe n\u00eb Per\u00ebndim t\u00eb Europ\u00ebs, p\u00ebrdoreshin mjetet e sip\u00ebrp\u00ebrm\u00ebndura ku lufta p\u00ebr pasurim dhe pushtet nuk kursente as krer\u00ebt e Kish\u00ebs. Mihali e pranonte plotfuqishm\u00ebrin\u00eb politike dhe administrative t\u00eb Mbretit n\u00eb dobi t\u00eb forcimit t\u00eb shtetit. Ai e frym\u00ebzonte me kurajo at\u00eb, n\u00eb rastet e humbjeve n\u00eb luftime dhe e mbulonte me l\u00ebvdata p\u00ebr\u00a0 fitoret, sidomos ndaj mbret\u00ebrve tartaro-mongol n\u00eb jug apo rival\u00ebve hungareze, austriak\u00eb, polak\u00eb e lituaneze n\u00eb veri, por ishte kundra \u00e7do veprimi skllav\u00ebrues ekonomik apo t\u00eb liris\u00eb s\u00eb njeriut.<\/p>\n

        P\u00ebr Mihalin, Paqja ishte forma m\u00eb e mir\u00eb e jetes\u00ebs por e pranonte se Lufta ishte e domosdoshme\u00a0 n\u00eb \u201crastet pa rrug\u00ebdalje\u201d me ndihm\u00ebn e nj\u00eb ushtrie t\u00eb fort\u00eb, t\u00eb organizuar dhe t\u00eb st\u00ebrvitur p\u00ebr t\u00b4iu b\u00ebr\u00eb ball\u00eb sulmeve barbare.(30)<\/p>\n

        Epiroti u p\u00ebrpoq ta pajiste mbretin e ardhsh\u00ebm rus – Ivanin IV- me dije\u00a0 duke i p\u00ebrkthyer shkrimet e Platonit , Aristotelit etj. si dhe m\u00ebsimet e sh\u00ebnjtor\u00ebve kristian\u00eb.\u00a0 \u00c7do njeri, sipas tij, e k\u00ebrc\u00ebnojn\u00eb tre m\u00ebkate, por p\u00ebr nj\u00eb mbret, m\u00eb t\u00eb d\u00ebmshme jan\u00eb :\u00a0 \u00abPasioni i pangop\u00ebsis\u00eb (q\u00eb e \u00e7on njeriun n\u00eb nivelin e nj\u00eb kafshe),\u00a0 p\u00ebr lavdi dhe pasurin\u00eb.\u00a0(\u2026). M\u00ebkati m\u00eb i rreziksh\u00ebm i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb burim i t\u00eb tjerave dhe prek t\u00eb gjith\u00eb shpirtin njer\u00ebzor \u00ebshte \u00ab\u00a0etja p\u00ebr pasurim\u00a0\u00bb : pangopsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb grumbulluar p\u00ebr veten me \u00e7do m\u00ebnyr\u00eb flori, argjend dhe gur t\u00eb \u00e7muar n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet vjedhjes, padrejt\u00ebsis\u00eb , zhvatjes dhe shpifjes \u2026\u00a0\u00bb (31)<\/p>\n

        Mbreti – shprehet Mihali – duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb k\u00ebshilltar\u00eb t\u00eb ditur dhe dashamir\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb \u00abk\u00ebshillat e d\u00ebmshme, bisedat me njer\u00ebzit e liq e vrasin njeriun\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

        Por\u00a0 Ivani IV ndoqi tradit\u00ebn familiare. Nga jet\u00ebshkrimi i tij, na t\u00ebrheq \u00ab\u00a0m\u00ebsimi\u00a0\u00bb i nj\u00eb murgu t\u00eb mbyllur n\u00eb manastir p\u00ebr \u00abmashtrim dhe z\u00ebmergurt\u00ebsi\u00bb i cili gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb takimi me mbretin e ri e k\u00ebshillon : \u00ab\u00a0N\u00eb rast se do t\u00eb duash t\u00eb sundosh, mos mbaj pran\u00eb vetes asnj\u00eb njeri m\u00eb t\u00eb men\u00e7ur se vetja, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb do t\u00eb b\u00ebhesh mbret i fort\u00eb dhe do t\u00b4i kesh t\u00eb gjith\u00eb n\u00eb duart e tua.\u00a0\u00bb (32)\u00a0 Cari rus e quajti at\u00eb \u00ab\u00a0babain e vet shpirt\u00ebror\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

        Ivani IV u b\u00eb sundimtari m\u00eb i eg\u00ebr q\u00eb njohu mesjeta ruse e shekullit 15-16 duke fituar n\u00eb popull nj\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb ri – \u00ab\u00a0Ivani i Tmersh\u00ebm\u00a0\u00bb. Fantazit\u00eb e tij n\u00eb d\u00ebnimin e njer\u00ebzve nuk njihnin kufij dhe synonin t\u00eb ishin sa m\u00eb t\u00eb dhimshme.\u00a0 Kur dipllomati I.Viskovatin u shpreh se d\u00ebnimi me vdekje i\u00a0 bojar\u00ebve ishte shum\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00eb, mbreti urdh\u00ebroi t\u00b4ia ripnin s\u00eb gjalli lekur\u00ebn. (33).<\/p>\n

        Zakonisht ky d\u00ebnim p\u00ebrdorej nga sulltan\u00ebt turko-mongol p\u00ebr t\u00eb ulur zem\u00ebrimin e tyre, si\u00e7 ndodhi me komandantin e shquar t\u00eb Sk\u00ebnd\u00ebrbeut – Mojsi Golemin dhe luft\u00ebtar\u00ebt e tjer\u00eb arb\u00ebr.<\/p>\n

        Mihali mundohej t\u00eb zbuste shpirtin e mbretit dhe t\u00eb vart\u00ebsve t\u00eb tij, duke u v\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb dukje shkrimet e shenjta, se \u00ab\u00a0zem\u00ebrimi shtazarak \u00bb duhet\u00a0 z\u00ebv\u00ebnd\u00ebsuar me dashurin\u00eb njer\u00ebzore.(34) Por sjellja \u00e7njer\u00ebzore, karakteristike e fiseve mongole gjat\u00eb sundimit t\u00eb tyre 250 vje\u00e7ar t\u00eb\u00a0 Europ\u00ebs Lindore, \u00e7udit\u00ebrisht, nga disa akademik\u00eb (\u0412.\u00a0\u041e.\u00a0\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/a>, \u0413.\u00a0\u0412.\u00a0\u0412\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/a>,\u00a0\u041f.\u00a0\u041d.\u00a0\u0421\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439<\/a> etj.) pranohet si e dobishme sepse sh\u00ebrbeu si \u201cshkoll\u00eb\u201d, ku shteti rus formoi karakterin e tij dhe\u00a0 u skalit \u201cmetoda\u201d e mbret\u00ebrimit t\u00eb car\u00ebve moskovit\u00eb. (35)<\/p>\n

