{"id":47421,"date":"2019-11-30T13:22:19","date_gmt":"2019-11-30T12:22:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/?p=47421"},"modified":"2019-11-30T13:22:23","modified_gmt":"2019-11-30T12:22:23","slug":"masat-e-jashtezakonshme-dhe-te-drejtat-kushtetuese","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/masat-e-jashtezakonshme-dhe-te-drejtat-kushtetuese\/","title":{"rendered":"Masat e jasht\u00ebzakonshme dhe t\u00eb drejtat kushtetuese"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nga Prof. Dr. Aurela Anastasi<\/strong> – Opinion.al<\/a>, 30\/11\/19<\/em><\/p>\n

Tri gjendjet q\u00eb diktojn\u00eb marrjen e masave t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme, p\u00ebrcaktohen nga Kushtetuta: \u201cgjendja e luft\u00ebs\u201d, \u201cgjendja e jasht\u00ebzakonshme\u201d dhe \u201cgjendja e fatkeq\u00ebsis\u00eb natyrore\u201d (neni 170\/1). Secila prej gjendjeve ka ve\u00e7ori t\u00eb posa\u00e7me dhe masat e jasht\u00ebzakonshme q\u00eb merren, jan\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme. Ka ndryshime thelb\u00ebsore n\u00eb regjimin kushtetues p\u00ebr secil\u00ebn prej tyre, prandaj ato nuk mund t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrrohen me nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn. \u201cGjendja e fatkeq\u00ebsis\u00eb natyrore\u201d\u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00ebra prej situatave q\u00eb k\u00ebrkon marrjen e masave t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme. Edhe pse gabimisht, ajo thirret shpesh si \u201cgjendje e jasht\u00ebzakonshme\u201d, duhet theksuar se ato jan\u00eb situata krejt t\u00eb ndryshme nga nj\u00ebra-tjetra.<\/p>\n

\u201cGjendja e fatkeq\u00ebsis\u00eb natyrore\u201d mund t\u00eb vendoset nga K\u00ebshilli i Ministrave n\u00eb rastet e nj\u00eb fatkeq\u00ebsie natyrore ose aksidenti teknologjik, me q\u00ebllim q\u00eb t\u00eb parandalohen dhe m\u00ebnjanohen pasojat e r\u00ebnda. K\u00ebshtu, kjo gjendje ndryshon nga \u201cgjendja e jasht\u00ebzakonshme\u201d, e cila vendoset me ligj t\u00eb miratuar nga Kuvendi n\u00eb rast rreziku p\u00ebr rendin kushtetues dhe p\u00ebr sigurin\u00eb publike e p\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, ndryshon nga \u201cgjendja e luft\u00ebs\u201d, e cila vendoset n\u00eb rast agresioni t\u00eb armatosur kund\u00ebr Republik\u00ebs s\u00eb Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb. Kurse, \u201cgjendja e emergjenc\u00ebs\u201d, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb kategori kushtetuese, por nj\u00eb shkall\u00eb administrativo-ligjore e menaxhimit, n\u00eb kuad\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtjes civile.<\/p>\n

Gjendja e fatkeq\u00ebsis\u00eb natyrore\u201d mund t\u00eb vendoset nga K\u00ebshilli i Ministrave p\u00ebr nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb 30-ditore dhe mund t\u00eb zgjatet vet\u00ebm me p\u00eblqimin e Kuvendit. P\u00ebrpjes\u00ebtimisht me situat\u00ebn fatkeqe, ajo mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb me karakter lokal, rajonal ose komb\u00ebtar, n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb shtrirjes s\u00eb fatkeq\u00ebsis\u00eb n\u00eb territorin e Republik\u00ebs. N\u00eb rastin q\u00eb po jetojm\u00eb, \u201cgjendja e fatkeq\u00ebsis\u00eb natyrore\u201d e vendosur m\u00eb 28 n\u00ebntor, mund t\u00eb vazhdoj\u00eb deri n\u00eb 28 dhjetor, nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb K\u00ebshilli i Ministrave mund t\u00eb paraqes\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00eb p\u00ebrpara Kuvendit, p\u00ebr zgjatjen e k\u00ebsaj periudhe. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, do t\u00eb ishte e nevojshme q\u00eb s\u00eb bashku me propozimin p\u00ebr zgjatjen e k\u00ebsaj gjendjeje n\u00eb Kuvend, Qeveria t\u00eb paraqes\u00eb edhe nj\u00eb raport justifikues se si do ta shfryt\u00ebzoj\u00eb m\u00eb tej koh\u00ebn p\u00ebr kryerjen e detyrave n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb ligjit.<\/p>\n

