{"id":49669,"date":"2020-01-10T22:29:56","date_gmt":"2020-01-10T21:29:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/?p=49669"},"modified":"2020-01-11T10:10:30","modified_gmt":"2020-01-11T09:10:30","slug":"mes-cenueshmerise-dhe-rrezikut-shendeti-mendor-ne-kunder-terrorizmin-e-mbreterise-se-bashkuar-uk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/mes-cenueshmerise-dhe-rrezikut-shendeti-mendor-ne-kunder-terrorizmin-e-mbreterise-se-bashkuar-uk\/","title":{"rendered":"Mes cenueshm\u00ebris\u00eb dhe rrezikut? Sh\u00ebndeti mendor n\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmin e Mbret\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb Bashkuar (UK)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nga Rita Augestad Knudsen<\/strong>1<\/sup> – Revista Drini<\/a> – 10 Janar 2020<\/em><\/p>\n

P\u00ebrktheu Arben \u00c7okaj<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Marr\u00eb me 30 tet. 2019, Pranuar me 09 dhj. 2019, Publikuar n\u00eblinj\u00eb: 06 Jan 2020<\/em><\/p>\n

ABSTRAKTI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnia midis terrorizmit dhe sh\u00ebndetit mendor ka qen\u00eb nj\u00eb shqet\u00ebsim i studiuesve p\u00ebr dekada t\u00eb t\u00ebra. Deri m\u00eb tani, literatura \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrqendruar n\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet midis terrorizmit dhe \u00e7rregullimeve t\u00eb diagnostikueshme, si dhe p\u00ebrhapjen e tipareve t\u00eb caktuara psikologjike midis shkel\u00ebsve t\u00eb terrorizmit. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, p\u00ebrfshirja e perspektivave n\u00eb lidhje me sh\u00ebndetin mendor n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn operative t\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit \u00ebsht\u00eb injoruar kryesisht. Ky artikull eksploron tre qasje aktuale p\u00ebr sh\u00ebndetin mendor individual\u00a0 kund\u00ebr-terrorizmin n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar: p\u00ebrdorimi i “t\u00eb rriturve t\u00eb duhur” n\u00eb raste t\u00eb lidhura me terrorizmin; ‘qendrat e sh\u00ebndetit mendor’ t\u00eb prezantuara n\u00eb vitin 2016; dhe vler\u00ebsimet e rrezikut dhe prekshm\u00ebris\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura me terrorizmin. Artikulli argumenton se n\u00eb drit\u00ebn e strategjis\u00eb s\u00eb re kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar, k\u00ebto praktika tregojn\u00eb nj\u00eb bashkim n\u00eb rritje midis konceptimit t\u00eb dob\u00ebsive dhe rreziqeve n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si kund\u00ebr-terrorizmi n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar i afrohet sh\u00ebndetit mendor.<\/p>\n

Fjal\u00ebt ky\u00e7e: Kund\u00ebr-terrorizmi, sh\u00ebndeti mendor, rreziku, cenueshm\u00ebria<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Hyrje<\/strong><\/p>\n

Marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnia midis sh\u00ebndetit mendor dhe p\u00ebrfshirjes n\u00eb terroriz\u00ebm ka qen\u00eb nj\u00eb shqet\u00ebsim studiuesve p\u00ebr t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn disa dekada. Pyetja kryesore e hetuar nga studiuesit mbi tem\u00ebn historikisht dhe sot p\u00ebrfshin p\u00ebrhapjen e \u00e7rregullimeve mendore t\u00eb identifikueshme dhe tipareve t\u00eb personalitetit midis individ\u00ebve t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb kryerjen e akteve t\u00eb dhun\u00ebs terroriste. Nd\u00ebrsa studiuesit e kan\u00eb trajtuar \u00e7\u00ebshtjen nga nj\u00eb varg disiplinash dhe pikash t\u00eb favorshme, marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnia e mundshme shkak\u00ebsore midis sh\u00ebndetit mendor dhe p\u00ebrfshirjes n\u00eb terroriz\u00ebm mbetet e paqart\u00eb (psh. Bhui & Jones, 2017; Corner & Gill, 2015; Horgan, 2008; Lankford, 2016; McGilloway, Ghosh, & Bhui, 2015; Paulussen, Nijman, & Lismont, 2017; Silke, 1998, 2003<\/em>). Sigurisht, aktet e terrorizmit nuk n\u00ebnkuptojn\u00eb vet\u00eb se prania e s\u00ebmundjes mendore ose \u00e7rregullimit; anasjelltas, t\u00eb qenit i s\u00ebmur\u00eb mendor padyshim q\u00eb nuk e detyron at\u00eb t\u00eb kryej\u00eb akte terroriste. N\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme, mbeten pa p\u00ebrgjigje jan\u00eb pyetje rreth asaj q\u00eb mund t\u00eb luajn\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor si dob\u00ebsi, faktor\u00eb rreziku, ose si faktor\u00eb mbrojt\u00ebs, dhe cilat jan\u00eb implikimet e k\u00ebsaj mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb p\u00ebr kund\u00ebr terrorizmit.<\/p>\n

Praktikat e trajtimit t\u00eb shqet\u00ebsimeve t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn institucionale dhe operative t\u00eb antiterrorizmit nuk i jan\u00eb n\u00ebnshtruar niveleve t\u00eb barabarta t\u00eb kontrollit. P\u00ebrjashtime t\u00eb pjesshme jan\u00eb siguruar nga vet\u00eb praktikuesit, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb punonj\u00ebsit e kujdesit shoq\u00ebror dhe psikiat\u00ebr, q\u00eb jan\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb pun\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura me terrorizmin: K\u00ebrkimet dhe shkrimet nga dhe profesionist\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb jan\u00eb p\u00ebrqendruar n\u00eb mund\u00ebsi dhe sfida t\u00eb ngritura nga angazhimi i fush\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre me kund\u00ebr terrorizmi, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb pyetje rreth efektivitetit, etik\u00ebs profesionale, shqet\u00ebsimeve p\u00ebr sigurimin dhe p\u00ebr tejkalimin e kompetencave (p.sh. Peddell, Eyre, McManus, & Bonworth, 2016; RCP, 2016; Sestoft, Hansen, & Christensen, 2017; Tunariu, Tribe, Frings, & Albery, 2017; Ventriglio et al., 2017; Weine et al., 2017; Wright, 2016; Yakeley & Taylor, 2017<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, praktika e p\u00ebrditshme e kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit – n\u00eb fushat e zbatimit t\u00eb ligjit, parandalimin me baz\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb dhe fusha t\u00eb tjera – vazhdon t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshij\u00eb nj\u00eb seri \u00e7\u00ebshtjesh q\u00eb lidhen me sh\u00ebndetin mendor t\u00eb individ\u00ebve, q\u00eb shihen si shqet\u00ebsues p\u00ebr arsye t\u00eb lidhura me terrorizmin, ekstremizmin ose ‘radikalizimin’. K\u00ebto do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb, por nuk do t\u00eb kufizohen vet\u00ebm n\u00eb identifikimin e s\u00ebmundjes mendore t\u00eb diagnostikuar n\u00eb mesin e popullatave t\u00eb tilla dhe m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e p\u00ebrcjelljes s\u00eb nevojave t\u00eb tyre p\u00ebr trajtim, pyetjeve rreth aft\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb individ\u00ebve p\u00ebr vet\u00eb-p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsim dhe implikimet e \u00e7\u00ebshtjeve t\u00eb mundshme t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor n\u00eb ndjekjet penale, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb vendimet rreth ndarjes dhe \/ ose p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsis\u00eb penale. Ky artikull eksploron se si kund\u00ebr-terrorizmi p\u00ebrfshin konceptualizimet p\u00ebr sh\u00ebndetin mendor individual n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb operative dhe praktike. \u00cbsht\u00eb gjithashtu i interesuar se \u00e7far\u00eb konceptualizimi jan\u00eb operacionalizuar; dhe ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht, \u00e7far\u00eb operacionalizimi kund\u00ebr-terroriz\u00ebm i kuptimeve t\u00eb tilla mund t\u00eb thot\u00eb n\u00eb lidhje me idet\u00eb evolucionare t\u00eb fush\u00ebs s\u00eb rrezikut dhe t\u00eb cenueshm\u00ebris\u00eb.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb q\u00ebllim, artikulli shqyrton tre m\u00ebnyra t\u00eb ndryshme p\u00ebr sh\u00ebndetin mendor brenda kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar. Mbret\u00ebria e Bashkuar shpesh shihet t\u00eb vendos\u00eb tonin p\u00ebr miratimin e vendeve t\u00eb tjera (ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht evropiane) t\u00eb politikave dhe praktikave kund\u00ebr terrorizmit, megjith\u00ebse pasigurit\u00eb rreth form\u00ebs dhe itinerarit t\u00eb procesit Brexit mund t\u00eb ken\u00eb implikime p\u00ebr statusin e tij ‘pararend\u00ebs’ t\u00eb vazhduesh\u00ebm (shiko p.sh. Omand, 2016<\/em>). Mbret\u00ebria e Bashkuar gjithashtu meriton v\u00ebmendje aktualisht n\u00eb drit\u00ebn e azhurnimit t\u00eb fundit t\u00eb strategjis\u00eb s\u00eb saj kund\u00ebr terrorizmit CONTEST. N\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebritjen e saj t\u00eb fundit, kjo strategji parashihte \u2018ruajtjen\u2019 si nj\u00eb parim thelb\u00ebsor kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e parandalimit (Qeveria HM, 2018<\/em>), me implikime t\u00eb dukshme p\u00ebr rolin e sh\u00ebndetit mendor n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit.<\/p>\n

Tri praktikat q\u00eb ky artikull shqyrton jan\u00eb: (1<\/strong>) p\u00ebrdorimi i t\u00eb rriturve t\u00eb duhur p\u00ebr t\u00eb rriturit \u2018t\u00eb preksh\u00ebm\u2019 n\u00eb raste t\u00eb lidhura me terrorizmin<\/em>; (2<\/strong>) qendrat e sh\u00ebndetit mendor fillimisht u pilotuan n\u00eb Angli n\u00eb vitin 2016 p\u00ebr t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlidhur dhe p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar bashk\u00ebpunimin midis policis\u00eb kund\u00ebr terrorizmit dhe sh\u00ebrbimeve sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore komb\u00ebtare<\/em>; dhe (3<\/strong>) vler\u00ebsime individuale t\u00eb terrorizmit, ekstremizmit dhe rreziqeve t\u00eb lidhura me radikalizmin, t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura n\u00eb MB dhe rolin e sh\u00ebndetit mendor brenda m\u00eb t\u00eb spikaturve nga k\u00ebto mjete<\/em>. N\u00eb m\u00ebnyra t\u00eb ndryshme, k\u00ebto tre p\u00ebrfshirje praktike t\u00eb konsideratave t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar zbulojn\u00eb konceptime p\u00ebr marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet midis sh\u00ebndetit mendor dhe kund\u00ebr terrorizmit. Ata gjithashtu tregojn\u00eb se si idet\u00eb e rrezikut dhe t\u00eb cenueshm\u00ebris\u00eb jan\u00eb duke u p\u00ebrshtatur n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn ku takohen kund\u00ebr terrorizmit dhe sh\u00ebndetin mendor.<\/p>\n

Artikulli argumenton se n\u00eb drit\u00ebn e strategjis\u00eb s\u00eb re kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar, k\u00ebto tre qasje operacionale ndaj sh\u00ebndetit mendor tregojn\u00eb nj\u00eb mjegullim m\u00eb t\u00eb theksuar t\u00eb linjave midis asaj q\u00eb konsiderohet ‘dob\u00ebsi’ dhe asaj q\u00eb kuptohet si ‘rreziqe’ n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e Mbret\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb Bashkuar kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit. T\u00eb tre rastet konfirmojn\u00eb gjithashtu marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet praktike dhe gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb t\u00eb ngushta midis fillesave vent Parandaloni \u2019dhe\u2018 Ndjekja \u2019e kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar t\u00eb shpallur n\u00eb strategjin\u00eb kund\u00ebr terrorizmit t\u00eb vitit 2018.<\/p>\n