        Nj\u00eb nga k\u00ebto \u201cmetoda\u201d t\u00eb mbret\u00ebrimit t\u00eb Ivanit IV ishte forcimi i regjimit t\u00eb bujkrob\u00ebris\u00eb. N\u00eb Rusin\u00eb mesjetare kishte forma t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb skllav\u00ebrimit t\u00eb fshatar\u00ebve, q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebnin shumic\u00ebn e popullsis\u00eb : Me an\u00ebn e humbjes s\u00eb pron\u00ebsis\u00eb mbi tok\u00ebn dhe humbjes s\u00eb liris\u00eb s\u00eb njeriut. Gjat\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb q\u00ebndrimit t\u00eb Mihalit, fitimi i liris\u00eb mund t\u00eb blihej nga bujkrobi, por kjo ishte nj\u00eb mund\u00ebsi aq e paarrit\u00ebshme sa fshatari praktikisht mbetej skllav i p\u00ebrjetsh\u00ebm i padronit t\u00eb tij. Vet\u00ebm reforma borgjeze (1861) i dha fund k\u00ebtij rob\u00ebrimi t\u00eb njeriut n\u00eb Rusi. (36)<\/p>\n

        Sh\u00ebmbullin e drejtimit t\u00eb mbretit e ndiqnin qeveritar\u00ebt e tij, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt duke sajuar krime apo zbatuar \u00e7do lloj padrejt\u00ebsie ndaj popullsis\u00eb , nganj\u00ebher\u00eb edhe kund\u00ebr bashk\u00ebsive t\u00eb t\u00ebra t\u00eb qytetit apo fshatit, synonin grabitjen e pasuris\u00eb s\u00eb tyre. (37)<\/p>\n

        Mund t\u00eb merret me m\u00ebnd trauma q\u00eb p\u00ebrjetoi Mihal Trivoli kur e kuptoi se ku e kishte \u00e7uar \u00ab\u00a0fati\u00a0\u00bb, por ishte i nd\u00ebrgjegjsh\u00ebm se kjo gj\u00ebndje rregullohej vet\u00ebm me zbatimin e ligjeve si ato t\u00eb Justinianit, me t\u00eb cilat udh\u00ebhiqeshin v\u00ebndet e krishtera per\u00ebndimore. T\u00eb njejt\u00ebn k\u00ebshill\u00eb u jepte Gjergj Xhemisto Pletone perandor\u00ebve Paleolog\u00eb, duke theksuar se mbreti\u00a0i rrethuar nga keshilltar\u00eb t\u00eb mire, merr vendime m\u00eb t\u00eb mira duke patur nj\u00eb Kushtetut\u00eb me ligje t\u00eb drejta.(38)<\/p>\n

        P\u00ebrputhja e mendimeve t\u00eb filozof\u00ebve t\u00eb shquar t\u00eb shk.15, Pletones dhe Mihal Trivolit, bazohej tek humanizmi, fryma demokratike dhe tradita historike\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Epirotet nuk pranonin despotizmin e mbret\u00ebrve – pohon albanologu arb\u00ebresh Nikoll Ketta – p\u00ebr epirot\u00ebt dhe alban\u00ebt, mbi \u00e7do autoritet njihej ay i t\u00eb vjet\u00ebrve t\u00eb fisit\u00a0\u00bb. (39)<\/p>\n

        N\u00eb ligjet e Kanunit t\u00eb Lek Dukagjinit, t\u00eb po k\u00ebtij shekulli, t\u00eb gjith\u00eb njer\u00ebzit jan\u00eb t\u00eb barabart\u00eb para ligjit, pavar\u00ebsisht n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb njeri i thjesht\u00eb apo princ i plotfuqish\u00ebm i vendit dhe vendimet e sundimtarit ishin n\u00ebn mbikqyrjen e Pleq\u00ebsis\u00eb t\u00eb zgjedhur nga populli :<\/p>\n

        – Kanuni i Malevet t\u00eb Shqypnis nuk e ve\u00e7on nierin prej nierit. \u201dShpirt per shpirt , se duken e fale Zoti \u201d. (Libri i tet\u00eb, Ndera, Kry i shtat\u00ebmbdhet\u00ebt, \u00a7593. )<\/p>\n

        – Edhe pse Plak a Krye , a i der\u00ebs s\u00eb Giomarkut, pengun do t\u00b4a lshoj\u00eb n\u00eb dor\u00eb t\u00eb Pleqvet e t\u00eb Vogjlis , po bani kush vaj mb\u00eb\u00b4t\u00eb. (<\/strong>Libri i njimbdhet\u00ebt, Kanuni i pleqnis, Nye i njiqindekaterdhetepar\u00eb, Tagri e detyra e pleqvet, \u00a71014). (40)<\/p>\n

        Studiuesit v\u00ebrejn\u00eb se mbi ligjet e lashta t\u00eb arb\u00ebrve (Kanunin) u mb\u00ebshtet Perandori Justinian kur nd\u00ebrtoi ligjet e veta dhe Kisha ortodokse e Perandoris\u00eb romake t\u00eb Lindjes (bizantine).<\/p>\n

        N\u00eb shkrimet e tij Mihali p\u00ebrshkruan organizimin e jetes\u00ebs s\u00eb\u00a0 murgj\u00ebve t\u00eb Hellad\u00ebs mbi baz\u00ebn e Kodit ligjor (Nomokanon), nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatje e\u00a0 filozofis\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebs mij\u00ebravje\u00e7are t\u00eb Kombit t\u00eb tij (Kanunit) me kristianizmin, q\u00eb hera-her\u00ebs n\u00eb shkrimet studimore em\u00ebrtohen si \u00ab\u00a0kristianizimi i hellenizmit\u00a0\u00bb. (41)<\/p>\n

        Kjo periudh\u00eb e p\u00ebrshtatjes s\u00eb filozofis\u00eb dhe ligjeve pellazge me parimet e Perandorive diktatoriale ishte e gjat\u00eb dhe e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb\u00a0: U desh nj\u00eb lufte shekullore dhe forca mbinjer\u00ebzore duke e \u00e7liruar hellenizmin (besimin e pellazgo-arb\u00ebrve. F.Demi \u201cSellenizmi…f.11) nga rr\u00ebnj\u00ebt e tij natyrore, etnike dhe kufizimet kulturore, para se hellenizmi t\u00eb arrinte form\u00ebn universale t\u00eb \u201cs\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebs\u201d kristiane.(42)<\/p>\n

        Me Kish\u00ebn por kundra saj <\/strong><\/p>\n

        M.Nikolevi\u00e7 pohon se \u00abDuke par\u00eb shkrimet e shumta t\u00eb murgut Maksim, habitemi me shuman\u00ebshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e talenteve t\u00eb tij\u00a0: ai \u00ebsht\u00eb gjuh\u00ebtar, historian, poet, orator, filozof, teolog, por talenti m\u00eb i fuqish\u00ebm nd\u00ebr ato q\u00eb zot\u00ebronte ishte ai i KRITIK\u00cbS<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb, (43) t\u00eb cilat sipas Pr.Ikonikov\u00ebs (\u0418\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u2013 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c \u0413\u0440\u0435\u043a ,\u041a\u0438\u0435\u0432,1866 ), shquhen p\u00ebr thell\u00ebsin\u00eb e trajtimit, guximin dhe drejt\u00ebsin\u00eb e tyre.(44)<\/p>\n