Kushtetuta p\u00ebrcakton organet p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse q\u00eb propozojn\u00eb, miratojn\u00eb e shpallin gjendjet q\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb masa t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme, aktet q\u00eb miratohen, si dhe kufizimet e t\u00eb drejtave p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre. Ajo n\u00ebnvizon se n\u00eb \u00e7do rast, masat e jasht\u00ebzakonshme duhet t\u00eb nd\u00ebrmerren sipas parimit t\u00eb proporcionalitetit (n\u00eb p\u00ebrpjes\u00ebtim me gjendjen q\u00eb i ka diktuar ato), si dhe t\u00eb parimit t\u00eb aft\u00ebsimit rip\u00ebrt\u00ebrit\u00ebs, duke theksuar: \u201cAktet q\u00eb nd\u00ebrmerren si pasoj\u00eb e marrjes s\u00eb masave t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme, duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrpjes\u00ebtim me shkall\u00ebn e rrezikut dhe duhet t\u00eb synojn\u00eb rivendosjen sa m\u00eb t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb kushteve p\u00ebr funksionimin normal t\u00eb shtetit\u201d (neni 170\/4). Gjithashtu, Kushtetuta parashikon shprehimisht kufizimet e posa\u00e7me t\u00eb t\u00eb drejtave dhe lirive kushtetuese q\u00eb mund t\u00eb vijn\u00eb nga k\u00ebto gjendje.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb drejtat dhe lirit\u00eb kushtetuese, t\u00eb cilat kufizohen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb posa\u00e7me gjat\u00eb k\u00ebsaj periudhe, jan\u00eb vet\u00ebm ato q\u00eb Kushtetuta vendos shprehimisht. Sipas saj, akti q\u00eb shpall \u201cgjendjen e fatkeq\u00ebsis\u00eb natyrore\u201d mund t\u00eb kufizoj\u00eb vet\u00ebm \u201c\u2026t\u00eb drejtat dhe lirit\u00eb e parashikuara nga nenet: 37, 38, 41 paragrafi 4, 49, 51\u201d (neni 175\/2). Pra, t\u00eb drejtat kushtetuese q\u00eb mund t\u00eb kufizohen posa\u00e7\u00ebrisht jan\u00eb: paprekshm\u00ebria e banes\u00ebs (neni 37), liria e l\u00ebvizjes (neni 38), e drejta e nj\u00eb shp\u00ebrblimi n\u00eb rast shpron\u00ebsimi (neni 41\/4), e drejta p\u00ebr pun\u00eb (neni 49) si dhe e drejta p\u00ebr grev\u00eb (neni 51). Ky sanksionim kushtetues duhet kuptuar se gjat\u00eb k\u00ebsaj periudhe, vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr k\u00ebto t\u00eb drejta kushtetuese mund t\u00eb parashikohen kufizime tej atyre t\u00eb parashikuara n\u00eb situata normale. Ndryshe veprohet n\u00eb rastet kur me ligj t\u00eb Kuvendit \u00ebsht\u00eb shpallur \u201cgjendja e jasht\u00ebzakonshme\u201d. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb t\u00eb fundit, ligji mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktoj\u00eb modalitete t\u00eb tjera p\u00ebrve\u00e7 atyre ekzistuese, p\u00ebr t\u00eb kufizuar m\u00eb tep\u00ebr se 19 t\u00eb drejta t\u00eb tjera themelore t\u00eb parashikuara shprehimisht n\u00eb Kushtetut\u00eb, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb edhe lirin\u00eb e shprehjes, si dhe t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn p\u00ebr informim.<\/p>\n