Kund\u00ebr terrorizmi, mbrojtja dhe sh\u00ebndeti mendor n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eb qershor 2018, versioni m\u00eb i fundit i strategjis\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar CONTEST zyrtarizoi ruajtjen si nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb qendrore t\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit t\u00eb vendit. N\u00eb ve\u00e7anti, pjesa e strategjis\u00eb me kat\u00ebr drejtime q\u00eb synon parandalimin e sulmeve terroriste, Parandalimi, u artikulua m\u00eb pas si q\u00ebllim kryesor i tij “t\u00eb ruaj\u00eb dhe mb\u00ebshtes\u00eb njer\u00ebzit e cenuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t’i ndaluar ata t\u00eb b\u00ebhen terrorist\u00eb ose t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtesin terrorizmin<\/em>” (Qeveria HM, 2018, f. 31<\/em>). Objektivat e Parandalimit u formuluan p\u00ebr t\u00eb “zgjidhur shkaqet e radikalizmit dhe t’i p\u00ebrgjigjen sfid\u00ebs ideologjike t\u00eb terrorizmit<\/em>” (Qeveria HM, 2018, f. 31<\/em>); p\u00ebr t\u00eb identifikuar, mbrojtur dhe mb\u00ebshtetur “ata q\u00eb jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb rrezikuar nga radikalizimi p\u00ebrmes nd\u00ebrhyrjes s\u00eb hershme<\/em>” (Qeveria e HM, 2018, f. 31<\/em>); dhe mund\u00ebsimin e shk\u00ebputjes dhe rehabilitimit t\u00eb ish-terrorist\u00ebve (Qeveria HM, 2018, f. 31<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Versioni i m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm i CONTEST, botuar n\u00eb 2011, nuk ishte aq i qart\u00eb p\u00ebr pozicionin e ruajtjes brenda kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar. Ai dokument i vitit 2011 thoshte q\u00eb Prevent kishte p\u00ebr q\u00ebllim t\u00eb \u2018parandaloj\u00eb njer\u00ebzit q\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00ebrhiqen n\u00eb terroriz\u00ebm dhe t\u00eb sigurojn\u00eb q\u00eb atyre t’u jepen k\u00ebshilla dhe mb\u00ebshtetje e duhur<\/em>\u2019 (HM Government, 2011; shih gjithashtu Heath-Kelly, 2016; Heath-Kelly & Strausz, 2018<\/em>). Nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb kryesore e Parandalimit, Channel, u p\u00ebrshkrua m\u00eb pas si ‘duke punuar s\u00eb bashku me mbrojtjen e partneriteteve dhe paneleve p\u00ebr uljen e krimit<\/em>‘ – me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, ai nuk u paraqit si n\u00eb vetvete nj\u00eb mjet mbrojtjeje (HM Qeveria, 2011, f. 64, theks i shtuar gjithashtu Qeveria e HM, 2012b<\/em>). P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, strategjia e vitit 2011 gjithashtu vuri n\u00eb dukje se nuk mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb e p\u00ebrshtatshme t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshihet “Parandalimi i treguesve” n\u00eb mekanizma tashm\u00eb ekzistues t\u00eb ruajtjes, pasi k\u00ebto mund t\u00eb mos ken\u00eb nj\u00eb fleksibilitet t\u00eb mjaftuesh\u00ebm “(HM Qeveria, 2011, f. 65<\/em>). N\u00eb t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt, n\u00eb versionin 2018 t\u00eb CONTEST, ‘ruajtja’ citohet 19 her\u00eb, duke iu referuar Parandalimit si vet\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm i ruajtjes (HM Qeveria, 2018; shiko Dresser, 2018 p\u00ebr vendin e ‘ruajtjes’ n\u00eb Counter 2015 – Akti i terrorizmit dhe siguris\u00eb<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Mbi rolin specifik t\u00eb parashikuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb luajtur nga aktor\u00ebt sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor\u00eb n\u00eb kuad\u00ebr t\u00eb Parandalimi i Konkursit, megjithat\u00eb, tashm\u00eb versioni 2011 kishte v\u00ebrejtur se Departamenti i Sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsis\u00eb do t\u00eb ‘nd\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsonte paralelet midis Parandalimit dhe llojeve t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb mbrojtjes p\u00ebr t\u00eb promovuar integrimin gradual t\u00eb Parandaloni t\u00eb gjith\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimin sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor<\/em>‘. (Qeveria HM, 2011, f. 69<\/em>) Po at\u00eb vit, nj\u00eb Drejtori e Sh\u00ebndetit p\u00ebr t\u00eb Parandaluar p\u00ebr punonj\u00ebsit e kujdesit sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor t\u00eb vendosura direkt Paraprakisht brenda sfer\u00ebs s\u00eb mbrojtjes: Parandalimi, tha udh\u00ebzimi, do t\u00eb “menaxhohej sa m\u00eb mir\u00eb brenda strukturave ekzistuese t\u00eb mbrojtjes<\/em>” (Departamenti i Sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsis\u00eb [DoH], 2011, f. 4; shiko gjithashtu Sh\u00ebrbimin Komb\u00ebtar t\u00eb Sh\u00ebndetit [NHS], 2017; dhe Heath-Kelly & Strausz, 2018 mbi m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn sesi ka ndodhur kjo n\u00eb praktik\u00eb<\/em>). Me versionin e CONTEST p\u00ebr vitin 2018, pozicionimi i Prevent si nj\u00eb mas\u00eb e mbrojtjes u forcua dhe u zhvendos m\u00eb af\u00ebr thelbin e asaj q\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmi n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar u prezantua si gati.<\/p>\n

Kur n\u00ebnvizon rolin evoluues t\u00eb Parandalimit si mas\u00eb mbrojt\u00ebse brenda kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar, dokumenti CONTEST p\u00ebr vitin 2018 thoshte se ‘(h) pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e sh\u00ebndetit dhe stafi i kujdesit shoq\u00ebror jan\u00eb n\u00eb zem\u00ebr t\u00eb ruajtjes<\/em>‘ (HM Qeveria, 2018, f. 36<\/em>) – k\u00ebshtu, vendosja e kujdesit sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor dhe shoq\u00ebror n\u00eb zemr\u00ebn e kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit gjithashtu. Ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht, pjesa e CONTEST q\u00eb m\u00eb pas trajtoi rolin e sektorit t\u00eb kujdesit sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor n\u00eb ofrimin e Parandalimit, kryesisht merrej me sh\u00ebndetin mendor. Sipas fjal\u00ebve t\u00eb strategjis\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa “nuk jan\u00eb krijuar lidhje midis \u00e7rregullimit mendor dhe terrorizmit t\u00eb bazuar n\u00eb grup, terrorist\u00ebt q\u00eb veprojn\u00eb vet\u00ebm mund t\u00eb ken\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb ngjar\u00eb t\u00eb ken\u00eb nj\u00eb prejardhje q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshin sh\u00ebndetin mendor<\/em>\u201d; n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kontekst sektori i kujdesit sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor mendor duhet t\u00eb siguroj\u00eb q\u00eb ata q\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb rrezik t\u00eb radikalizmit do t\u00eb jen\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin mb\u00ebshtetjen e sh\u00ebndetit mendor dhe trajtimin q\u00eb u nevojiten’, dhe t\u00eb punojn\u00eb me policin\u00eb kund\u00ebr terrorizmit p\u00ebr t\u00eb menaxhuar ata q\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb rrezik t\u00eb radikalizmit (HM Qeveria, 2018, f. 36<\/em>). Kur iu referua menaxhimit t\u00eb shkel\u00ebsve t\u00eb terrorizmit, strategjia p\u00ebrmendi gjithashtu “\u00e7\u00ebshtjet e sh\u00ebndetit mendor” si nj\u00eb “cenueshm\u00ebri” t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb lidhur me terrorizmin (Qeveria e HM, 2018, f. 41<\/em>).<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, si\u00e7 k\u00ebrkohet nga strategjia – dhe si me pjes\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit, arsimit, kujdesit shoq\u00ebror dhe sektor\u00ebve t\u00eb lidhur me t\u00eb n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar – pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e kujdesit sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor mendor pritet t\u00eb kryejn\u00eb detyr\u00ebn e tyre Parandalimi duke iu referuar individ\u00ebve shqet\u00ebsues. M\u00ebnyra se si \u00ebsht\u00eb funksionuar kjo detyr\u00eb brenda k\u00ebtyre fushave t\u00eb ndryshme ka ndryshuar shum\u00eb. Institucionet arsimore kan\u00eb llogaritur rreth nj\u00eb t\u00eb tret\u00ebn e referimeve totale p\u00ebr Parandalimin, policin\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb t\u00eb tret\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, nd\u00ebrsa autoritetet sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore kan\u00eb qen\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebse p\u00ebr 6% t\u00eb Parandalimit t\u00eb Referencave (Home Office, 2017d, f. 8<\/em>). Qysh nga prezantimi, detyra Parandalimi dhe menaxhimi i saj nga institucione t\u00eb tilla gjithashtu \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00ebnshtruar nj\u00eb ekzaminimi intensiv nga studiuesit, duke ekzaminuar pyetjet e shumta dhe tregtimet e mundshme t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshira p\u00ebr profesionist\u00ebt n\u00eb drejtim t\u00eb konfidencialitetit, etik\u00ebs dhe peshimit t\u00eb detyrave profesionale kund\u00ebr siguris\u00eb shqet\u00ebsime (shiko Busher, Choudhury, & Thomas, 2019 p\u00ebr nj\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhje t\u00eb fundit n\u00eb lidhje me fush\u00ebn e arsimit; Heath-Kelly & Strausz, 2019 p\u00ebr sh\u00ebndetin<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Artikulimi i shprehur i Prevent (parandalimi) si nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm mbrojt\u00ebs n\u00eb strategjin\u00eb e vitit 2018, dhe p\u00ebrafrimi i lidhur midis sektorit t\u00eb Parandalimit dhe sh\u00ebndetit dhe kujdesit shoq\u00ebror n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar kan\u00eb ndodhur pasi Parandalimi t\u00eb dy mbet\u00ebn n\u00eb thelbin e CONTEST, dhe nd\u00ebrsa Parandalimi gjithashtu po afrohej n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn Pursue (ndjekja) e kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar (shih gjithashtu Elshimi, 2018<\/em>). Ndjekja, sipas fjal\u00ebve t\u00eb CONTEST, kishte si synimin e saj ‘p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndaluar sulmet terroriste q\u00eb po ndodhin n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vend dhe kund\u00ebr interesave t\u00eb Britanis\u00eb s\u00eb Madhe jasht\u00eb shtetit<\/em>‘ (HM Qeveria, 2018, f. 43<\/em>), duke punuar me an\u00eb t\u00eb zbatimit t\u00eb ligjit dhe masave t\u00eb inteligjenc\u00ebs si p.sh. zbulimin, hetimin dhe ndjekjen penale. Dokumenti CONTEST i vitit 2018 nxori nd\u00ebrlidhje t\u00eb pashembullt t\u00eb forta midis Parandalimit dhe Ndjekjes dhe formuloi q\u00ebllimin e tyre bashk\u00ebrisht, si “p\u00ebr t\u00eb zvog\u00ebluar k\u00ebrc\u00ebnimet me t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrballemi<\/em>” (HM Qeveria, 2018, f. 6<\/em>). Duke paraqitur nj\u00eb argument p\u00ebr fqinj\u00ebsimin e t\u00eb dyve, strategjia deklaroi se “(ai) afati kohor p\u00ebr individ\u00ebt q\u00eb l\u00ebvizin nga radikalizimi drejt kryerjes s\u00eb nj\u00eb sulmi mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb i shpejt\u00eb<\/em>” (HM Qeveria, 2018, f. 13<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Lidhja e fillesave Parandalimi dhe Ndjekja e Contest paraqiti nj\u00eb zhvendosje nga perceptimi i p\u00ebrhapur gjer\u00ebsisht – nd\u00ebrsa disi i thjeshtuar, ende gjer\u00ebsisht i sakt\u00eb – q\u00eb Parandalimi adreson ‘parandalimin’ q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb ndodh m\u00eb par\u00eb dhe n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb parandalohet zbatimi i nj\u00eb vepre terroriste (dhuna terroriste si dhe avokimi, planifikimi ose trainimi p\u00ebr nj\u00eb akt dhune) dhe Pursue (ndjekja) adreson at\u00eb q\u00eb ndodh pasi t\u00eb jet\u00eb kryer nj\u00eb vep\u00ebr e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb. T\u00eb dy, sidoqoft\u00eb, sjellja e synuar e kryer para se t\u00eb ndodhte nj\u00eb sulm i gjithansh\u00ebm terrorist, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb ndalonte t\u00eb ndodhte.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrafrimi i af\u00ebrt i strategjis\u00eb s\u00eb vitit 2018 midis Parandalimit dhe Ndjekjes, k\u00ebshtu, kontribuon n\u00eb prishjen e ides\u00eb se ekziston nj\u00eb dallim i qart\u00eb midis nj\u00eb faze ‘para’- dhe ‘post’-kriminale n\u00eb kronologjin\u00eb q\u00eb \u00e7on drejt nj\u00eb akti t\u00eb dhun\u00ebs terroriste. N\u00eb parlans\u00ebn e m\u00ebparshme kund\u00ebr terrorizmit, Qeveria e Mbret\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb Bashkuar nganj\u00ebher\u00eb i referohej pjes\u00ebve t\u00eb Parandalimit si adresimin e nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsire \u2018para-kriminale\u2019, por kjo fraz\u00eb nuk figuron n\u00eb dokumentin e CONTEST 2018. Ky bashkim i azhurnuar i strategjis\u00eb s\u00eb Parandalimit dhe Ndjekjes duket se e ka z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuar k\u00ebt\u00eb terminologji me nj\u00eb perspektiv\u00eb q\u00eb nuk p\u00ebrcakton n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb mpreht\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn ‘para-‘ ose ‘jo’-penale nga ajo kriminale: e gjith\u00eb arena e parakohshme ose e para-dhun\u00ebs (qoft\u00eb p\u00ebrfshirja e veprimeve kriminale apo jo) duket se \u00ebsht\u00eb konceptuar dhe adresuar si nj\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Masa e dyfisht\u00eb dhe me sa duket e kund\u00ebrt e Prevent (parandalimit) brenda strategjis\u00eb s\u00eb Content 2018 – nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht drejt nj\u00eb theksi soft m\u00eb t\u00eb but\u00eb \u2019p\u00ebr ruajtjen dhe p\u00ebrkrahjen e njer\u00ebzve t\u00eb cenuesh\u00ebm dhe drejt ndjekjes ‘harder\u2019 Pursue shkon me theksin e k\u00ebsaj fije n\u00eb menaxhimin e rreziqeve t\u00eb siguris\u00eb p\u00ebrmes ndalimit, hetimit dhe ndjekjes penale t\u00eb krimeve – duket se e vendos sh\u00ebndetin mendor n\u00eb tensionin midis siguris\u00eb dhe kujdesit n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjeve studiuese ose udh\u00ebzimeve t\u00eb qarta t\u00eb politikave p\u00ebr marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet midis terrorizmit dhe sh\u00ebndetit mendor, ose se \u00e7far\u00eb roli perspektiv\u00eb mbi sh\u00ebndetin mendor duhet t\u00eb luaj\u00eb n\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmin – gjetja e nj\u00eb vendi n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb peizazh n\u00eb ndryshim do t\u00eb pritej t\u00eb paraqiste nj\u00eb sfid\u00eb edhe p\u00ebr punonj\u00ebs t\u00eb kujdesit sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor mendor dhe praktikues t\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit n\u00eb MB.<\/p>\n