        Vet\u00ebm mbas kat\u00ebr shekujve t\u00eb vdekjes s\u00eb Mihal Trivolit, analiza e thell\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrgjithsuese q\u00eb i kishte b\u00ebr\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb n\u00eb Rusi u vler\u00ebsua prej studiuesve rus\u00eb si nj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim i \u00e7muar ndaj vendit t\u00eb tyre.<\/p>\n

        N\u00eb periudh\u00ebn e mesjet\u00ebs Kisha ishte (mund t\u00eb shprehemi) si \u00ab\u00a0qeveri e nj\u00ebsuar\u00a0\u00bb me pushtetin e Mbretit. Nj\u00eb sh\u00ebmbull t\u00eb k\u00ebtij bashk\u00ebpunimi t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs ortodokse na e p\u00ebrcjell Edith Durham (Brenga e Ballkanasve<\/em>, v.2000 ) : \u00abMbas pushtimit turk, Sulltani \u00e7\u00ebshtjen e fes\u00eb ja kaloi Patriarkan\u00ebs greke n\u00eb Stamboll, nd\u00ebrsa detyr\u00ebn e taksambledh\u00ebsit e shiti p\u00ebr \u00e7mimin m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb q\u00eb ju afrua.\u00a0Shuma t\u00eb m\u00ebdha qen\u00eb paguar dhe k\u00ebto nxireshin prej tagrambledh\u00ebsve kishtar\u00eb<\/em> nga turmat e mjera, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt dridheshin nga k\u00ebta tagrambledh\u00ebs m\u00eb shum\u00eb se sa nga Turqia\u00a0\u00bb. (45)<\/p>\n

        Sikurse shteti dhe feudal\u00ebt, Kishat dhe manastiret ruse zot\u00ebronin prona mbi tok\u00ebn dhe fshatrat duke i shfryt\u00ebzuar pa m\u00ebshir\u00eb familjet bujkrobe.\u00a0 N\u00eb nj\u00eb botim t\u00eb v.1903 (\u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a<\/em>,1903, \u0422. 1. \u2116 1. ) autori shprehet se \u00ab\u00a0\u2026manastiret tona t\u00eb asaj kohe (shk15,16 sh\u00ebn. im) ishin feudal\u00eb n\u00eb kuptimin e plot\u00eb t\u00eb fjal\u00ebs dhe pronar\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb pasur\u00a0\u00bb. (46)<\/p>\n

        Shkrimet e Mihalit lidhur me t\u00eb metat e sh\u00ebrbenj\u00ebsve dhe t\u00eb Institucioneve fetare n\u00eb Rusi, krahasuar me m\u00ebsimet biblike q\u00eb zbatoheshin n\u00eb Per\u00ebndim, nga bashk\u00ebkoh\u00ebsit akuzoheshin, se \u201c Ishin t\u00eb udh\u00ebhequra nga zem\u00ebrimi dhe se Maksimi kishte patur vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb synim : Me \u00e7do kusht t\u00eb shante manastiret ruse, p\u00ebr rrjedhoj\u00eb, gjykimet dhe baltosja e veprimtaris\u00eb s\u00eb murgj\u00ebve rus\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb q\u00ebllimshme dhe nuk duhen marr\u00eb parasysh\u201d. (47)<\/p>\n

        Si trash\u00ebgimi e Lasht\u00ebsis\u00eb, \u201ckritika\u201d ndaj Shtetit dhe veprimtaris\u00eb s\u00eb institucioneve besimtare n\u00eb Perandorin\u00eb e Paleolog\u00ebve n\u00eb Hellad\u00eb, trajtohej si detyr\u00eb e elit\u00ebs s\u00eb manastireve. Ajo nuk shikohej si nj\u00eb veprimtari keqdash\u00ebse, por si nj\u00eb mjet i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm q\u00eb hap rrug\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb ecur drejt p\u00ebrparimit dhe suksesit. Nj\u00eb sh\u00ebmbull t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm na sjell shkrimi i\u00a0 bashk\u00ebkoh\u00ebsit t\u00eb famsh\u00ebm – Gjergj Xhemisto Pletones (Memoriale a Manuele<\/em>) – i cili i vinte n\u00eb dukje perandorit, se Kisha ishte b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb pushtet paralel me shtetin q\u00eb rr\u00ebmben heshtazi jo vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme nga taksat, por edhe t\u00eb dhurimeve, duke u b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb kancer q\u00eb duhet shkulur. (48)<\/p>\n

        Ky fakt d\u00ebshmon nivelin e lart\u00eb t\u00eb demokracis\u00eb n\u00eb botkuptimin e Arb\u00ebrve. Shqipetar\u00ebt , v\u00eb n\u00eb dukje Nikoll Ketta, i ruajn\u00eb me p\u00ebrkushtim traditat e atdheut t\u00eb tyre t\u00eb lasht\u00eb. (49)<\/p>\n

        Filozofi epirot e shikonte \u201ct\u00eb keqen\u201d tek moskuptimi i misionit nga \u201cbarinjt\u00eb e Zotit \u201d (murgjit), t\u00eb cil\u00ebt duke mos zbatuar rregullisht lutjet dhe me jet\u00ebn q\u00eb b\u00ebnin n\u00eb manastir, nuk afronin sh\u00ebmbullin q\u00eb duhej ndjekur. \u00ab\u00a0Nj\u00eb murg i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb – predikonte Mihali – \u00ebsht\u00eb ai\u00a0<\/strong>: q\u00eb vepron, jo vet\u00ebm me fjal\u00ebt e Bibl\u00ebs por edhe me vepra duke shprehur dashurine e tij ndaj atyre q\u00eb ka pran\u00eb, ai q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb human, bujar,i dh\u00ebmshur ndaj t\u00eb varf\u00ebrve dhe ftakeq\u00ebve. T\u00eb hysh n\u00eb manastir vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00b4u arratisur prej fatkeq\u00ebsive t\u00eb jet\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb pranimi i pafuqis\u00eb, frik\u00ebs dhe dob\u00ebsis\u00eb t\u00ebnde\u00a0; Arratiset ai q\u00eb tr\u00ebmbet, q\u00eb nuk gjen forca tek vetja ta luftoj\u00eb dhe ta mund t\u00eb keqen\u00a0; arratisja pa u p\u00ebrballur nuk e zhduk t\u00eb keqen por e forcon. Detyra e \u00e7do t\u00eb krishteri t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb e rrjedhimisht edhe i murgut \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb luftoj\u00eb me t\u00eb. (50)<\/p>\n

        A e dinte Mihal Trivoli se duke shkruar dhe folur n\u00eb nj\u00eb mjedis q\u00eb nuk e pranonte kritik\u00ebn dhe ndryshimin \u00ab po luante me zjarrin\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0?<\/p>\n

        (vijon m\u00eb posht\u00eb<\/em>)<\/p>\n

        Fatbardha Demi,<\/strong> (fatbardha_demi@yahoo.com<\/a>)
        \n28.08.2019<\/em><\/p>\n