M\u00ebnyra se si realizohen t\u00eb drejtat dhe lirit\u00eb themelore p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb \u201cgjendjes s\u00eb fatkeq\u00ebsis\u00eb natyrore\u201d, rregullohet m\u00eb holl\u00ebsisht nga ligji \u201cP\u00ebr mbrojtjen civile\u201d. K\u00ebshtu, p.sh., duke u fokusuar n\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn p\u00ebr informim, ky ligj, jo vet\u00ebm nuk e kufizon t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn p\u00ebr informim, por sanksionon n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn e qytetar\u00ebve p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb informacion nga institucionet zyrtare. Madje, ai e parashikon informimin jo vet\u00ebm si nj\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00eb, por edhe si nj\u00eb parim, krahas parimit p\u00ebr mbrojtjen e jet\u00ebs, i cili, padyshim, z\u00eb vendin e par\u00eb. \u201cInstitucionet qendrore dhe vendore detyrohen t\u00eb njoftojn\u00eb komunitetin e nj\u00eb zone t\u00eb caktuar, e cila ka rrezik t\u00eb goditet nga fatkeq\u00ebsit\u00eb natyrore apo fatkeq\u00ebsit\u00eb e tjera\u201d (neni 5 i ligjit)\u201d.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb rastin e \u201cgjendjes s\u00eb fatkeq\u00ebsis\u00eb natyrore\u201d nuk ka kufizime t\u00eb posa\u00e7me p\u00ebr mediat, pasi Kushtetuta nuk parashikon kufizimin e liris\u00eb s\u00eb shprehjes dhe asaj t\u00eb s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs p\u00ebr informim. Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00eb k\u00ebto raste, mediat dhe organet e tjera t\u00eb informimit publik kan\u00eb detyra t\u00eb posa\u00e7me, t\u00eb cilat nuk duhet t\u00eb kuptohen si kufizime, por si nj\u00eb kod i procedurave q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb ndiqen n\u00eb situat\u00ebn e krijuar. P.sh., mediat jan\u00eb t\u00eb detyruara t\u2019u referohen njoftimeve zyrtare n\u00eb rastet si vijon: lidhur me numrin e viktimave, list\u00ebn e emrave, parashikimet e m\u00ebtejshme p\u00ebr mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e ndodhive t\u00eb tjera. Media dhe institucionet e tjera t\u00eb informimit publik mund t\u00eb informojn\u00eb publikun p\u00ebr fatkeq\u00ebsit\u00eb, edhe kur mb\u00ebshteten n\u00eb burime jozyrtare. Por, n\u00eb k\u00ebto raste ato jan\u00eb t\u00eb detyruara t\u00eb citojn\u00eb burimin e informacionit. Ligji sanksionon k\u00ebto procedura t\u00eb detyrueshme, me q\u00ebllim q\u00eb t\u00eb shmang\u00eb krijimin e ndonj\u00eb paniku te publiku dhe transmetimin e informacioneve sensitive (neni 49\/8\/9 e ligjit). N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, nuk kemi ndonj\u00eb kufizim t\u00eb ri t\u00eb liris\u00eb s\u00eb shprehjes dhe t\u00eb drejt\u00ebs p\u00ebr informim, por vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb disiplinim t\u00eb tyre, me q\u00ebllim q\u00eb t\u2019u p\u00ebrgjigjen p\u00ebrpjes\u00ebtimisht nevojave t\u00eb masave t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme.<\/p>\n