Parandalimi i terrorizmit: rreziku, cenueshm\u00ebria dhe veprimi parashikues<\/strong><\/p>\n

Elementi \u2018Parandalim\u2019 i strategjis\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me veprimin e hersh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndaluar kryerjen e veprimeve terroriste. \u00cbsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb se parandalimi ka nj\u00eb histori t\u00eb gjat\u00eb dhe t\u00eb shum\u00ebanshme brenda policis\u00eb, pun\u00ebs sociale dhe rinis\u00eb – si dhe n\u00eb fusha t\u00eb tjera p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb sh\u00ebndetin dhe fatkeq\u00ebsit\u00eb natyrore – dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb, p\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb thelbin e ‘modelit skandinav’ t\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit dhe kund\u00ebr – ‘radikalizmit’. Brenda studimit t\u00eb studimeve t\u00eb siguris\u00eb (kritike) t\u00eb siguris\u00eb, megjithat\u00eb, disa kan\u00eb v\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb dyshim rolin dhe natyr\u00ebn e pun\u00ebs parandaluese kund\u00ebr terrorizmit, duke e konsideruar zhvillimin e saj t\u00eb sot\u00ebm si duke n\u00ebnkuptuar nj\u00eb zhvendosje t\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohsh\u00ebm larg ndalimit t\u00eb veprimeve t\u00eb para t\u00eb dhun\u00ebs terroriste (dhe duke iu p\u00ebrgjigjur k\u00ebtyre ), drejt fazave t\u00eb m\u00ebtejshme n\u00eb nj\u00eb kronologji t\u00eb supozuar para-sulmi. Kornizat e tilla studimore duken pjes\u00ebrisht t\u00eb frym\u00ebzuara nga fijet e doktrin\u00ebs ushtarake, e cila nganj\u00ebher\u00eb e ka p\u00ebrshkruar veprimin parandalues \u200b\u200bsi sjellje t\u00eb padallueshme nga veprimet agresive, n\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb dyja sjellin veprimin e rreziqeve t\u00eb perceptuara q\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb pjekur (ende) n\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnime (Grey, 2007, f. 36<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Duke shkruar p\u00ebr kund\u00ebr-terrorizmin, Jessica Stern dhe Jonathan B. Wiener, p\u00ebr shembull, kan\u00eb paralajm\u00ebruar t\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarrin veprime kund\u00ebr-terroriste kund\u00ebr k\u00ebrc\u00ebnimeve t\u00eb mundshme para se k\u00ebto t\u00eb b\u00ebhen t\u00eb af\u00ebrta; Nj\u00eb veprim i till\u00eb, argumentojn\u00eb ata, ka t\u00eb ngjar\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb shum\u00eb i shtrir\u00eb, ndoshta kund\u00ebr-produktiv – dhe problematikisht zhvendos barr\u00ebn e prov\u00ebs tek ata q\u00eb argumentojn\u00eb p\u00ebr p\u00ebrmbajtje (Stern & Wiener, 2008, esp. f. 131; gjithashtu Brown & Cox, 2011<\/em>). Louise Amoore ka paralajm\u00ebruar n\u00eb lidhje me informacionin e kufizuar mbi rreziqet e mundshme duke u b\u00ebr\u00eb baz\u00eb p\u00ebr masa t\u00eb gjer\u00eb parandaluese kund\u00ebr terrorizmit (Amoore, 2013; gjithashtu Amoore & de Goede, 2008; Bracken, Bremmer, & Gordon, 2008, esp. F. 1) -15<\/em>). Dhe duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmin n\u00eb nj\u00eb diskutim m\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohshm\u00ebris\u00eb dhe rrezikut, Ben Anderson pyet se si, kur lejoni q\u00eb veprimi parashikues t\u00eb b\u00ebhet norm\u00eb, nj\u00eb e ardhme e panjohur b\u00ebhet justifikimi p\u00ebr veprim n\u00eb k\u00ebtu dhe tani (shih Anderson, 2010, f. 778 -780<\/em>). Nj\u00eb veprim i ngjash\u00ebm i p\u00ebrkohsh\u00ebm mund t\u00eb v\u00ebrehet n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e legjislacionit t\u00eb terrorizmit: N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, tendenca e legjislacionit t\u00eb terrorizmit ka qen\u00eb t\u00eb kriminalizoj\u00eb sjelljen gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb prapa n\u00eb kronologji nga nj\u00eb akt i dhun\u00ebs terroriste, duke kapur p\u00ebr shembull planifikimin, inkurajimin, financimin, trajnimin p\u00ebr, dhe sigurimin e mb\u00ebshtetjes materiale p\u00ebr terrorizmin (shih p.sh. Akti i Terrorizmit p\u00ebr Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar [TACT], 2006<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Me vendosjen e ruajtjes s\u00eb dokumentit t\u00eb CONTESTIp\u00ebr vitin 2018 n\u00eb thelbin e praktik\u00ebs kund\u00ebr terrorizmit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar, koncepti i cenueshm\u00ebris\u00eb ka hyr\u00eb si\u00e7 duhet n\u00eb sken\u00ebn e rreziqeve dhe p\u00ebrkohshm\u00ebris\u00eb specifike kund\u00ebr terrorizmit (por jo edhe kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit). Studiuesit p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht t\u00eb konceptimit t\u00eb cenueshm\u00ebris\u00eb nga k\u00ebnde t\u00eb ndryshme disiplinore kan\u00eb argumentuar tashm\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar ndjeshm\u00ebrin\u00eb n\u00eb kuptimin se si e detyrojn\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsin\u00eb e shtetit, n\u00eb vend se si nj\u00eb tipar ekzistues in n\u00eb vetvete\u2019 (psh. Dehaghani & Newman, 2017<\/em>): T\u00eb tjer\u00ebt kan\u00eb siguruar kategorizime duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb t\u00eb dy kushtet e natyrshme si\u00e7 jan\u00eb p.sh. mosha ose paaft\u00ebsia, dhe rrethanat kontekstuale (p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kategorizim m\u00eb t\u00eb nuancuar, shih p.sh. Brown, 2015, f. f. 29\u201348<\/em>), nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt p\u00ebrs\u00ebri kan\u00eb paraqitur cenueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb si nj\u00eb tipar universal i gjendjes njer\u00ebzore; jo aq nj\u00eb cil\u00ebsi e lindur sa nj\u00eb karakteristik\u00eb q\u00eb del nga ngulitja e nj\u00eb individi n\u00eb nj\u00eb mjedis shoq\u00ebror dhe institucional (Fineman, 2013<\/em>).<\/p>\n

N\u00eb qeverisjen dhe legjislacionin n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar, ‘cenueshm\u00ebria’ ka prirur t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohet n\u00eb terma t\u00eb nj\u00eb individi q\u00eb nuk ka kapacitete dhe ka nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr mbrojtje (DoH, 2000, 2014; Akti i Kujdesit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar, 2014; Akti i Grupeve t\u00eb Vulueshme p\u00ebr Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar [SVGA], 2006<\/em>); kuptimi operacional i termit n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit do t\u00eb kthehet n\u00eb tre seksionet m\u00eb posht\u00eb. Nga disiplina e sociologjis\u00eb politike, Kate Brown (p.sh. 2011) ka argumentuar se koncepti i “dob\u00ebsis\u00eb” funksionon n\u00eb m\u00ebnyra problematike, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00eb nd\u00ebrveprimet midis individ\u00ebve dhe shtetit n\u00eb lidhje me sigurimin e mir\u00ebqenies. N\u00eb ve\u00e7anti, ajo pretendon, paqart\u00ebsit\u00eb, paqart\u00ebsit\u00eb dhe paparashikimet n\u00eb kuptimin operacional t\u00eb ‘cenueshm\u00ebris\u00eb\u2019, si dhe implikimet dhe bagazhet politike, etike dhe praktike t\u00eb k\u00ebtij termi, b\u00ebn q\u00eb t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetet n\u00eb kategorizimet e’ cenueshm\u00ebris\u00eb\u2019 q\u00eb mund t\u00eb d\u00ebmtojn\u00eb drejt\u00ebsin\u00eb sociale. Brenda k\u00ebsaj linje t\u00eb hetimit kritik, p\u00ebrcaktimi i dikujt si “i preksh\u00ebm” d\u00ebmton agjencin\u00eb e tyre dhe hapet p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrhyrje shtet\u00ebrore potencialisht t\u00eb pabazuara dhe ndoshta t\u00eb d\u00ebmtuara (shih gjithashtu Coppock & McG qeveris, 2014<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Brenda kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar, strategjia e CONTEST p\u00ebr vitin 2018 duket se paraqet \u2018cenueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb\u2019 si\u00e7 lidhet posa\u00e7\u00ebrisht me sh\u00ebndetin mendor individual, dhe p\u00ebr ta shtruar k\u00ebt\u00eb nocion si thelb\u00ebsore p\u00ebr rafinimin e tij t\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit dhe ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht t\u00eb parandaloj\u00eb n\u00eb drejtim t\u00eb ruajtjes. Ky version i strategjis\u00eb, vlen t\u00eb kujtohet, u lan\u00e7ua nd\u00ebrsa bursa ka mbetur e pazgjidhur p\u00ebr marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet midis sh\u00ebndetit mendor dhe terrorizmit – dhe nd\u00ebrsa pyetje t\u00eb shumta jan\u00eb ende t\u00eb pazgjidhura rreth asaj se si \u00e7\u00ebshtje t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor mund t\u00eb kontribuonin ose t\u00eb mbronin, ose q\u00eb vijn\u00eb nga fejesa terroriste.<\/p>\n