        \n

        SH\u00cbNJTORI\u00a0 ARB\u00cbR\u00a0 Q\u00cb\u00a0 U\u00a0 \u00ab KRYQ\u00cbZUA \u00bb\u00a0 P\u00cbR T\u00cb V\u00cbRTET\u00cbN (Pj. III)<\/h1>\n

        \u00abP\u00ebr ta shkat\u00ebruar g\u00ebnjeshtr\u00ebn po sakrifikohem, me zjarrin e zhelozis\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb \u00a0v\u00ebrtet\u00ebn po digjem. <\/em>\u00bb\u00a0\u00a0 Mihal Trivoli<\/p>\n

        N\u00eb vitin 1525 u fol shum\u00eb n\u00eb oborrin moskovit p\u00ebr zhdukjen e papritur t\u00eb dijetarit hellen. Nj\u00eb nga z\u00ebrat q\u00eb qarkullonin ishte se \u00ab\u00a0Patriarku i Kostandinopolit me k\u00ebrkes\u00eb t\u00eb Vasilit III, kishte d\u00ebrguar nj\u00eb murg me emrin Maksimilian i cili me m\u00ebn\u00e7uri do ndreqte librat dhe rregullat q\u00eb lidheshin me fen\u00eb. Maksimiliani e kreu k\u00ebt\u00eb pun\u00eb, por duke v\u00ebn\u00eb re shkarje t\u00eb r\u00ebnda (n\u00eb qeverisje-sh\u00ebn im), iu drejtua personalisht mbretit duke e quajtur si personifikim t\u00eb eretikut meq\u00ebn\u00ebse nuk ndiqte gjurm\u00ebt e ligjeve romake apo atyre hellene. (\u2026)<\/p>\n

        Ai (Mihali) nuk u pa m\u00eb dhe sipas mendimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm, at\u00eb e mbyt\u00ebn\u00a0\u00bb . (1)<\/p>\n

        E v\u00ebrteta e Mihalit <\/strong><\/h3>\n

        N\u00eb fakt mund ta quaje \u00ab t\u00eb vdekur \u00bb meq\u00ebn\u00ebse u gjykua p\u00ebr \u00ab krime \u00bb kund\u00ebr dy forcave kryesore t\u00eb Rusis\u00eb – Shtetit dhe Kish\u00ebs. P\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar ndikimin e madh q\u00eb ushtronte Kisha, G. Nikolaevi\u00e7 n\u00eb librin e tij (Maksim Greku<\/em>) na sqaron, se n\u00eb Rusin\u00eb e shk. 15-16: \u00ab Feja ishte nj\u00eb sistem gjyqsor, doktrin\u00eb politike, formuese e moralit dhe e filozofis\u00eb (botkuptimit t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb -sh\u00ebn im). Ajo ishte sinteza e t\u00eb gjitha nd\u00ebrtimeve q\u00eb ngriheshin mbi themelin e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb feudale \u00bb. (2)<\/p>\n

        P\u00ebr rrjedhoj\u00eb, si Shteti edhe Kisha e fajsuan Mihalin p\u00ebr q\u00ebndrimin e tij kund\u00ebr sistemit t\u00eb bujkrob\u00ebris\u00eb, por seicili nisur nga q\u00ebllimet politike dhe fitimprur\u00ebse t\u00eb veta.<\/p>\n

        Gjyqi i Mihalit u zhvillua n\u00eb koh\u00ebn kur, p\u00ebr t\u00eb kufizuar forc\u00ebn ekonomike t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs n\u00eb interes t\u00eb shtetit dhe si pasoj\u00eb e kund\u00ebrshtimit t\u00eb fort\u00eb t\u00eb murgut nga Atosi, po diskutohej p\u00ebr rishikimin e ligjit lidhur me pronat e saj. Drejtuesit fetar\u00eb kishin frik\u00eb se shkrimet e Mihalit do t\u00eb ndikonin n\u00eb r\u00ebnien e autoritetit t\u00eb Kish\u00ebs dhe do t\u00eb zvog\u00ebloheshin pasurit\u00eb kishtare nga qeveria cariste. (3) Edhe Vasili III-t\u00eb, mb\u00ebshtetja e t\u00eb cilit ishte shtresa e feudal\u00ebve, mbronte me fanatiz\u00ebm regjimin e bujkrob\u00ebris\u00eb. P\u00ebr t\u00eb hequr v\u00ebm\u00ebndjen nga problemi social i shfryt\u00ebzimit \u00e7njer\u00ebzor t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb, shteti shtroi si \u00e7\u00ebshtje kryesore t\u00eb dit\u00ebs se \u00e7far\u00eb q\u00ebndrimi duhej mbajtur ndaj heretik\u00ebve hebrej\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0T\u00eb d\u00ebnoheshin me vdekje apo t\u00eb mjaftohej me burgosjen apo d\u00ebnime m\u00eb leht\u00ebsuese?\u00bb.(4)<\/p>\n

        N\u00eb gjyq akuza kryesore u p\u00ebrq\u00ebndrua tek veprimtaria e tij kund\u00ebr skllav\u00ebrimit t\u00eb njeriut (bujkrob\u00ebris\u00eb). Rolin e prokurorit e luante mitropoliti i gjith\u00eb Rusis\u00eb \u2013 V. Danillo i cili nuk ia falte Mihalit kund\u00ebrshtimin p\u00ebr t\u00b4i perkthyer librin (Historia e Kish\u00ebs<\/em>) e bizantinit Feodorit (\u0424\u0435\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e) i shk.5-t\u00eb, i cili shtronte ar\u00ebsyet e domosdoshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb pronave t\u00eb manastir\u00ebve. Sipas Danillos, fakti q\u00eb murgu kund\u00ebrshtonte bujkrob\u00ebrin\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebnte nj\u00eb akuz\u00eb t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb ndaj car Vasilit III-t\u00eb si nj\u00eb shfryt\u00ebzues i pashpirt, por edhe nj\u00eb fyerje e r\u00ebnd\u00eb ndaj sh\u00ebnjtor\u00ebve dhe prelat\u00ebve t\u00eb kish\u00ebs ruse, q\u00eb kishin zot\u00ebruar qytete, fshatra, toka dhe pasuri t\u00eb shumta. (5)<\/p>\n

        Aty u paraqit\u00ebn edhe \u00ab\u00a0krime\u00a0\u00bb t\u00eb tjera si p\u00ebr tradh\u00ebti me turqit, erezi, shtr\u00ebmb\u00ebrimi i q\u00ebllimsh\u00ebm gjat\u00eb p\u00ebrkthimit t\u00eb librave fetar\u00eb, etj. por verifikimi i dokumenteve gjyq\u00ebsore nga studiuesit rus\u00eb tregoi se n\u00eb gjyq d\u00ebshmit\u00eb ishin t\u00eb sajuara p\u00ebr q\u00ebllime politike. Faji i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb i murgut nga \u00c7am\u00ebria ishte se\u00a0: Kishte guxuar t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapte ide t\u00eb rrezikshme per\u00ebndimore (lirin\u00eb e njeriut, drejt\u00ebsin\u00eb, respektimin e ligjit, etj.) duke zbuluar para rus\u00ebve mjerimin dhe prapambetjen e Rusis\u00eb mesjetare, krahasuar me v\u00ebndet per\u00ebndimore. Edhe n\u00eb dit\u00ebt e sotme \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb imagjinohet se si nj\u00eb njeri i vet\u00ebm, n\u00eb periudh\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb err\u00ebt t\u00eb mesjet\u00ebs europiane, t\u00eb inkuzicionit dhe mbret\u00ebrve gjaksor\u00eb, t\u00eb gjej\u00eb kurajon\u00a0 t\u00eb drejtoj\u00eb gishtin mbi shkaktar\u00ebt e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb\u00a0: Shtetin dhe Kish\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