Ligji \u201cP\u00ebr mbrojtjen civile\u201d njeh edhe mbylljen e p\u00ebrkohshme t\u00eb veprimtarive t\u00eb subjekteve private, por p\u00ebrcakton edhe shkaqet p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb mbyllen. Kjo mund t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb me q\u00ebllim detyrimin p\u00ebr kryerjen e sh\u00ebrbimeve t\u00eb ndryshme, n\u00eb funksion t\u00eb p\u00ebrballimit t\u00eb fatkeq\u00ebsive, detyrimin p\u00ebr prodhimin e artikujve t\u00eb emergjenc\u00ebs (kundrejt kompensimit nga ana e Shtetit). Ato mund t\u00eb vijn\u00eb edhe n\u00eb rastet e l\u00ebvizjes ose zhvendosjes s\u00eb detyrueshme, shpron\u00ebsimit t\u00eb detyruar (neni 42\/3\/c e ligjit). P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb natyr\u00ebs s\u00eb pun\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre, mediave mund t\u2019u k\u00ebrkohet nd\u00ebrprerja e programeve vet\u00ebm me q\u00ebllim transmetimin e informacioneve dhe dh\u00ebnien e mesazheve t\u00eb nevojshme p\u00ebr publikun (neni 49\/5 e ligjit).<\/p>\n

Masat e jasht\u00ebzakonshme p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb \u201cGjendjes s\u00eb fatkeq\u00ebsis\u00eb natyrore\u201d. Kur vendoset gjendja e fatkeq\u00ebsis\u00eb natyrore, p\u00ebrpar\u00ebsit\u00eb dhe ekuilibrat e qeverisjes kalojn\u00eb n\u00eb favor t\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarrjes t\u00eb masave t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme p\u00ebr menaxhimin e riskut dhe m\u00ebnjanimin e pasojave t\u00eb fatkeq\u00ebsis\u00eb. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb kuptohen mir\u00eb organizimi dhe funksionimi i institucioneve sipas ligjit nr. 45\/2019 \u201cP\u00ebr mbrojtjen civile\u201d, me q\u00ebllim q\u00eb t\u00eb kryhen detyrat e ngarkuara prej tij.<\/p>\n

Masat e jasht\u00ebzakonshme q\u00eb parashikohen nga ligji, duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbushen nga kat\u00ebr kategori subjektesh: institucionet publike, strukturat operacionale t\u00eb mbrojtjes civile, subjektet private dhe shtetasit. T\u00eb kat\u00ebr kategorit\u00eb kan\u00eb detyrimin p\u00ebr bashk\u00ebpunim, por p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsit\u00eb dhe detyrat m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha bien mbi institucionet publike dhe strukturat operacionale t\u00eb mbrojtjes civile. Nj\u00eb seri t\u00eb drejtash dhe detyrimesh parashikohen edhe p\u00ebr subjektet private dhe organizatat e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb civile. Edhe k\u00ebto subjekte p\u00ebrfshihen n\u00eb detyra t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta. Por ka nevoj\u00eb q\u00eb k\u00ebto subjekte t\u00eb njihen dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktojn\u00eb planin e tyre t\u00eb menaxhimit dhe t\u00eb masave pozitive q\u00eb mund t\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarrin. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kuad\u00ebr, ka nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb Strategji Komb\u00ebtare dhe nj\u00eb plan veprimi t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, n\u00eb rastet e gjendjes s\u00eb fatkeq\u00ebsis\u00eb natyrore nga t\u00ebrmetet.<\/p>\n

Duke u fokusuar te shtetasit, duhet th\u00ebn\u00eb se ata jan\u00eb subjekte t\u00eb t\u00eb drejtave dhe detyrimeve t\u00eb posa\u00e7me n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha fazat e menaxhimit t\u00eb gjendjes s\u00eb fatkeq\u00ebsis\u00eb natyrore. K\u00ebshtu, p\u00ebrmendim n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn p\u00ebr informim nga institucionet publike, t\u00eb drejtat p\u00ebr mbrojtjen e jet\u00ebs e t\u00eb pron\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre, si dhe t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn p\u00ebr kompensim. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, ata kan\u00eb edhe detyra t\u00eb posa\u00e7me si, t\u00eb zbatojn\u00eb urdhrat, t\u00eb informojn\u00eb lidhur me t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat institucionet publike p\u00ebr \u00e7do fatkeq\u00ebsi t\u00eb identifikuar prej tyre, t\u00eb respektojn\u00eb masat e jasht\u00ebzakonshme dhe t\u2019u binden procedurave, t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshihen n\u00eb detyra t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta etj. (neni 42\/4 i ligjit). Detyra t\u00eb tjera parashikohen p\u00ebr shtetasit n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha fazat e mbrojtjes civile, si ato p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb masa p\u00ebr mbrojtjen e vetes dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve pa rrezikuar jet\u00ebn dhe sh\u00ebndetin e vet, si dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb dispozicion mjediset dhe mjetet private (neni 57 dhe 58 i ligjit).<\/p>\n