Vlen t\u00eb theksohet se studiuesit e interesuar p\u00ebr cenueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb kontekst terrorizmi kan\u00eb insistuar gjithashtu n\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e dallimit midis dob\u00ebsive n\u00eb shqisat e p\u00ebrgjithshme \u2019t\u00eb teorizuara nga literatura e cituar m\u00eb lart, dhe dob\u00ebsit\u00eb specifike q\u00eb mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb sh\u00ebnuara n\u00eb lidhje me dik\u00eb terrorist p\u00ebrfshirje (Bhui, 2016; Cole, Alison, Cole, & Alison, 2014; Corner, Bouhana, & Gill, 2018a, f. 8<\/em>). Disa kan\u00eb sugjeruar q\u00eb ‘dob\u00ebsit\u00eb’ n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb nj\u00eb ‘radikalizim’ ose mjedis terrorist mund t\u00eb kategorizohen gjer\u00ebsisht n\u00eb kuptimin e t\u00eb qenit t\u00eb ndjesh\u00ebm ndaj ndryshimeve morale, dhe t\u00eb ekspozohen ndaj cil\u00ebsimeve t\u00eb radikalizimit (Bouhana & Wickstr\u00f6m, 2011; shih gjithashtu Bhui, 2016; Corner\u00a0et al., 2018a, f.8<\/em>). Sidoqoft\u00eb, kjo nuk duket se \u00ebsht\u00eb marr\u00eb n\u00eb bord nga praktikuesit e Parandalimit (nga nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb sektor\u00ebsh q\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb specifikuar) t\u00eb cituar n\u00eb nj\u00eb studim se p\u00ebrmbledhin dob\u00ebsit\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr fush\u00ebn e tyre si ‘probleme t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor’, izolim social, etj. dhe privimi relativ (Peddell et al., 2016<\/em>). Gjithashtu, hulumtime t\u00eb tjera nga Mbret\u00ebria e Bashkuar tregojn\u00eb se si ‘dob\u00ebsit\u00eb’ e lidhura me krimin ashtu dhe kujdesi kan\u00eb tendenc\u00eb t\u00eb kuptohen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyra t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme jo ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr radikalizimin ose terrorizmin – dhe n\u00eb m\u00ebnyrat q\u00eb mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb kontigjente dhe arbitrare (Braye, Orr, & Preston- Xhiruar, 2011; Dehaghani, 2017a, 2018b<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Qendra e konceptualizimit t\u00eb dob\u00ebsive t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor dhe mbrojtja n\u00eb strategjin\u00eb e Content 2018, e b\u00ebn t\u00eb domosdoshme t\u00eb hulumtoni sesi perspektivat e sh\u00ebndetit mendor jan\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb praktik\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmin n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar. Ekzaminimi i praktikave t\u00eb tilla do t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbej\u00eb gjithashtu p\u00ebr t\u00eb treguar sesi ndryshimet e kuptimeve jan\u00eb p\u00ebrkthyer n\u00eb veprim konkret kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit dhe t\u00eb zbulojn\u00eb supozimet themelore t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor, dob\u00ebsive, rreziqeve dhe marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve midis k\u00ebtyre koncepteve.<\/p>\n

Vler\u00ebsimi i rrezikut dhe sh\u00ebndeti mendor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb vend p\u00ebr t\u00eb filluar nj\u00eb ekzaminim t\u00eb till\u00eb do t\u00eb ishte me vler\u00ebsimet kryesore t\u00eb rrezikut dhe prekshm\u00ebris\u00eb q\u00eb synojn\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt kapjen e rreziqeve dhe dob\u00ebsive t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb nj\u00eb kontekst kund\u00ebr terrorizmit. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, vler\u00ebsimi i rrezikut individual ka qen\u00eb prej koh\u00ebsh thelb\u00ebsore p\u00ebr kund\u00ebr-terrorizmin. N\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar, vler\u00ebsime t\u00eb tilla t\u00eb rrezikut kan\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr ndjekjen n\u00eb kujdestari t\u00eb shkel\u00ebsve t\u00eb d\u00ebnuar t\u00eb terrorizmit dhe t\u00eb burgosurve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb q\u00eb nga viti 2011, dhe t\u00eb personave q\u00eb marrin nd\u00ebrhyrje p\u00ebrmes programit t\u00eb Channel, si pjes\u00eb e strategjis\u00eb Parandalimi q\u00eb nga viti 2012 (Augestad Knudsen, 2018). Strategjia e fundit CONTEST n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar n\u00eb fuqi rrit ndjesh\u00ebm numrin e individ\u00ebve me interes p\u00ebr autoritetet nga nj\u00eb perspektiv\u00eb kund\u00ebr terrorizmit. Konkretisht, strategjia p\u00ebrfshiu nj\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrim t\u00eb forcuar n\u00eb subjektet e mbyllura dhe mbyll\u00ebse t\u00eb interesit, n\u00eb total m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 20,000 individ\u00eb, si dhe qindra luft\u00ebtar\u00eb \/ udh\u00ebtar t\u00eb huaj q\u00eb kthehen s\u00eb bashku me t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn 700 ish-shkel\u00ebs (Qeveria HM, 2018, f. 21 , 26, 40\u201341<\/em>). Nd\u00ebrsa autoritetet k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb t\u00eb vendosin se kujt n\u00eb mesin e k\u00ebtyre popullsive t\u00eb m\u00ebdha dhe t\u00eb larmishme t’i kushtojn\u00eb v\u00ebmendje t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, r\u00ebnd\u00ebsia e vler\u00ebsimeve t\u00eb rrezikut individual t\u00eb lidhur me terrorizmin do t\u00eb duket t\u00eb rritet edhe m\u00eb tej.<\/p>\n

Deri n\u00eb vitin 2018, dy mjetet kryesore t\u00eb vler\u00ebsimit t\u00eb rrezikut dhe rrezikshm\u00ebris\u00eb n\u00eb lidhje me terrorizmin n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim n\u00eb MB ishin Udh\u00ebzimi i Riskut t\u00eb Ekstremizmit (ERG 22+<\/em>) dhe Korniza e Vler\u00ebsimit t\u00eb Vulnerabilitetit (VAF) (Lloyd & Dean, 2015; HM Government, 2012a<\/em>). ERG 22+ p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr shkel\u00ebsit e burgut, nd\u00ebrsa VAF \u00ebsht\u00eb duke u p\u00ebrdorur si nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e procesit t\u00eb Channel – Kanali \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb kryesore e Parandalimit q\u00eb synon t\u00eb identifikoj\u00eb dhe ofroj\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr ata q\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb rrezik t\u00eb ‘radikalizimit’ (Qeveria e HM, 2012a, 2012b<\/em>). Nd\u00ebrsa zbatohen n\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb sistemit kund\u00ebr terrorizmit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar, t\u00eb dy mjetet jan\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura ngusht\u00eb. VAF u zhvillua bazuar n\u00eb ERG 22+ me nj\u00eb nga dy autor\u00ebt kryesor\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebtij mjeti. T\u00eb dy mjetet p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebt tregues t\u00eb rrezikut, t\u00eb grupuar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme n\u00eb tre kategori. N\u00eb prill 2018, nj\u00eb gjykim i dy mjeteve shtes\u00eb dhe t\u00eb lidhura me vler\u00ebsimin e rrezikut t\u00eb krijuar p\u00ebr dhe nga policia kund\u00ebr terrorizmit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar u rrotulluan n\u00eb Angli nga Selia e Policis\u00eb Kund\u00ebr-Terrorizmit. Dy mjetet e reja jan\u00eb tani n\u00eb shqyrtim deri n\u00eb janar 2019.<\/p>\n

Nga 22 treguesit q\u00eb ERG 22+ dhe VAF ndajn\u00eb, nj\u00eb p\u00ebrmendet si “sh\u00ebndet i mendjes”. Si n\u00eb ERG 22+ ashtu edhe n\u00eb VAF, treguesi i sh\u00ebndetit mendor i p\u00ebrket kategoris\u00eb s\u00eb treguesve t\u00eb “angazhimit”. Krijuesit e ERG 22+ – nga i cili u vu m\u00eb von\u00eb VAF – e kan\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar ‘angazhimin’ si referim ndaj ‘procesit me t\u00eb cilin individ\u00ebt p\u00ebrfshihen ose identifikohen me nj\u00eb grup ekstremist, shkak, ose ideologji<\/em>‘, dhe si ‘nj\u00eb term i shfaqur n\u00eb let\u00ebrsin\u00eb q\u00eb pasqyroi nj\u00eb angazhim p\u00ebr ideologji, grup apo shkak<\/em>‘ (Lloyd & Dean, 2015, f. 42, 45<\/em>). Faktor\u00ebt e angazhimit p\u00ebrshkruhen s\u00eb bashku si t\u00eb aft\u00eb t\u00eb kapin bindjet p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse\u2019 (Lloyd & Dean, 2015, f. 45<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Nd\u00ebrsa ERG22+ vjen me udh\u00ebzime q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb pritet t\u00eb japin disa detaje se si t\u00eb kuptoni dhe regjistroni treguesin e ‘sh\u00ebndetit mendor’, VAF (Qeveria HM, 2012b, f. 2<\/em>) thjesht referenca ‘(r) \u00e7\u00ebshtjet thelb\u00ebsore t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor ‘pa shtjellim t\u00eb m\u00ebtejsh\u00ebm. Kur p\u00ebrfundoni nj\u00eb VAF, prandaj, zyrtar\u00ebt e autoriteteve lokale ose policia p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebse p\u00ebr vler\u00ebsime t\u00eb tilla si pjes\u00eb e procesit t\u00eb Kanalit, lihet pra t\u00eb vendosin vet\u00eb – pa trajnimin p\u00ebrkat\u00ebs t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor – n\u00ebse treguesi i ‘\u00e7\u00ebshtjeve p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor’ \u00ebsht\u00eb prezent ose jo prezent. Hulumtimi i cituar m\u00eb lart se si praktikuesit e siguris\u00eb konceptojn\u00eb n\u00eb lidhje me sh\u00ebndetin mendor dhe dob\u00ebsit\u00eb e tjera nuk duket se ofrojn\u00eb sigurim q\u00eb ky tregues do t\u00eb regjistrohej me sakt\u00ebsi (Peddell et al., 2016; shiko gjithashtu Dehaghani, 2017b; Office Home, 2017c; Pushteti Lokal Shoqata [LGA], 2018; gjithashtu Martin, 2018<\/em>).<\/p>\n

N\u00eb fakt, disa nga ata q\u00eb p\u00ebrfundojn\u00eb vler\u00ebsimet ERG22+ n\u00eb nj\u00eb kontekst burg mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrballen me nj\u00eb sfid\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme, pavar\u00ebsisht nga specifikat e udh\u00ebzimeve t\u00eb shkruara t\u00eb mjetit. Nd\u00ebrsa psikolog\u00ebt forenzik\u00eb dhe psikiat\u00ebr mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb pajisur mir\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb identifikuar \u00e7\u00ebshtjet p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor kur kryeni nj\u00eb ERG22+, oficer\u00ebt e prov\u00ebs – sado me p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb – me siguri nuk do t\u00eb ishin, edhe pas trajnimit t\u00eb k\u00ebrkuar dy-ditor n\u00eb mjet. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, do t\u00eb duket si nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb e frikshme p\u00ebr k\u00ebdo, pa trajnim t\u00eb duhur t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor, p\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00eb se cilat \u00e7\u00ebshtje t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor duhet t\u00eb citohen si dob\u00ebsi n\u00eb nj\u00eb kontekst kund\u00ebr terrorizmit, ose pse – e l\u00ebre m\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb me nj\u00eb informacion t\u00eb till\u00eb, ishin n\u00eb gjendje ta p\u00ebrvet\u00ebsojn\u00eb at\u00eb. Kjo mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb edhe p\u00ebr psikiat\u00ebr ose psikolog me p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb, n\u00ebse atyre u mungon trajnim dhe p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb specifike me rrezikun e lidhur me terrorizmin dhe dob\u00ebsit\u00eb e sh\u00ebndetit mendor. Ndryshimi i profileve t\u00eb atyre q\u00eb jan\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb terroriz\u00ebm n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar dhe gjetk\u00eb do t\u00eb komplikonte m\u00eb tej k\u00ebt\u00eb pamje. Hulumtimet nga viti 2016, p\u00ebr shembull, treguan se kjo demografi p\u00ebrfshinte m\u00eb shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz sesa m\u00eb her\u00ebt me nj\u00eb precedent kriminal, si dhe me status m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt socio-ekonomik dhe arsimor se m\u00eb par\u00eb, me gjas\u00eb pasqyron ndryshimin e modeleve t\u00eb rekrutimit n\u00eb mesin e grupeve terroriste (Basra & Neumann, 2016 , psh. 13<\/em>).<\/p>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb drit\u00eb, duket se \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb pik\u00ebpyetje t\u00eb k\u00ebrkohet m\u00eb shum\u00eb nuanca se si sh\u00ebndeti mendor \u2019p\u00ebrfshihet n\u00eb mjetet p\u00ebr vler\u00ebsimin e rrezikut t\u00eb lidhur me terrorizmin (shiko p.sh. Corner et al., 2018a<\/em>). Dijetar\u00ebt gjithashtu kan\u00eb v\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb dyshim munges\u00ebn e udh\u00ebzimeve p\u00ebr sa i p\u00ebrket p\u00ebrhapjes s\u00eb nivelit baz\u00eb t\u00eb kushteve t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor, dhe udh\u00ebzimeve n\u00eb lidhje me proceset e duhura p\u00ebr mbledhjen e informacionit (Corner, Gill, Schouten, & Farnham, 2018b, f. 8; Sarma, 2017<\/em>). Nd\u00ebrsa e para nga k\u00ebto l\u00ebshime do t\u00eb ishte e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme kryesisht p\u00ebr peshimin e nj\u00eb treguesi t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor p\u00ebrsa i p\u00ebrket rrezikut, duket edhe m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme q\u00eb mjetet t\u00eb mos shpjegojn\u00eb sesi t\u00eb qenit n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi ‘i preksh\u00ebm’ p\u00ebrmes p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebs s\u00eb problemeve t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor do ta b\u00ebnte at\u00eb t\u00eb preksh\u00ebm posa\u00e7\u00ebrisht deri te radikalizimi ose terrorizmi (shiko gjithashtu Chisholm & Coulter, 2017; Corner et al., 2018a, f. 6<\/em>). Si\u00e7 u p\u00ebrmend m\u00eb lart, problemet e sh\u00ebndetit mendor sigurisht q\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruhen si duke i b\u00ebr\u00eb njer\u00ebzit “t\u00eb preksh\u00ebm”, pasi ata mund t\u00eb ndikojn\u00eb negativisht n\u00eb funksionimin e tyre t\u00eb dit\u00ebs dhe marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet. Por sesi nj\u00eb ndjeshm\u00ebri e till\u00eb e p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsuar p\u00ebrkthehet n\u00eb nj\u00eb kontekst kund\u00ebr terrorizmit \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb pak e qart\u00eb (shiko gjithashtu Rousseau, Ellis, & Lantos, 2017; Scurich, 2016, f. 5<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Vlen t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendet k\u00ebtu q\u00eb sh\u00ebndeti mendor nuk duket se luan t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin rol t\u00eb men\u00e7ur n\u00eb lidhje me angazhimin terrorist ose dhun\u00ebn terroriste si\u00e7 b\u00ebn n\u00eb sjelljen e dhun\u00ebs \u2018gjenerike\u2019 (shiko p.sh. Monahan, 2012). Kur shpjegoi pse ajo zhvilloi nj\u00eb nga mjetet kryesore t\u00eb specializuara t\u00eb vler\u00ebsimit t\u00eb rrezikut (me origjin\u00eb nga Kanadaja) p\u00ebr dhun\u00ebn e lidhur me ekstremizmin (VERA2 – Vler\u00ebsimi i Riskut t\u00eb Ekstremizmit t\u00eb Dhunsh\u00ebm, Versioni 2), Elaine Pressman theksoi se modelet ekzistuese, t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb vler\u00ebsimit t\u00eb rrezikut – synojn\u00eb kapjen e rrezikut t\u00eb dhun\u00ebs n\u00eb mesin e nj\u00eb popullate t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme dhe s\u00ebmundja mendore e \u00e7rregulluar mendore – peshonte r\u00ebnd\u00eb s\u00ebmundjen mendore (Pressman, 2009, f. 16<\/em>). Duke v\u00ebrejtur k\u00ebt\u00eb si nj\u00eb shpjegim p\u00ebr arsyen pse ajo zhvilloi nj\u00eb mjet t\u00eb specializuar p\u00ebr vler\u00ebsimin e rrezikut p\u00ebr rrezikun e lidhur me ekstremizmin, n\u00ebnkupton qart\u00eb q\u00eb sh\u00ebndeti mendor – megjith\u00ebse ndoshta i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb – nuk duhet t\u00eb peshohet aq shum\u00eb n\u00eb vler\u00ebsimet e k\u00ebtij lloji.<\/p>\n