        D\u00ebnimi q\u00eb u mendua p\u00ebr Mihalin ishte shum\u00eb dometh\u00ebn\u00ebs. Ai u burgos n\u00eb qelit\u00eb e manastirit t\u00eb Josifit (\u0418\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0444\u043e-\u0412\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439), mbrojt\u00ebsit kryesor t\u00eb pronave kishtare, i shoq\u00ebruar me let\u00ebr-porosi t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb metropolitit Danillos\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0T\u00eb mbyllet n\u00eb nje qeli ku t\u00eb mos ndihet asnj\u00eb z\u00eb, t\u00eb mos ket\u00eb mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb shkruaj\u00eb, t\u00eb flas\u00eb, t\u00eb predikoj\u00eb apo t\u00b4i shkruaj\u00eb let\u00ebr dikujt (\u2026), k\u00ebshtu do t\u00eb ket\u00eb mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb pendohet p\u00ebr marrezin\u00eb dhe eretizmin e vet.\u00a0\u00bb (6) Mihalin e prangosur e torturonin n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet t\u00eb ftohtit dhe uris\u00eb nga e cila shpesh r\u00ebzohej pa ndjenja n\u00eb tok\u00eb. Atij ju ndalua t\u00eb kryente ritin e lutjes, q\u00eb sipas m\u00ebsimeve t\u00eb kish\u00ebs i jep mund\u00ebsi besimtarit \u201ct\u00eb bashkohet me Zotin n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet Krishtit\u201d duke siguruar \u201cshp\u00ebtimin e shpirtit dhe pavdeksin\u00eb\u201d. (7)<\/p>\n

        Mbasi i lau duart me Mihalin, Mitropoliti Danillo vijoi t\u00b4i sh\u00ebrbej\u00eb me p\u00ebrkushtim Carit, por n\u00eb v. 1535\u00a0 pa me trishtim se si aleati i tij n\u00eb pushtet i kufizoi t\u00eb drejtat e manastireve \u00abatyre u ndalohej t\u00eb blinin dhe t\u00eb hipotekonin tokat e bujq\u00ebrve pa dijenin\u00eb dhe miratimin e qeveris\u00eb \u00bb. (8)\u00a0 N\u00eb Rusi, sikurse edhe n\u00eb Europ\u00ebn Per\u00ebndimore t\u00eb shk.16, n\u00eb duelin p\u00ebr pushtet midis Shtetit dhe Kish\u00ebs, humb\u00ebse doli kjo e fundit.<\/p>\n

        Gjat\u00eb t\u00eb dy gjyqeve (1525, 1531) t\u00eb zhvilluara kund\u00ebr tij, Mihali nuk i pranoi akuzat e ngritura, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 pasakt\u00ebsirave q\u00eb mund t\u00eb kishin ndodhur gjat\u00eb p\u00ebrkthimit t\u00eb librave t\u00eb shenjt\u00eb, t\u00eb cilat ishin pasoj\u00eb e rrug\u00ebs s\u00eb ndjekur gjat\u00eb p\u00ebrkthimit dhe gjendjes n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ndodhesh n\u00eb koh\u00ebn e tij gjuha e sllav\u00ebve dhe ajo ruse n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti.<\/p>\n

        Asnj\u00ebri nuk e kupton priftin kur lexon Bibl\u00ebn <\/strong><\/p>\n

        K\u00ebshtu i shkruante mbretit t\u00eb Anglis\u00eb Eduardit VI kapiteni i anijes, Ri\u00e7ard \u00c7ensler (\u0420\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u0427\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0440) gjat\u00eb vizit\u00ebs n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb (1553) . \u201c Kur prift\u00ebrinjt\u00eb lexojn\u00eb, \u00e7udit\u00ebrisht, asnj\u00ebri nuk mund t\u00b4i kuptoj\u00eb ata dhe askush nuk i d\u00ebgjon; nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb b\u00ebhet leximi, njer\u00ebzit rrin\u00eb duke folur me njeri-tjetrin dhe kur prifti kryen sh\u00ebrbes\u00ebn nuk p\u00ebrq\u00ebndrohen, por gagarisin si nj\u00eb kope rosash…\u201d (9)<\/p>\n

        N\u00eb nj\u00eb botim mbi librat dhe shkrimet kishtare n\u00eb Rusin\u00eb e shk.16 , p\u00ebrcaktohet si periudha e munges\u00ebs s\u00eb mendimit shkencor dhe t\u00eb njohurive besimtare. Leximi b\u00ebhej mekanikisht, pa e kuptuar at\u00eb q\u00eb ishte shkruar, si rrjedhoj\u00eb e munges\u00ebs s\u00eb m\u00ebsuesve dhe shkollave. Si pasoj\u00eb,\u00a0 \u201cRregullat fetare devijonin drejt s\u00eb keqes dhe egoizmit, trajtonin thelbin e dogm\u00ebs p\u00ebrs\u00ebmbrapthi ; midis popullit qarkullonin bindje t\u00eb g\u00ebnjesht\u00ebrta, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb k\u00ebtu edhe shtresat e mesme e t\u00eb larta, sh\u00ebrbenj\u00ebsit shpirt\u00ebror\u00eb dhe murgjit \u201d.(10)<\/p>\n

        Duke q\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb paarsimuar njer\u00ebzit ishin t\u00eb bindur se librat e shenjt\u00eb nuk duheshin t\u00eb ndryshoheshin. \u201c Gjuha ruse \u2013sipas nj\u00eb lexuesi t\u00eb asaj kohe – ishte krijuar nga Zoti, kurse librat kishtare ruse ishin shkruar nga njer\u00ebzit e shenjt\u00eb, prandaj jo vet\u00ebm nuk mund t\u00eb prekeshin p\u00ebr tu ndrequr, por ishte edhe m\u00ebkat\u201d. (11) Si\u00e7 duket, takimet e murgjeve rus\u00eb me murgun e Atosit, Sava II, i cili ishte edhe p\u00ebrkthyes e kishte bindur Vasilin III se \u201clibrat e shenjt\u00eb n\u00eb Rusi kishin pjes\u00eb eretike \u201d, pra duheshin t\u00b4iu afroheshin librave t\u00eb ortodoks\u00ebve n\u00eb greqisht.(12) Kjo ishte edhe ar\u00ebsyeja q\u00eb e shtyu carin t\u00eb th\u00ebrriste nj\u00eb njeri t\u00eb ditur p\u00ebr ta kryer k\u00ebt\u00eb pun\u00eb.<\/p>\n