Ka nj\u00eb fush\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb veprimesh, t\u00eb cilat n\u00eb situat\u00ebn q\u00eb po jetojm\u00eb, duhet t\u00eb kryhen m\u00eb mir\u00eb n\u00eb vijim, sipas sanksionimeve t\u00eb k\u00ebtij ligji. Kjo shtron detyra t\u00eb menj\u00ebhershme ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr strukturat operacionale t\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb mbrojtjes civile. P.sh., konstatojm\u00eb se nj\u00eb organizim m\u00eb i mir\u00eb nevojitet p\u00ebr informimin e qytetar\u00ebve t\u00eb Durr\u00ebsit n\u00eb lidhje me t\u00eb drejtat e tyre, n\u00eb lidhje me ushqimin dhe ndihmat q\u00eb shp\u00ebrndahen dhe q\u00eb p\u00ebrfitojn\u00eb n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb nevojave dhe frym\u00ebve, si dhe n\u00eb lidhje me l\u00ebvizjen e tyre t\u00eb detyruar p\u00ebr t\u2019u zhvendosur nga zonat dhe banesat me rrezik t\u00eb lart\u00eb. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme q\u00eb Strategjia dhe plani i veprimit p\u00ebr menaxhimin e riskut t\u00eb t\u00ebrmeteve t\u00eb parashikojn\u00eb masa p\u00ebrgatitore, struktura dhe burime njer\u00ebzore qysh m\u00eb par\u00eb, n\u00eb periudh\u00ebn e zakonshme, me q\u00ebllim q\u00eb t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitura dhe t\u00eb vihen n\u00eb l\u00ebvizje kur shpallet gjendja e fatkeq\u00ebsis\u00eb natyrore.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nga Prof. Dr. Aurela Anastasi – Opinion.al, 30\/11\/19 Tri gjendjet q\u00eb diktojn\u00eb marrjen e masave t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme, p\u00ebrcaktohen nga Kushtetuta: \u201cgjendja e luft\u00ebs\u201d, \u201cgjendja e jasht\u00ebzakonshme\u201d dhe \u201cgjendja e fatkeq\u00ebsis\u00eb natyrore\u201d (neni 170\/1). Secila prej gjendjeve ka ve\u00e7ori t\u00eb posa\u00e7me dhe masat e jasht\u00ebzakonshme q\u00eb merren, jan\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme. Ka ndryshime thelb\u00ebsore n\u00eb regjimin kushtetues […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":47422,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-47421","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-artikuj"],"yoast_head":"\nMasat e jasht\u00ebzakonshme dhe t\u00eb drejtat kushtetuese - FJALA e LIR\u00cb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/masat-e-jashtezakonshme-dhe-te-drejtat-kushtetuese\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Masat e jasht\u00ebzakonshme dhe t\u00eb drejtat kushtetuese - FJALA e LIR\u00cb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Nga Prof. Dr. Aurela Anastasi – Opinion.al, 30\/11\/19 Tri gjendjet q\u00eb diktojn\u00eb marrjen e masave t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme, p\u00ebrcaktohen nga Kushtetuta: \u201cgjendja e luft\u00ebs\u201d, \u201cgjendja e jasht\u00ebzakonshme\u201d dhe \u201cgjendja e fatkeq\u00ebsis\u00eb natyrore\u201d (neni 170\/1). Secila prej gjendjeve ka ve\u00e7ori t\u00eb posa\u00e7me dhe masat e jasht\u00ebzakonshme q\u00eb merren, jan\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme. 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