Pavar\u00ebsisht nga praktika e deritanishme, t\u00eb vendosni pritshm\u00ebri dhe pesh\u00eb t\u00eb konsiderueshme mbi nj\u00eb kategori t\u00eb zb\u00ebrthyer t\u00eb ‘sh\u00ebndetit mendor’ n\u00eb \u00e7do terroriz\u00ebm t\u00eb ri ose ekzistues – ekstremiz\u00ebm – ose ‘rrezatim’ t\u00eb lidhura me rrezikun ose mjetin e vler\u00ebsimit t\u00eb cenueshm\u00ebris\u00eb do t\u00eb duken k\u00ebshtu t\u00eb k\u00ebshilluara (shiko gjithashtu Powis, Randhawa, & Bishopp, 2019<\/em>). Do t\u00eb paraqiste gjithashtu rrezikun e mundsh\u00ebm t\u00eb rritjes s\u00eb panevojshme t\u00eb stigm\u00ebs tashm\u00eb t\u00eb lidhur me v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsit\u00eb e sh\u00ebndetit mendor, dhe t\u00eb sigurimit t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsive duke shoq\u00ebruar nj\u00eb ide t\u00eb paspecifikuar t\u00eb ‘sh\u00ebndetit mendor’ me rrezikun e lidhur me terrorizmin (shih gjithashtu Bhui, James, & Wessely, 2016 ; gjithashtu McKendrick & Finch, 2017a, 2017b; Weine et al., 2017<\/em>). Ekzistenca e vazhdueshme e kategorive t\u00eb mjaftueshme t\u00eb qarta t\u00eb treguesve t\u00eb ‘sh\u00ebndetit mendor’ n\u00eb mjetet e vler\u00ebsimit t\u00eb rrezikut t\u00eb lidhura me terrorizmin sigurisht q\u00eb i shtyn dob\u00ebsit\u00eb e sh\u00ebndetit mendor m\u00eb pran\u00eb fush\u00ebs s\u00eb rrezikut t\u00eb lidhur me terrorizmin brenda kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb rriturit e p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm<\/strong><\/p>\n

Duke u kthyer nga p\u00ebrpjekjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb matur rrezikun e lidhur me terrorizmin dhe prekshm\u00ebrin\u00eb ndaj ideve t\u00eb prekshm\u00ebris\u00eb n\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmin n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar, em\u00ebrimi i “t\u00eb rriturve t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm” p\u00ebr individ\u00eb mbi mosh\u00ebn 18 vje\u00e7 n\u00eb raste t\u00eb lidhura me terrorizmin \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb praktik\u00eb e dobishme p\u00ebr t\u00eb eksploruar. P\u00ebrve\u00e7se ndihmon n\u00eb zb\u00ebrthimin e m\u00ebtejsh\u00ebm t\u00eb konceptualizimeve kund\u00ebr “terrorizmit” t\u00eb MB kund\u00ebr terrorizmit, praktika duhet t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbej\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndri\u00e7uar nj\u00eb nga m\u00ebnyrat me t\u00eb cilat operacionalizohen konsideratat rreth sh\u00ebndetit mendor n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e antiterrorizmit. N\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, t\u00eb rriturit e duhur caktohen p\u00ebr \u00e7do t\u00eb ndaluar n\u00ebn mosh\u00ebn 18 vje\u00e7, si dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb burgosur t\u00eb rritur q\u00eb konsiderohen t\u00eb jen\u00eb \u201ct\u00eb preksh\u00ebm\u201d, por jo aq t\u00eb preksh\u00ebm sa t\u00eb garantojn\u00eb nj\u00eb vler\u00ebsim t\u00eb plot\u00eb t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor – n\u00eb terroriz\u00ebm dhe n\u00eb raste t\u00eb tjera (Rrjeti Komb\u00ebtar i p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm i t\u00eb rriturve [NAAN], 2018a<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Funksioni i duhur p\u00ebr t\u00eb rritur \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm i qart\u00eb mbrojt\u00ebs. Historikisht, praktika e em\u00ebrimit t\u00eb t\u00eb rriturve t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm u prezantua n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar n\u00eb 1984 n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb qart\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtur t\u00eb drejtat, t\u00eb drejtat dhe mir\u00ebqenien e t\u00eb miturve dhe personave t\u00eb cenuesh\u00ebm dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur sjelljet e gabuara t\u00eb drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb. T\u00eb rriturit e duhur duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb pranish\u00ebm n\u00eb lidhje me terrorizmin dhe n\u00eb raste t\u00eb tjera gjat\u00eb nd\u00ebrveprimeve t\u00eb nj\u00eb individi t\u00eb cenuesh\u00ebm me policin\u00eb, p\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00ebse policia po vepron si duhet dhe n\u00ebse situata e personit ka ndryshuar. Ata mund t\u00eb ndihmojn\u00eb t\u00eb arrestuarin p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar rregullat dhe procedurat, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb p\u00ebr shembull ato q\u00eb rregullojn\u00eb k\u00ebrkimet dhe intervistat, dhe \/ ose k\u00ebshillojn\u00eb policin\u00eb n\u00eb komunikim efektiv me personin. Ata gjithashtu mund t\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyjn\u00eb n\u00ebse i arrestuari nuk po trajtohet si\u00e7 duhet, ose n\u00ebse i rrituri i p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm beson se personi do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfitonte nga t\u00eb pasurit nj\u00eb avokat t\u00eb pranish\u00ebm (Gov.UK, 2014; NAAN, 2018a<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Nuk ka ndonj\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00eb ligjore q\u00eb policia t\u00eb caktoj\u00eb nj\u00eb t\u00eb Rritur t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb arrestuarit e mosh\u00ebs 18 vje\u00e7 ose m\u00eb t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr, por ata jan\u00eb t\u00eb detyruar ta b\u00ebjn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb p\u00ebr personat e mosh\u00ebs 17 vje\u00e7 ose n\u00ebn (psh. Dehaghani, 2017a, p.sh. fq. 190<\/em>). Sidoqoft\u00eb, n\u00ebse nj\u00eb i rritur i p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm nuk em\u00ebrohet dhe m\u00eb von\u00eb rezulton se nj\u00eb duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb qen\u00eb, provat e mbledhura pa t\u00eb pranishmit e duhur t\u00eb rritur – p\u00ebr shembull gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb interviste policore – mund t\u00eb mos mbahen n\u00eb gjykat\u00eb. Megjith\u00ebk\u00ebt\u00eb, shifrat e vitit 2014 treguan se, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn 39% e atyre q\u00eb ishin n\u00eb kontakt me prov\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb do t\u00eb kishin p\u00ebrmbushur pragun p\u00ebr t\u00eb patur nj\u00eb prezent t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb rritur (Bath, 2014a), zona t\u00eb caktuara t\u00eb Britanis\u00eb s\u00eb Madhe k\u00ebrkuan sh\u00ebrbimin n\u00eb vet\u00ebm 0.016% t\u00eb rasteve (Dush, 2014b).<\/p>\n

Sipas Chris Bath, shefi ekzekutiv i Rrjetit Komb\u00ebtar t\u00eb t\u00eb Rriturve t\u00eb P\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar, pragu p\u00ebr em\u00ebrimin e t\u00eb rriturve t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb efektivisht m\u00eb i ul\u00ebt n\u00eb raste t\u00eb lidhura me terrorizmin sesa n\u00eb raste t\u00eb tjera. Nga k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimi i policis\u00eb, \u00e7\u00ebshtjet e lidhura me terrorizmin jan\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura edhe me m\u00eb shum\u00eb burime dhe me nj\u00eb shkall\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb rreziku, duke rritur stimuj p\u00ebr zbatimin e t\u00eb gjitha masave mbrojt\u00ebse q\u00eb do t\u00eb mbronin vlefshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e provave dhe do t\u00eb shmangnin sfid\u00ebn e ardhshme ose kolapsin e ndjekjeve penale. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, disa leht\u00ebsira t\u00eb kujdestaris\u00eb TACT jan\u00eb t\u00eb vendosura n\u00eb zona, ku nuk ka sh\u00ebrbime t\u00eb organizuara t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb rriturit n\u00eb dispozicion p\u00ebr t\u00eb rriturit (Bath, 2018).<\/p>\n

Meqen\u00ebse kriteret p\u00ebr nj\u00eb t\u00eb rritur t\u00eb ndaluar q\u00eb ka nj\u00eb t\u00eb Rritur t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm t\u00eb em\u00ebruar – n\u00eb lidhje me terrorizmin si n\u00eb raste t\u00eb tjera – \u00ebsht\u00eb se personi \u00ebsht\u00eb \u2018i preksh\u00ebm\u2019, koncepti i cenueshm\u00ebris\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb zem\u00ebr t\u00eb praktik\u00ebs (shiko gjithashtu Dehaghani, 2017b<\/em>). \u00cbsht\u00eb interesante se n\u00eb vitin 2018, n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn ver\u00eb kur Mbret\u00ebria e Bashkuar nisi strategjin\u00eb e saj t\u00eb re CONTEST, u rishikua gjithashtu rregullorja e vendit p\u00ebr ndalimin, trajtimin dhe marrjen n\u00eb pyetje nga oficer\u00ebt e policis\u00eb (Akti i Policis\u00eb dhe D\u00ebshmis\u00eb Kriminale, PACE) duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb specifikisht p\u00ebrcaktimin e tij t\u00eb “dob\u00ebsis\u00eb”. Rishikimet n\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktimin e cenueshm\u00ebris\u00eb p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn m\u00ebnyr\u00eb si versionin e PACE, q\u00eb rregullon arrestimet e zakonshme – Kodin C – dhe versionin q\u00eb rregullon ndalimin, trajtimin dhe marrjen n\u00eb pyetje nga policia n\u00ebn ACT Terrorism (TACT) n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar – Kodi H (Home Office, 2018a, 2018b<\/em>). Meqen\u00ebse fokusi i k\u00ebtij artikulli \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmin, vet\u00ebm Kodi H do t\u00eb diskutohet k\u00ebtu.<\/p>\n