        Mbasi ishte ushtruar n\u00eb zanatin e redaktimit dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrkthimeve n\u00eb Itali , Mihali i kishte p\u00ebrsosur aft\u00ebsin\u00eb e tij gjat\u00eb dhjet\u00eb vit\u00ebve t\u00eb kaluara n\u00eb manastirin e Atosit, por n\u00eb Rusi puna ishte krejt ndryshe. Ai p\u00ebrkthente nga greqishtja kishtare n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn latine t\u00eb kish\u00ebs romake, ndihm\u00ebsit e tij rus\u00eb e p\u00ebrkthenin nga latinishtja n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn sllave t\u00eb kish\u00ebs. (13) Pra b\u00ebhej fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr tre gjuh\u00eb artificiale, ku gjuha e fundit nuk zot\u00ebronte as gramatik\u00ebn e saj dhe p\u00ebrkthyesit rus\u00eb nuk kishin p\u00ebrgatitje teollogjike t\u00eb fes\u00eb ortodokse dhe t\u00eb besimit kristian n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi. Se sa me sakt\u00ebsi e kishin kuptuar dhe p\u00ebrkthyer ndihm\u00ebsat e tij tekstet e shenjta, p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb Mihali nuk mund \u201c t\u00eb vinte dor\u00ebn n\u00eb zjarr \u201d, fakt q\u00eb e pranoi me ndershm\u00ebri edhe para Danillos dhe gjyqtar\u00ebve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb.<\/p>\n

        Si\u00e7 u permend n\u00eb pj.1, ai shkroi m\u00eb von\u00eb dy libra p\u00ebr gramatik\u00ebn e gjuh\u00ebs ruse si dhe shkrime ku theksonte se \u201cmungesa e p\u00ebrgatitjes s\u00eb thelluar gjuh\u00ebsore dhe filozofike, jo vet\u00ebm pengon p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar drejt gjuh\u00ebn e n\u00ebn\u00ebs, por nuk t\u00eb lejon t\u00eb b\u00ebsh nj\u00eb p\u00ebrkthim cil\u00ebsor\u201d.(14)\u00a0 Materialet e Mihalit mbi tem\u00ebn e gjuh\u00ebsis\u00eb sh\u00ebrbyen si tekste m\u00ebsimore n\u00eb shekujt vijues dhe sh\u00ebnuan zanafill\u00ebn e shkenc\u00ebs gjuh\u00ebsore ruse mbi baz\u00ebn e debatit dhe kritik\u00ebs. P\u00ebr t\u00eb vler\u00ebsuar pun\u00ebn titanike t\u00eb murgut arb\u00ebr n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e zhvillimit t\u00eb qytet\u00ebrimit n\u00eb Rusi dhe ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00eb shkenc\u00ebn e p\u00ebrkthimeve dhe filozofis\u00eb ruse, duhet t\u00eb njihet …<\/p>\n

        Historia e p\u00ebrkthimeve t\u00eb librave t\u00eb shenjt\u00eb n\u00eb \u201csllavishtjen kishtare\u201d.<\/strong><\/p>\n

        P\u00ebr gjuh\u00ebn e par\u00eb t\u00eb shkrimeve t\u00eb shenjta t\u00eb shk 9-11 t\u00eb fiseve sllave, nga gjuh\u00ebtar\u00ebt pranohet \u201cgjuha e lasht\u00eb bullgare\u201d dhe si sinonim t\u00eb saj p\u00ebrdorin em\u00ebrtimin\u00a0 \u201csllavishtja e lasht\u00eb\u201d ose \u201csllavishtja kishtare\u201d.(15)<\/p>\n

        Em\u00ebrtimi \u201csllavishtja e lasht\u00eb\u201d \u00ebsht\u00eb futur n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim nga A.X.Vostokovi (\u0410.\u00a0\u0425.\u00a0\u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432) n\u00eb vitin 1820 dhe p\u00ebrdoret sot nga shkenca ruse.(16)\u00a0 Paralelizmi i dy gjuh\u00ebve mb\u00ebshtetej tek fakti se gjuha e lasht\u00eb bullgare\u00a0 kishte shum\u00eb ve\u00e7ori t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebta me nj\u00eb prej dialekteve bullgare (t\u00eb sllav\u00ebve t\u00eb jugut) sidomos n\u00eb morfologji, ku b\u00ebhet aluzion p\u00ebr gjuh\u00ebn e maqedonasve t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr, e mbiquajtur \u201cdialekt\u201d. (17)<\/p>\n

        Zef Krispi (Xhuzepe Krispi , Memoria sulla lingua albanese<\/em>, Palermo, 1831) pohon se n\u00eb Maqedoni nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb folur nj\u00eb \u201cdialekt\u201d por\u00a0 \u201cNj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, gjurm\u00eb t\u00eb qarta t\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs kan\u00eb mbetur n\u00eb t\u00eb folur\u00ebn e sotme t\u00eb Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb \u201d. (18) Pra fiset bullgare t\u00eb lasht\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe maqedonasit autokton\u00eb flisnin gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme.<\/p>\n

        N\u00eb botimin\u00a0 \u201cBiblioteca Nazionale Centrale Firence Thesaurus<\/em>\u201c lexojm\u00eb se : Gjuha e Bullgaris\u00eb e p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb shk.9\u00a0 i p\u00ebrkiste familjes gjuh\u00ebsore turke. (19)\u00a0 Afrimi i dy gjuh\u00ebve (asaj sllave dhe bullgare-sh\u00ebn im) u b\u00eb gradualisht nd\u00ebr shekuj, me z\u00ebv\u00ebnd\u00ebsimin e fjal\u00ebve turke me ato t\u00eb sllav\u00ebve, q\u00eb solli n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn bullgare ndryshime si psh. t\u00eb struktur\u00ebs s\u00eb saj morfologjike, etj. (20)\u00a0 E gjith\u00eb ngat\u00ebresa q\u00eb b\u00ebhet n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e gjuh\u00ebsis\u00eb p\u00ebr shkrimin e popujve sllav\u00eb, ka si q\u00ebllim p\u00ebr ta pajisur \u201csllavishten kishtare \u201d me nj\u00eb dat\u00eblindje sa m\u00eb t\u00eb lasht\u00eb (21) dhe shtr\u00ebmb\u00ebrimin e historis\u00eb s\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb alfabetit gllagollik dhe kirillik (shk9) t\u00eb v\u00ebllez\u00ebrve nga Selaniku i Iperis\u00eb (Epirit).<\/p>\n

        \"\"\"\" \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Shkrimi \u201cgllagollik\u201d me g\u00ebrma t\u00eb rumbullakosura 2. Sh\u00ebn Jeronimi duke lexuar (22)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Alfabeti \u201cgllagollik\u201di p\u00ebrdorur\u00a0 nga Kirili, sipas studiuesve rus\u00eb , mbahej si \u201cnj\u00eb form\u00eb e fsheht\u00ebsis\u00eb\u201d ( dmth q\u00eb i p\u00ebrkiste natyr\u00ebs hyjnore t\u00eb Krijuesit – sh\u00ebn im) dhe nuk ishte i p\u00ebrhapur. (23) Burimet ruse shkruajn\u00eb se dokumentet e mbritura deri m\u00eb sot me alfabet \u201cgllagollik\u201d sh\u00ebrbyen p\u00ebr shkrimet e sllav\u00ebve t\u00eb per\u00ebndimit (n\u00eb shek. 9 t\u00eb Moravis\u00eb) (foto 1. lart), forma e g\u00ebrmave ndryshonte nga ajo e hellen\u00ebve. Q\u00ebllimi, sipas studiuesve ishte t\u00eb leht\u00ebsohej p\u00ebrhapja e alfabetit sllav n\u00eb v\u00ebndet katolike. (24)<\/p>\n

          N\u00eb vitin 1538 Guillaume e quajti \u201cAlphabetum Hieronymianum seu Dalmaticum, aut Illiricum\u201d<\/em> (25), <\/em>duke d\u00ebshmuar se alfabeti ishte i Sh\u00ebn Jeronimit t\u00eb Iliris\u00eb . Por mbas d\u00ebshtimit t\u00eb misionit (t\u00eb v\u00ebllez\u00ebrve arb\u00ebr q\u00eb Vatikani t\u00eb pranonte gjuh\u00ebn e shkruar t\u00eb mbret\u00ebris\u00eb bullgare -sh\u00ebn im), u desh t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoreshin g\u00ebrmat hellene (t\u00eb kish\u00ebs ortodokse-sh\u00ebn im), q\u00eb u em\u00ebrtuan \u201ckirilica\u201d duke i shtuar 10 g\u00ebrma p\u00ebr tingujt e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb shqiptimit t\u00eb fjal\u00ebve. (26)<\/p>\n

          \"\"Sh\u00ebn Kirili dhe Metodi n\u00eb Rom\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb aprovimin e Vatikanit p\u00ebr alfabetin e tyre. Afresk i kish\u00ebs s\u00eb nx\u00ebn\u00ebsit ilir t\u00eb Kirilit – Klementit t\u00eb Ohrit n\u00eb Rom\u00eb.<\/em><\/p>\n

          Nga sa m\u00eb sip\u00ebr, kuptojm\u00eb se v\u00ebllez\u00ebrit arb\u00ebr nuk kishin \u201cshpikur\u201d alfabete t\u00eb reja, por kishin huazuar, nga per\u00ebndimi katolik alfabetin e Sh\u00ebn Jeronimit (t\u00eb em\u00ebrtuar nga studiuesit \u201cgllagollik\u201d) dhe alfabetin hellen p\u00ebr shkrimet e ortodoks\u00ebve bullgar\u00eb t\u00eb Moravis\u00eb ( \u201ckirilik\u201d) t\u00eb Sh\u00ebn Klementi t\u00eb Ohrit i cili u p\u00ebrdor n\u00eb v\u00ebndet sllave dhe Rusi.<\/p>\n

          P\u00ebr ta sqaruar \u201cshpikjen\u201d e Kirilit t\u00eb ndjekur edhe nga nx\u00ebn\u00ebsi i tij, do sjell rastin e k\u00ebng\u00ebtares Fatma Zyberi e cila e ngriti n\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00eb publikun turk, kur k\u00ebndoi n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn e tyre nj\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00eb popullore. Ajo i m\u00ebsoi mekanikisht fjal\u00ebt turke duke i lexuar t\u00eb shkruara me g\u00ebrmat shqipe. K\u00ebt\u00eb \u201ct\u00eb fsheht\u00eb\u201d na e zbulon vet\u00eb em\u00ebrtimi \u201c\u0413\u043b\u0430\u00ad\u0433\u043e\u00ad\u043b – \u0438\u00ad\u0446\u0430\u201d (gllagoll-ica) q\u00eb n\u00eb rusishten mesjetare do t\u00eb thot\u00eb \u201cfjal\u00eb\u201d, pra tingujt e g\u00ebrmave hellene ju p\u00ebrshtat\u00ebn tingujve t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs s\u00eb popujve sllav\u00eb. Metoda e \u201cp\u00ebrshtatjes\u201d s\u00eb alfabeteve, nga njeri popull tek tjetri, ka q\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb dukuri e njohur q\u00eb n\u00eb parahistori dhe Kirili me nx\u00ebn\u00ebsit e tij ndoq\u00ebn t\u00eb njejt\u00ebn rrug\u00eb.<\/p>\n

          Dihet se edhe p\u00ebr gjuh\u00ebn shqipe, para Kongresit t\u00eb Manastirit (1908), jan\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur alfabete t\u00eb ndryshme.<\/p>\n

          N\u00eb shk.14 Kisha ruse vijonte t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorte kryesisht librat n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn kishtare t\u00eb Perandoris\u00eb bullgare. (27)\u00a0 Ar\u00ebsyeja, sipas materialeve q\u00eb lexojm\u00eb, mund t\u00eb ishte fakti, se \u201c banor\u00ebt q\u00eb jetonin n\u00eb\u00a0 Rusin\u00eb europiane\u00a0 jan\u00eb pasardh\u00ebs t\u00eb fiseve bullgare t\u00eb Vollg\u00ebs q\u00eb ishin vendosur aty gjat\u00eb pushtimeve tartaro-mongole n\u00eb shk.13 dhe duke u trazuar me v\u00ebnd\u00ebsit autokton mor\u00ebn emrin \u201cRus\u201d. (28) M\u00eb sakt\u00ebsisht, duke u bazuar n\u00eb faktet historike duhet th\u00ebn\u00eb se, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb \u201ctrazim\u201d kan\u00eb patur gisht edhe \u201cst\u00ebrgjysh\u00ebrit\u201d e\u00a0 bullgar\u00ebve t\u00eb Vollg\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb turqve t\u00eb shk.14-15, fiset e her\u00ebshme mongole si hun\u00ebt, got\u00ebt, ostrogot\u00ebt etj.<\/p>\n

          K\u00ebto dukuri historike sqarojn\u00eb edhe afrin\u00eb gjuh\u00ebsore dhe etnike t\u00eb fiseve \u201c sllave\u201d. Pik\u00ebrisht ky unitet gjuh\u00ebsor i sllav\u00ebve t\u00eb shk.9 , pohojn\u00eb studiuesit (\u0410.\u00a0\u041c\u0435\u0439\u0435, \u00a0\u041d.\u00a0\u0421.\u00a0\u0422\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u00a0dhe\u00a0\u041d.\u00a0\u041d.\u00a0\u0414\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e, etj.) b\u00ebri t\u00eb mundur ruajtjen e struktur\u00ebs s\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb \u201csllavishtes s\u00eb lasht\u00eb\u201d (bullgarishtes kishtare) t\u00eb periudh\u00ebs s\u00eb von\u00eb. (29)<\/p>\n