Para ver\u00ebs s\u00eb vitit 2018, PACE i p\u00ebrshkroi ‘t\u00eb rriturit’ e preksh\u00ebm si ‘njer\u00ebz q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb \u00e7rregulluar mend\u00ebrisht ose t\u00eb preksh\u00ebm mend\u00ebrisht<\/em>‘, dhe m\u00eb tej deklaroi:<\/p>\n

“(m)plot\u00ebsisht i cenuesh\u00ebm” vlen p\u00ebr \u00e7do t\u00eb paraburgosur q\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb gjendjes s\u00eb tyre mendore ose aft\u00ebsis\u00eb, nuk mund ta kuptoj\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e asaj q\u00eb thuhet, t\u00eb pyetjeve ose t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjeve t\u00eb tyre. “\u00c7rregullimi mendor” p\u00ebrcaktohet n\u00eb Ligjin e Sh\u00ebndetit Mendor 1983, seksioni 1 (2) si “\u00e7do \u00e7rregullim ose paaft\u00ebsi e mendjes”. (Home Office, 2017a dhe 2017b – Kodet C dhe H, Sh\u00ebnime p\u00ebr Udh\u00ebzimin 1D dhe 1G<\/em>)<\/p>\n

Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, n\u00ebse nj\u00eb i paraburgosur kishte nj\u00eb \u00e7rregullim mendor, ai person do t\u00eb kategorizohej si i preksh\u00ebm dhe duhet t\u00eb em\u00ebronte nj\u00eb t\u00eb rritur t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm. N\u00ebse i arrestuari nuk do t\u00eb kishte nj\u00eb \u00e7rregullim mendor, personi prap\u00ebseprap\u00eb mund t\u00eb kategorizohet si i preksh\u00ebm, n\u00ebse nuk e kuptojn\u00eb (dometh\u00ebnien e) \u00e7far\u00eb thuhej ose \u00e7far\u00eb thoshin ata vet\u00eb. N\u00eb korrik 2018, ky protokoll ndryshoi me p\u00ebrkufizimin e ri t\u00eb PACE-s\u00eb p\u00ebr ‘dob\u00ebsi’. Sipas kodit t\u00eb ri:<\/p>\n

(d) “i preksh\u00ebm” vlen p\u00ebr \u00e7do person, i cili p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb gjendjes s\u00eb tyre sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore mendore ose \u00e7rregullimit mendor (\u2026):
\n(i) mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar ose komunikuar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb efektive n\u00eb lidhje me implikimet e plota p\u00ebr to p\u00ebr \u00e7do procedur\u00eb dhe procese t\u00eb lidhura me:<\/p>\n

\u2022 arrestimi dhe ndalimi i tyre n\u00eb nj\u00eb stacion policie ose gjetk\u00eb;
\n\u2022 ushtrimin e t\u00eb drejtave dhe t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb tyre.<\/p>\n

(ii) nuk duket se e kupton dometh\u00ebnien e asaj q\u00eb u thuhet, p\u00ebr pyetjet q\u00eb u b\u00ebhen ose p\u00ebrgjigjet e tyre.
\n(iii) duket se \u00ebsht\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht i prirur p\u00ebr:<\/p>\n

\u2022 t\u00eb b\u00ebhen konfuz\u00eb dhe t\u00eb paqart\u00eb p\u00ebr pozicionin e tyre;
\n\u2022 sigurimi i informacionit jo t\u00eb besuesh\u00ebm, mashtrues ose inkriminues pa e ditur ose d\u00ebshiruar ta b\u00ebj\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb;
\n\u2022 duke pranuar ose vepruar n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb sugjerimeve nga t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt pa e ditur ose nuk d\u00ebshirojn\u00eb ta b\u00ebjn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb; ose
\n\u2022 duke r\u00ebn\u00eb dakord me gatishm\u00ebri p\u00ebr sugjerime ose propozime pa ndonj\u00eb protest\u00eb apo pyetje. (Zyra e Brendshme, 2018b – Kodi H – seksioni 1.17. Kodi C, pjesa 1.13 jep nj\u00eb p\u00ebrkufizim pothuajse identik, Zyra e Brendshme, 2018a<\/em>).<\/p>\n

K\u00ebto ndryshime do t\u00eb thoshin q\u00eb pas ver\u00ebs s\u00eb vitit 2018, vet\u00ebm ata q\u00eb plot\u00ebsuan testin e funksionalitetit \u2019t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar m\u00eb sip\u00ebr do t\u00eb llogariten si t\u00eb cenuesh\u00ebm dhe pasi plot\u00ebsimi i pragut p\u00ebr em\u00ebrimin e tyre t\u00eb nj\u00eb t\u00eb rrituri t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm (NAAN, 2018b ofron nj\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhje t\u00eb plot\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj dhe rishikimet e tjera t\u00eb PACE<\/em>). Nd\u00ebrsa m\u00eb par\u00eb, nj\u00eb i paraburgosur me nj\u00eb \u00e7rregullim mendor t\u00eb diagnostikuar do t\u00eb konsiderohej automatikisht i cenuesh\u00ebm dhe pasi kishte p\u00ebrmbushur pragun p\u00ebr t\u00eb pasur nj\u00eb t\u00eb rritur t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm, nj\u00eb individ i till\u00eb tani do t\u00eb p\u00ebrkufizohej si i preksh\u00ebm dhe do t\u00eb merrte nj\u00eb t\u00eb rritur t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme vet\u00ebm n\u00ebse ai person do t\u00eb shihej gjithashtu se funksionalisht i cenuesh\u00ebm. Sa i p\u00ebrket kritereve t\u00eb m\u00ebsip\u00ebrme, kjo do t\u00eb n\u00ebnkuptonte n\u00eb radh\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi n\u00eb t\u00eb kuptuarit dhe komunikimin, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyra t\u00eb v\u00ebzhguara dhe t\u00eb identifikueshme p\u00ebr policin\u00eb. Kjo e fundit \u00ebsht\u00eb dometh\u00ebn\u00ebse dhe lidhet me nj\u00eb ndryshim tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm t\u00eb PACE me versionin 2018, me sa duket duke ngritur m\u00eb tej pragun p\u00ebr em\u00ebrimin e T\u00eb rriturit e p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm<\/em>. Versioni i m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm i dokumentit thoshte se i arrestuari duhet t\u00eb trajtohet si i preksh\u00ebm – dhe k\u00ebshtu t\u00eb menj\u00ebhersh\u00ebm em\u00ebrimi i nj\u00eb t\u00eb Rrituri t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm – n\u00ebse policia “dyshon p\u00ebr gjendjen mendore ose aft\u00ebsin\u00eb e t\u00eb arrestuarit<\/em>” (Home Office, 2017a, 2017b, Sh\u00ebnime p\u00ebr Udh\u00ebzimin 1G, theks i shtuar<\/em>). N\u00eb versionin e vitit 2018, kjo u ndryshua p\u00ebr t\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb q\u00eb nj\u00eb person duhet t\u00eb trajtohet si i preksh\u00ebm dhe t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb t\u00eb Rritur t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm t\u00eb em\u00ebruar n\u00ebse nj\u00eb oficer “ka ndonj\u00eb arsye t\u00eb dyshoj\u00eb<\/em>” se nj\u00eb person mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb i preksh\u00ebm (Home Office, 2018b seksioni 1.10, shtoi theksin<\/em>). Kodi nuk jepte ndonj\u00eb udh\u00ebzim se si sakt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohej, n\u00ebse kishte pasur sufficient arsye \u2019t\u00eb mjaftueshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb besuar se nj\u00eb i arrestuar ishte n\u00eb fakt i cenuesh\u00ebm<\/em>.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebto ndryshime n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si PACE e p\u00ebrcaktoi dhe afroi ndjeshm\u00ebrin\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb efektive largoi \u00e7rregullimet e sh\u00ebndetit mendor nga p\u00ebrfshirja e qart\u00eb n\u00eb kategorin\u00eb e “cenueshm\u00ebris\u00eb” brenda k\u00ebsaj pjese specifike t\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit dhe praktik\u00ebs s\u00eb siguris\u00eb n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar. Kjo gjithashtu dukej se kufizonte mund\u00ebsit\u00eb p\u00ebr ata q\u00eb kan\u00eb nj\u00eb diagnoz\u00eb t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor p\u00ebr t\u00eb hyr\u00eb n\u00eb mas\u00ebn mbrojt\u00ebse t\u00eb siguruar duke pasur nj\u00eb t\u00eb rritur t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm t\u00eb pranish\u00ebm n\u00eb momente t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme gjat\u00eb ndalimit t\u00eb tyre. Edhe pse n\u00eb dukje t\u00eb palidhur, dhe q\u00eb ndodhin n\u00eb nj\u00eb lokacion shum\u00eb specifik n\u00eb topografin\u00eb n\u00eb ndryshim t\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar, \u00ebsht\u00eb befasuese q\u00eb kjo ka ndodhur n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb kur kujdesi sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor dhe s\u00ebmundja mendore u vendos\u00ebn n\u00eb zem\u00ebr t\u00eb CONTEST – dhe si mandat i qendrat e sh\u00ebndetit mendor u zgjeruan m\u00eb tej n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn Pursue. T\u00eb marra s\u00eb bashku me p\u00ebrfshirjen e vazhdueshme t\u00eb nj\u00eb kategorie t\u00eb zb\u00ebrthyer t\u00eb ‘sh\u00ebndetit mendor’ n\u00eb vler\u00ebsimin e rrezikut t\u00eb lidhur me terrorizmin, k\u00ebto praktika duket se p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsojn\u00eb nj\u00eb ripaketim t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsive mendore, s\u00ebmundjes mendore dhe \/ ose \u00e7rregullimeve mendore nga t\u00eb qenurit konsideruesh\u00ebm si dob\u00ebsi p\u00ebr tu adresuar si rreziqe brenda korniz\u00ebs s\u00eb kund\u00ebr terrorizmit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar.<\/p>\n

Qendrat e sh\u00ebndetit mendor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Praktika p\u00ebrfundimtare q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb trajtohet k\u00ebtu, \u00ebsht\u00eb “qendrat” e sh\u00ebndetit mendor t\u00eb pilotuar n\u00eb tre qytete angleze n\u00eb vitin 2016, me nj\u00eb mandat t\u00eb zgjatur n\u00eb 2017, dhe tani ka t\u00eb ngjar\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebhet nj\u00eb tipar i p\u00ebrhersh\u00ebm i kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar. Qendrat jan\u00eb ndoshta shembulli m\u00eb i qart\u00eb se si idet\u00eb rreth dob\u00ebsive dhe rreziqeve jan\u00eb materializuar n\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmin n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar. Filluar si nj\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunim midis Policis\u00eb Komb\u00ebtare kund\u00ebr Kund\u00ebr-Terrorizmit, NHS (Sh\u00ebrbimi Komb\u00ebtar i Sh\u00ebndetit) p\u00ebrmes Departamentit t\u00eb Sh\u00ebndetit, si dhe Zyr\u00ebs s\u00eb Brendshme (K\u00ebshilli i Shefave t\u00eb Policis\u00eb Komb\u00ebtare [NPCC], 2016), shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsit mor\u00ebn fonde t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebta nga secila t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre organeve. Q\u00ebllimi i artikuluar i qendrave ishte t\u00eb vler\u00ebsonin vler\u00ebn e profesionist\u00ebve t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor q\u00eb punojn\u00eb p\u00ebrkrah oficer\u00ebve t\u00eb policis\u00eb kund\u00ebr terrorizmit. Kjo ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me menaxhimin e individ\u00ebve t\u00eb cil\u00ebve iu referohet policia me \u00e7rregullime mendore t\u00eb njohura ose t\u00eb dyshuara t\u00eb cil\u00ebt mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb ndjesh\u00ebm ndaj radikalizmit dhe ekstremizmit. (Rrjeti i Nd\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsimit p\u00ebr Radikalizimin [RAN] \/ Shefat Kryesor\u00eb t\u00eb Policis\u00eb Komb\u00ebtare t\u00eb Policis\u00eb kund\u00ebr Terrorizmit [NCTPHQ], T\u00eb Paekspozuar; shih gjithashtu NPCC, 2016, 2017, i Pasuar<\/em>)<\/p>\n

Tre qendrat u krijuan n\u00eb Lond\u00ebr (duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb Londr\u00ebn, Jug-Lindjen dhe Jug-Per\u00ebndimin), Birmingham (duke mbuluar Midlands, West Midlands dhe Uells), dhe Manchester (duke mbuluar Veriun). Fillimisht, shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsit kishin p\u00ebr q\u00ebllim t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtesin kund\u00ebr-terrorizmin, policia e p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb Parandalimin e nd\u00ebrlidhjes me sh\u00ebrbimet sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore dhe ofrimin e k\u00ebshillave p\u00ebr Parandalimin dhe ekipet e tjera kund\u00ebr terrorizmit. Nj\u00eb objektiv kryesor q\u00eb nga fillimi ishte “p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimi i t\u00eb kuptuarit t\u00eb policis\u00eb dhe profesionist\u00ebve sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor\u00eb t\u00eb shoqatave midis kushteve t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor dhe cenueshm\u00ebris\u00eb ndaj radikalizmit<\/em>“. Kjo u inicua pasi nj\u00eb program hulumtues kishte identifikuar “nj\u00eb gam\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor dhe v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi psikologjike<\/em>” n\u00eb rreth gjysm\u00ebn e 657 Parandaloni referimet (NPCC, Undated; shih gjithashtu Corner et al., 2018b<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Duke futur profesionist\u00eb t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor brenda ekipeve t\u00eb policis\u00eb, shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsit duhet – q\u00eb nga fillimi i tyre dhe nd\u00ebrsa vazhdojn\u00eb pun\u00ebn e tyre edhe sot – t\u00eb mund\u00ebsojn\u00eb policin\u00eb t\u00eb zbuloj\u00eb m\u00eb her\u00ebt ata q\u00eb kishin ose kishin pasur m\u00eb par\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi n\u00eb sh\u00ebndetin mendor, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb ‘t\u00eb rrisin hyrjen n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimin e zakonsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr individ\u00ebt e cenuesh\u00ebm dhe – si rezultat i nd\u00ebrhyrjes s\u00eb hershme – t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsoj\u00eb rezultatet e sh\u00ebndetit, t\u00eb arrij\u00eb kursime t\u00eb efikasitetit t\u00eb kostos dhe t\u00eb zvog\u00ebloj\u00eb rrezikun p\u00ebr publikun<\/em>‘. (NPCC, Undated; Holden, 2017; Taylor, 2018<\/em>). Nj\u00eb q\u00ebllim tjet\u00ebr ky\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb promovimi i shk\u00ebmbimit t\u00eb informacionit m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb midis sh\u00ebrbimeve sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore dhe policis\u00eb, pasi policia kishte p\u00ebrjetuar probleme me arritjen e mjek\u00ebve n\u00eb t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn (Holden, 2017). Qendrat e p\u00ebrfshira infermier\u00eb t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor, si dhe psikolog\u00eb t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr klinik\u00eb dhe psikiat\u00ebr t\u00eb pun\u00ebsuar nga NHS, duke punuar n\u00eb raste n\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunim t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb me policin\u00eb kund\u00ebr terrorizmit.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb nj\u00eb far\u00eb mase, nisma qendrore e Mbret\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb Bashkuar i ngjan aranzhimeve t\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunimit multisektor diku tjet\u00ebr, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb variacione n\u00eb modelin e SSP (Shkolla, Sh\u00ebrbime Sociale dhe Sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore, dhe Policia) Skandinave, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb PSP (policia, sh\u00ebrbimet sociale dhe psikiatria) n\u00eb Danimark\u00eb (p.sh. Sestoft et al., 2017) – ose, p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht, bashk\u00ebpunimi i zyrtarizuar midis autoriteteve t\u00eb burgjeve dhe Spitalit Universitar Oslo n\u00eb Norvegji (OU, 2019). Sidoqoft\u00eb, fokusi i “modelit skandinav” \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunimin multisektor me baz\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb dhe parandalimin e hersh\u00ebm si pjes\u00eb t\u00eb integruara t\u00eb sigurimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm t\u00eb vendeve t\u00eb vendit (p.sh. Regjeringen, 2019<\/em>). Dhe n\u00eb rastin e fundit, p\u00ebrqendrimi ka qen\u00eb kryesisht n\u00eb adresimin dhe zgjidhjen e pyetjeve rreth p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsis\u00eb penale dhe perspektivat e nj\u00eb ‘mbrojtjeje t\u00eb marr\u00ebzis\u00eb’. Sidoqoft\u00eb, qendrat e Mbret\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb Bashkuar dallohen nga k\u00ebto iniciativa, pasi ato jan\u00eb t\u00eb drejtuara nga policia, mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb aktor\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terroriz\u00ebm dhe siguri, dhe k\u00ebshtu jan\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb katrore brenda nj\u00eb kornize sigurie.<\/p>\n

Zhvillimi i ngarkes\u00ebs s\u00eb pun\u00ebs s\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsve duket se i ka larguar ato edhe m\u00eb larg nga modele t\u00eb tilla si ato skandinave. N\u00eb fillim, shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsit ishin duke punuar pothuajse ekskluzivisht n\u00eb Parandalimin e \u00e7\u00ebshtjeve t\u00eb referimit, megjith\u00ebse q\u00eb n\u00eb fillim kryesisht n\u00eb ato t\u00eb drejtuara nga policia, n\u00eb vend se n\u00eb rastet e Parandalimit q\u00eb u mbajt\u00ebn nga autoritetet lokale (Holden, 2017; NPCC, 2016, Undated). Sidoqoft\u00eb, gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb, shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsit kan\u00eb punuar me referime edhe nga hap\u00ebsira e hetimit, dhe kan\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb me \u00e7\u00ebshtjet live (Taylor, 2018). Kjo duket se paraqet nj\u00eb riorientim t\u00eb objektivave origjinale t\u00eb qendrave nga t\u00eb qenit n\u00eb Parandalimin e p\u00ebrqendruar n\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfshirje gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe me Pursue – n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me zhvillimin e p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm t\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar dhe p\u00ebrafrimin midis k\u00ebtyre dy fillesave CONTEST. Nga nj\u00eb iniciativ\u00eb kryesisht e vendosur t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlidhet midis sh\u00ebrbimeve sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore dhe t\u00eb siguris\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb devijoj\u00eb individ\u00ebt n\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetjen q\u00eb u duhen m\u00eb par\u00eb dhe k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb ata nuk duhet t\u00eb vazhdojn\u00eb dhe t\u00eb kryejn\u00eb krime terroriste, shp\u00ebrndarjet jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb mas\u00eb e mundshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndihmuar hetimet tek individ\u00eb q\u00eb mund t\u00eb tashm\u00eb kan\u00eb kryer krime.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb riorientim i till\u00eb shtron pyetje n\u00ebse shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsit mund t\u00eb rrezikojn\u00eb t\u00eb shnd\u00ebrrohen nga masa t\u00eb kujdesit sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor n\u00eb mjete t\u00eb mbledhjes s\u00eb inteligjenc\u00ebs p\u00ebr p\u00ebrgatitjen ose kryerjen e hetimeve aktive kund\u00ebr terrorizmit. Literaturat kritike t\u00eb siguris\u00eb “let\u00ebrsia” t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendura m\u00eb lart do t\u00eb paralajm\u00ebrojn\u00eb nj\u00eb zhvillim t\u00eb till\u00eb, dhe do t\u00eb jen\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht t\u00eb kujdessh\u00ebm p\u00ebr perspektiv\u00ebn e zgjatjes s\u00eb mandatit t\u00eb qendrave edhe m\u00eb tej, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb fushat e operacioneve t\u00eb fshehta dhe mbik\u00ebqyrjes. N\u00eb krijimin e bursave t\u00eb studimeve t\u00eb tilla t\u00eb siguris\u00eb, tendenca e p\u00ebrgjithshme e antiterrorizmit drejt tej-zgjatjes do t\u00eb garantonte gatishm\u00ebrin\u00eb e shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsve q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren si teknik\u00eb vler\u00ebsimi t\u00eb rrezikut, t\u00eb synuara edhe m\u00eb tej n\u00eb kronologji nga nj\u00eb vep\u00ebr e kryer – n\u00eb kapjen e shenjave t\u00eb lidhura me terrorizmin rreziku n\u00eb sjelljen dhe tiparet individuale.<\/p>\n

Praktikuesit me p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb qendrat duhet t\u00eb pritet t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebmendsh\u00ebm ndaj gam\u00ebs s\u00eb sfidave etike t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshira n\u00eb pun\u00ebn e tyre. Sidoqoft\u00eb, shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsit i vendosin ata n\u00eb nj\u00eb rol t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm nga ai i zakonsh\u00ebm, pasi kryesisht jan\u00eb ofruesit e kujdesit sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor NHS: n\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebset, ata ofrojn\u00eb policin\u00eb kund\u00ebr terrorizmit me vler\u00ebsime direkte dhe indirekte (d.m.th., vler\u00ebsime q\u00eb nuk bazohen n\u00eb takim brenda personit me pacientin) t\u00eb individ\u00ebve q\u00eb shqet\u00ebsojn\u00eb dhe nuk jan\u00eb vet\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb trajtimin e individ\u00ebve (Bhui, 2016; NPCC, Undated; also Stanley, 2018; Yakeley & Taylor, 2017<\/em>). P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, nd\u00ebrsa nuk ka asnj\u00eb arsye p\u00ebr t\u00eb besuar se shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsit nuk u p\u00ebrmbahen ligjeve dhe rregulloreve p\u00ebr ndarjen e informacionit dhe konfidencialitetit, ata do t\u00eb kishin b\u00ebr\u00eb hyrjen n\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat individuale sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore, p\u00ebr shembull, m\u00eb t\u00eb leht\u00eb p\u00ebr autoritetet e siguris\u00eb – sesa kur k\u00ebto do t\u00eb duhej t’u afroheshin t\u00eb tilla regjistrime nga ‘jasht\u00eb’ (shih gjithashtu British Medical Journal, 2017a; Wright, 2016).<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb tjet\u00ebr, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsit mund t\u00eb sfidojn\u00eb rolet tradicionale t\u00eb nj\u00eb ofruesi t\u00eb kujdesit sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor mendor, \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb ato t\u00eb hapen p\u00ebr devijimin e njer\u00ebzve t\u00eb cenuesh\u00ebm larg ndjekjes penale dhe n\u00eb trajtimin e ‘shtegut t\u00eb kujdesit urgjent’ (vet\u00ebm) n\u00ebse konsiderohen n\u00eb rrezik rrezatimi ose kryerja e nj\u00eb vepre penale t\u00eb lidhur me terrorizmin (NPCC, Unated, f. 2018<\/em>). Nj\u00eb nga objektivat fillestare t\u00eb qendrave ishte t\u00eb ndihmonte n\u00eb ofrimin e kujdesit sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor mendor p\u00ebr ata q\u00eb kan\u00eb nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos i d\u00ebmtuar ata dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt. E nj\u00ebjta gj\u00eb, si\u00e7 u vu n\u00eb dukje n\u00eb nj\u00eb raport t\u00eb fundit, kjo mund t\u00eb krijoj\u00eb ‘stimuj q\u00eb praktikuesit t\u00eb referojn\u00eb pacient\u00ebt p\u00ebr t\u00eb parandaluar’, n\u00ebse ata parashikuan q\u00eb pacient\u00ebt n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb do t\u00eb merrnin m\u00eb shpejt trajtimin (Heath-Kelly & Strausz, 2018, f. 53\u2013 54). Paraqitjet e tilla t\u00eb gabuara t\u00eb profileve individuale t\u00eb diagnostikimit dhe t\u00eb rreziqeve mund t\u00eb kategorizojn\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb panevojshme dik\u00eb si nj\u00eb subjekt t\u00eb interesit t\u00eb lidhur me terrorizmin dhe minojn\u00eb besimin n\u00eb autoritetet e sh\u00ebndetit dhe sigurin\u00eb.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrve\u00e7 evolucionit praktik dhe operacional t\u00eb qendrave, p\u00ebrshkrimet e autoriteteve t\u00eb tyre kontribuojn\u00eb gjithashtu p\u00ebr t\u00eb rimarrur ‘dob\u00ebsit\u00eb’ e lidhura me sh\u00ebndetin mendor p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kontekst kund\u00ebr terrorizmit. Si\u00e7 p\u00ebrmblidhet nga K\u00ebshilli i Shefave t\u00eb Policis\u00eb Komb\u00ebtare,<\/p>\n

Jo t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto raste t\u00eb ofruara mb\u00ebshtetje (pas vler\u00ebsimit nga qendrat) do t\u00eb ken\u00eb nj\u00eb cenueshm\u00ebri t\u00eb CT, por t\u00eb gjitha do t\u00eb ken\u00eb nevoja t\u00eb paplota sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore. Klinik\u00ebt jan\u00eb futur brenda policis\u00eb Parandalojn\u00eb ekipet dhe s\u00eb bashku ata po zvog\u00eblojn\u00eb rrezikun p\u00ebr individ\u00ebt dhe publikun. (NPCC, 2017)<\/p>\n