          Ky \u201chistorik\u201d i p\u00ebrmbledhur me dy fjal\u00eb, d\u00ebshmon se p\u00ebrse shkrimet e shenjta n\u00eb Rusi duheshin rip\u00ebrpunuar, sepse jo vet\u00ebm teksti i librave t\u00eb shenjt\u00eb t\u00eb sllavishtes kishtare (bullgarishtes kishtare) kishte mang\u00ebsira n\u00eb paraqitjen e dogm\u00ebs kristiane, por edhe vet\u00eb gjuha e rus\u00ebve (sikurse edhe e popujve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb sllav\u00eb) nuk kishte arritur zhvillimin e saj leksikor edhe at\u00eb gramatikor. Kjo prapambetje, p\u00ebr ar\u00ebsyet historike t\u00eb sip\u00ebrp\u00ebrm\u00ebndura, n\u00eb fakt p\u00ebrfshinte t\u00eb gjith\u00eb jet\u00ebn e Rusis\u00eb mesjetare ku rolin kryesor e luante mungesa e shkollave dhe e shkenc\u00ebs gjuh\u00ebsore e filozofis\u00eb. Studiuesit modern\u00eb rus pohojn\u00eb se \u201c Nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb e re n\u00eb zhvillimin e p\u00ebrkthimit (shk.16) si nj\u00eb veprimtari kritike dhe p\u00ebrpunimit t\u00eb teksteve ruse letrare mbi baz\u00ebn e normave gramatikore, lidhet me emrin e Maksim Grekut\u201d. (30)<\/p>\n

          Mihal Trivoli nga \u00c7am\u00ebria me shkrimet e tij, preku \u00e7do qeliz\u00eb t\u00eb\u00a0 mjedisit rus duke\u00a0 mund\u00ebsuar zbatimin n\u00eb shekujt pasues t\u00eb \u201cprojektit\u201d t\u00eb \u201cRusis\u00eb europiane\u201d. Idet\u00eb e tij pat\u00ebn nj\u00eb ndikim t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb teollogjin\u00eb dhe reform\u00ebn kishtare, n\u00eb shkencat gjuh\u00ebsore, filozofike dhe shoq\u00ebrore t\u00eb Rusis\u00eb s\u00eb shk.16, por edhe t\u00eb Europ\u00ebs per\u00ebndimore.<\/p>\n

          P\u00ebr ironi t\u00eb fatit, sikurse Prometeu i cili u d\u00ebnua p\u00ebr t\u00eb njejtin \u201cfaj\u201d edhe Mihali p\u00ebrjetoi tortura \u00e7njer\u00ebzore n\u00eb malet e Siberis\u00eb. Me gjith\u00ebse n\u00eb mosh\u00eb t\u00eb thyer, \u00e7do m\u00ebngjes i jepte vetes kurajo duke i hedhur syt\u00eb mbi vargjet e shkruara me qymyr : \u201c Mos u lig\u00ebshto dhe mos vajto o shpirti im, se po vuan pa t\u00eb drejt\u00eb nga ata , prej t\u00eb cil\u00ebve duhej t\u00eb prisje ve\u00e7 t\u00eb mira, sepse ti i ushqeve n\u00eb trapez\u00ebn shpirt\u00ebrore…\u201d (31)<\/p>\n

          Ai u nda nga jeta n\u00eb vitin 1556 dhe u varros n\u00eb malet e Siberis\u00eb jugore. Me gjith k\u00ebrkimet p\u00ebr t\u00eb zbuluar eshtrat e \u201cintelektualit t\u00eb par\u00eb\u201d dhe luft\u00ebtarit t\u00eb paepur t\u00eb \u201cRusis\u00eb europiane\u201d, varri i tij nuk u gjet kurr\u00eb. Sarkofagu i gurt\u00eb q\u00ebndron bosh (fig.1posht\u00eb) dhe mbi kapak \u00ebsht\u00eb pikturuar\u00a0 ikona e Mihal Trivolit.<\/p>\n

          Mos ishte vall\u00eb kjo nj\u00eb hakmarrje \u201cpost mortum<\/em>\u201d p\u00ebr shp\u00ebrblimin \u201cpromete-jan\u201d n\u00eb Rusi apo nj\u00eb \u201cmrekulli\u201d hyjnore p\u00ebr tu prehur n\u00eb\u00a0 Atdhe ?<\/p>\n

          \"\"\"\"<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Sarkofagu i Mihal Trivolit n\u00eb Kish\u00ebn \u0422\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0446\u0435-\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 Skulptura e tij n\u00eb grupin e monumentit t\u00eb ngritur n\u00eb qytetin Novgorod, 1862. (32)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Si p\u00ebrfundim<\/em>\u00a0<\/strong>: Mihal Trivoli i p\u00ebrket \u201cPRON\u00cbS HISTORIKE<\/em>\u201d t\u00eb Kombit Arb\u00ebr, si\u00e7 e pohonte edhe vet\u00eb me krenari. I rrethuar prej miqve apo n\u00eb letrat e tij t\u00eb m\u00eb vonshme, Mihali u \u00a0pohonte se i p\u00ebrkiste popullit nga rridhnin \u201cDor\u00ebt\u201d spartan\u00eb apo \u201cIpeboreal\u00ebt\u201d parahistorik\u00eb t\u00eb Dardanis\u00eb ,(33) pa harruar t\u00eb p\u00ebrm\u00ebndte edhe v\u00ebndlindjen e tij – Art\u00ebn e Iperis\u00eb (Epirit).<\/p>\n

            Zoti e ka bekuar Kombin Arb\u00ebr duke e pajisur me nj\u00eb \u00abpron\u00eb historike \u00bb jashtzakonisht t\u00eb pasur me emra dhe ngjarje, q\u00eb luajt\u00ebn rol t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb zhvillimin e qytet\u00ebrimit t\u00eb tyre dhe t\u00eb popujve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb t\u00eb Bot\u00ebs. Kjo \u00ab\u00a0PASURI\u00a0<\/em>\u00bb <\/strong>(shpesh e tjet\u00ebrsuar nga padituria apo p\u00ebr q\u00ebllime t\u00eb tjera), u<\/strong> sh\u00ebrben brezave pasardh\u00ebs, vet\u00ebm kur skalitet n\u00eb botimet studimore dhe shkollore t\u00eb shqipetar\u00ebve dhe t\u00eb bot\u00ebs shkencore t\u00eb popujve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb, <\/strong>si\u00e7 veproi n\u00eb shkrimet e tij Mihal Trivoli, pa u friguar prej \u00ab\u00a0ferrit\u00a0\u00bb t\u00eb dy Pushteteve.<\/p>\n

            Fatbardha Demi<\/strong>, fatbardha_demi@yahoo.com<\/a>
            \n28.08.2019<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Nga: Fatbardha Demi Xhelozia q\u00eb m\u00eb ka pushtuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb V\u00ebrtet\u00ebn nuk m\u00eb l\u00eb t\u00eb qet\u00eb, q\u00eb g\u00ebnjeshtra t\u00eb mos ket\u00eb mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb shihet para s\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebs dhe err\u00ebsira t\u00eb mos mburret para drit\u00ebs. Mihal Trivoli Rast\u00ebsisht, n\u00eb nj\u00eb program televiziv t\u00eb RTSh mbi Europ\u00ebn (maj 2019) nj\u00eb specialist nga Namibia (Afrik\u00eb) i kishte paraqitur […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":45015,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-45014","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-artikuj","category-histori"],"yoast_head":"\nShenjtori Arb\u00ebr Mihal Trivoli, q\u00eb u "kryq\u00ebzua" p\u00ebr t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebn (Pj. 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