N\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme, n\u00eb nj\u00eb intervist\u00eb p\u00ebr 2017, drejtimi i policis\u00eb n\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmin n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar shpjegoi q\u00eb policia dhe sh\u00ebrbimet e kujdesit sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsor duheshin t\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunonin ngusht\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb ndalonin njer\u00ebzit e cenuesh\u00ebm (dhe ata) me \u00e7\u00ebshtje t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor t\u00eb radikalizohen. Sepse, ai tha \u2018(i) n\u00ebse ne nuk nd\u00ebrhyjm\u00eb mjaft shpejt, viktima b\u00ebhet nj\u00eb dhunues shum\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00eb<\/em>‘ (BMJ, 2017b<\/em>). K\u00ebto deklarata sugjerojn\u00eb nj\u00eb luhatje n\u00eb kufijt\u00eb konceptual midis sh\u00ebndetit mendor – dhe \/ ose prekshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb lidhur me kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit, dhe midis cenueshm\u00ebris\u00eb dhe rreziqeve – dhe midis rreziqeve q\u00eb individ\u00ebt mund t\u00eb paraqesin p\u00ebr veten e tyre dhe \/ ose p\u00ebr publikun. shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebset si pjes\u00eb e nj\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrimi t\u00eb shtuar kund\u00ebr terrorizmit n\u00eb sh\u00ebndetin mendor brenda Parandalimit, si dhe l\u00ebvizja e shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsve drejt p\u00ebrfshirjes m\u00eb t\u00eb qart\u00eb n\u00eb ndjekjen m\u00eb t\u00eb ‘drejtuar nga siguria’ t\u00eb ndjekur sugjerojn\u00eb nj\u00eb drejtim t\u00eb caktuar t\u00eb udh\u00ebtimit: Drejt ndjeshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor duke u b\u00ebr\u00eb gradualisht pjes\u00eb t\u00eb fush\u00ebs konceptuale t\u00eb rrezikut t\u00eb lidhur me terrorizmin, dhe duke u adresuar si i till\u00eb brenda sistemit t\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar (shih gjithashtu Holden, 2017; Stanley, 2018<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Konkluzionet<\/strong><\/p>\n

Strategjia kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar p\u00ebr vitin 2018 propozoi n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb implicite nj\u00eb rivler\u00ebsim t\u00eb pjessh\u00ebm diskursiv t\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit: nga t\u00eb qenit rreth mbrojtjes (publikut dhe shtetit) nga rreziqet e siguris\u00eb, deri te ofrimi i mb\u00ebshtetjes (p\u00ebr individ\u00ebt) n\u00eb menaxhimin dhe tejkalimin e dob\u00ebsive – dhe nj\u00eb ndryshim p\u00ebrkat\u00ebs n\u00eb vendndodhjen e fush\u00ebs midis kujdesit dhe siguris\u00eb. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, zyrtarizimi i dob\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor dhe mbrojtja n\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmin n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar duket se nuk ka ndryshuar llogaritjen e p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb rrezikut kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit, por thjesht p\u00ebrfshiu ndjeshm\u00ebrin\u00eb si “llojin e hersh\u00ebm” t\u00eb (potencialit) t\u00eb rrezikut. Nd\u00ebrsa ‘cenueshm\u00ebria’ nga perspektiva e shtetit ka qen\u00eb e lidhur konvencionale me munges\u00ebn e aft\u00ebsive dhe nevojave t\u00eb kujdesit (p.sh. DoH, 2014; Akti i Kujdesit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar, 2014<\/em>), kund\u00ebr-terrorizmi n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar tani duket se \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb i drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb n\u00eb lidhjen e ndjeshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor n\u00eb nj\u00eb aft\u00ebsi t\u00eb mundshme p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfshirje n\u00eb terroriz\u00ebm. Nga nj\u00eb vendndodhje par\u00ebsore konceptuale brenda nj\u00eb l\u00ebmi t\u00eb kujdesit, \u2018cenueshm\u00ebria\u2019 tani duket relativisht m\u00eb e lidhur me nj\u00eb faz\u00eb t\u00eb hershme t\u00eb nj\u00eb afati kohor t\u00eb parashikuar t\u00eb para-sulmit, duke nxitur p\u00ebrgjigje q\u00eb theksojn\u00eb menaxhimin e rrezikut t\u00eb krimit, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb mbik\u00ebqyrja dhe hetimi, sesa nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb trajtimi.<\/p>\n

Qasjet praktike ndaj sh\u00ebndetit mendor t\u00eb shqyrtuara n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull tregojn\u00eb se si shqet\u00ebsimet qendrore rreth sh\u00ebndetit mendor jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb praktikat e brendshme kund\u00ebr terrorizmit t\u00eb asaj q\u00eb mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb shteti kryesor i Evrop\u00ebs n\u00eb terren. N\u00eb m\u00ebnyra t\u00eb ndryshme, ato mund t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbejn\u00eb si frym\u00ebzim dhe paralajm\u00ebrim p\u00ebr shtetet e tjera n\u00eb k\u00ebrkim t\u00eb politikave m\u00eb t\u00eb mira kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit dhe m\u00ebnyrave n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshihen konsideratat e sh\u00ebndetit mendor. N\u00eb nj\u00eb nivel baz\u00eb, t\u00eb tre praktikat zbulojn\u00eb se kund\u00ebr-terrorizmi n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar e konsideron sh\u00ebndetin mendor si t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm p\u00ebr adresimin e terrorizmit, dhe e konsideron sh\u00ebndetin e s\u00ebmur\u00eb mendor – nga \u00e7rregullimet e diagnostikuara deri n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje q\u00eb mund t\u00eb mos p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb psikiatri – si nj\u00eb rrezik dhe si nj\u00eb dob\u00ebsi, ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb. P\u00ebrvoja relativisht e gjat\u00eb brenda Mbret\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb Bashkuar (krahasuar me shum\u00eb vende t\u00eb tjera per\u00ebndimore) me p\u00ebrdorimin e specializuar t\u00eb vler\u00ebsimit t\u00eb rrezikut dhe rrezikshm\u00ebris\u00eb n\u00eb lidhje me terrorizmin si dhe shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebs t\u00eb p\u00ebrkushtuar t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor duhet t\u00eb siguroj\u00eb disa m\u00ebsime p\u00ebr ato vende t\u00eb interesuara p\u00ebr zhvillimin e modeleve t\u00eb ngjashme.<\/p>\n

Merrni qendrat e sh\u00ebndetit mendor<\/strong>. Megjith\u00ebse ende nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb kryer ndonj\u00eb studim i plot\u00eb mbi ta, provat anekdotale sugjerojn\u00eb q\u00eb sh\u00ebndeti mendor i ka devijuar me sukses individ\u00ebt e preksh\u00ebm p\u00ebr arsye t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetit mendor n\u00eb trajtim, n\u00eb vend q\u00eb t’i bllokoj\u00eb ata n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb t\u00eb ndjekjes penale. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, zhvillimi i shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsve, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht p\u00ebrfshirja e tyre n\u00eb rritje n\u00eb raste t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejta, jan\u00eb d\u00ebshmi e bashkimit n\u00eb rritje midis fillimeve t\u00eb Parandalimit dhe Ndjekjes s\u00eb Antiterrorizmit n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar. Ky n\u00ebnvizim i kufijve midis k\u00ebtyre dy fillesave t\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit tregon nj\u00eb rishikim t\u00eb sekuencave t\u00eb supozuara t\u00eb nj\u00eb kronologjie para sulmit, dhe m\u00eb thelb\u00ebsore, t\u00eb kauzalitetit t\u00eb terrorizmit. Kjo p\u00ebrs\u00ebri duket se manifeston ndryshimin e fokusit t\u00eb veprimit kund\u00ebr terrorizmit m\u00eb tej n\u00eb nj\u00eb zinxhir t\u00eb supozuar shkakor q\u00eb \u00e7on n\u00eb veprime kriminale – me nj\u00eb d\u00ebshir\u00eb p\u00ebr veprim politik m\u00eb shum\u00eb sesa nj\u00eb prov\u00eb e sh\u00ebndosh\u00eb si shtyt\u00ebsi i k\u00ebtij ndryshimi. Para se kund\u00ebr-terrorizmi n\u00eb Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Bashkuar ose gjetk\u00eb t\u00eb vazhdoj\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb drejtim, ekziston nj\u00eb nevoj\u00eb e qart\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb stoqe dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb baz\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00eb provuese mbi t\u00eb cil\u00ebn do t\u00eb vazhdohet.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, k\u00ebto fusha t\u00eb ndryshme kund\u00ebr terrorizmit nuk ofrojn\u00eb udh\u00ebzime shtes\u00eb dhe mjaft t\u00eb nevojshme se si, sakt\u00ebsisht, dob\u00ebsit\u00eb e ndryshme mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr t\u00eb parandaluar terrorizmin, ose se si k\u00ebto mund t\u00eb manifestohen ose t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebzhguara n\u00eb praktik\u00eb – ose mbi at\u00eb q\u00eb mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb mekanizmat e sakt\u00eb duke e b\u00ebr\u00eb ‘sh\u00ebndetin mendor’ nj\u00eb cenueshm\u00ebri dhe \/ ose nj\u00eb rrezik n\u00eb kontekstin specifik t\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmit. Mungesa e nj\u00eb udh\u00ebzimi t\u00eb till\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha praktikat e shqyrtuara k\u00ebtu krijon mund\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb ardhur keq p\u00ebr grupimin e popullatave si ‘t\u00eb preksh\u00ebm’ ose ‘t\u00eb rreziksh\u00ebm’ t\u00eb cil\u00ebt n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb dhe q\u00eb mund t\u00eb ken\u00eb pak t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebta p\u00ebr sa i p\u00ebrket m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs sesi duhen afruar me kuptim nga kund\u00ebr-terrorizmi.<\/p>\n

Mir\u00ebnjohje<\/strong><\/p>\n

Autorja \u00ebsht\u00eb mir\u00ebnjoh\u00ebse p\u00ebr mb\u00ebshtetjen e Ministris\u00eb Norvegjeze t\u00eb Drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe Siguris\u00eb Publike, e cila siguroi fonde t\u00eb pjes\u00ebshme p\u00ebr hulumtimin n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin artikulli bazohet. Faleminderit gjithashtu Ole Martin Stormoen p\u00ebr mb\u00ebshtetje t\u00eb pa\u00e7muar dhe redaktimin e kopjeve.<\/p>\n

Deklarata e zbulimit<\/strong><\/p>\n

Asnj\u00eb konflikt i mundsh\u00ebm i interesit nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb raportuar nga autorja.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnime rreth kontribuesit<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rita Augestad Knudsen \u00ebsht\u00eb Studiuese e Lart\u00eb p\u00ebr Antiterrorizmin n\u00eb Institutin Norvegjez p\u00ebr \u00c7\u00ebshtje Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare (NUPI), Grupin e Siguris\u00eb dhe Mbrojtjes dhe Drejtorin\u00eb Menaxhuese t\u00eb Konsorciumit p\u00ebr K\u00ebrkime rreth Terrorizmit dhe Krimit Nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar.<\/p>\n

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Informacion shtes\u00eb<\/strong>
\nFinancimi<\/strong>
\nAutorja \u00ebsht\u00eb mir\u00ebnjoh\u00ebse p\u00ebr mb\u00ebshtetjen e Ministris\u00eb Norvegjeze t\u00eb Drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe Siguris\u00eb Publike, e cila siguroi fonde t\u00eb pjes\u00ebshme p\u00ebr hulumtimin n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin artikulli bazohet.<\/em><\/p>\n

________<\/p>\n

1. Rita Augestad Knudsen – gruaja e Albin Kurtit
\nBurimi<\/strong>: https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/19434472.2019.1703782<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nga Rita Augestad Knudsen1 – Revista Drini – 10 Janar 2020 P\u00ebrktheu Arben \u00c7okaj Marr\u00eb me 30 tet. 2019, Pranuar me 09 dhj. 2019, Publikuar n\u00eblinj\u00eb: 06 Jan 2020 ABSTRAKTI Marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnia midis terrorizmit dhe sh\u00ebndetit mendor ka qen\u00eb nj\u00eb shqet\u00ebsim i studiuesve p\u00ebr dekada t\u00eb t\u00ebra. Deri m\u00eb tani, literatura \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrqendruar n\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet midis […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":49670,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-49669","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-artikuj","category-histori"],"yoast_head":"\nMes cenueshm\u00ebris\u00eb dhe rrezikut? 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Sh\u00ebndeti mendor n\u00eb kund\u00ebr-terrorizmin e Mbret\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb Bashkuar (UK) - FJALA e LIR\u00cb","og_description":"Nga Rita Augestad Knudsen1 – Revista Drini – 10 Janar 2020 P\u00ebrktheu Arben \u00c7okaj Marr\u00eb me 30 tet. 2019, Pranuar me 09 dhj. 2019, Publikuar n\u00eblinj\u00eb: 06 Jan 2020 ABSTRAKTI Marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnia midis terrorizmit dhe sh\u00ebndetit mendor ka qen\u00eb nj\u00eb shqet\u00ebsim i studiuesve p\u00ebr dekada t\u00eb t\u00ebra. 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