{"id":52291,"date":"2020-03-06T10:37:11","date_gmt":"2020-03-06T09:37:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/?p=52291"},"modified":"2020-03-06T10:37:11","modified_gmt":"2020-03-06T09:37:11","slug":"poezia-epike-antike-greke","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/poezia-epike-antike-greke\/","title":{"rendered":"POEZIA EPIKE ANTIKE GREKE"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"XhelalXhelal Zejneli<\/strong><\/p>\n

Let\u00ebrsia klasike greke fillon me dy poemat e m\u00ebdha epike, me \u201cIliad\u00ebn\u201d<\/em><\/strong> dhe \u201cOdisen\u00eb\u201d<\/em><\/strong>, t\u00eb cilat bota antike mendonte se i kishte krijuar Homeri<\/strong>, ndon\u00ebse p\u00ebr t\u00eb nuk dinte pothuajse asgj\u00eb. P\u00ebr shum\u00eb qytete greke \u00ebsht\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb se jan\u00eb vendlindja e poetit. Duke u nisur nga ve\u00e7orit\u00eb gjuh\u00ebsore t\u00eb poemave, shkenca ka pranuar si m\u00eb t\u00eb mundsh\u00ebm Smirn\u00ebn, qytet kolonial grek n\u00eb Azi t\u00eb Vog\u00ebl (Izmiri i sot\u00ebm).<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr Homerin mendohet t\u00eb ket\u00eb jetuar aty nga shekulli IX para K. Babai i historiografis\u00eb greke, Herodoti <\/strong>(shekulli V para K.) thot\u00eb se Homeri dhe Hesiodi<\/strong> kan\u00eb jetuar kat\u00ebr shekuj para tij. Por, nj\u00eb mendim tjet\u00ebr e sjell Homerin n\u00eb shekullin VIII para K. Homeri duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb jetuar shum\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb nga koha kur ka ndodhur lufta e Troj\u00ebs midis trojan\u00ebve dhe grek\u00ebve dhe nga kthimi i k\u00ebtyre t\u00eb fundit n\u00eb atdhe. N\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00ebn VI t\u00eb \u201cIliad\u00ebs\u201d<\/em> poeti flet p\u00ebr breznit\u00eb e ardhshme <\/em>q\u00eb do t\u00eb k\u00ebndojn\u00eb sherrin q\u00eb plasi p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb rr\u00ebmbimit t\u00eb Helen\u00ebs nga Paridi. N\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00ebn V, ku tregohen b\u00ebmat e heroit grek Diomedit, thuhet se ai \u201crroku nj\u00eb shk\u00ebmb t\u00eb madh hata, saq\u00eb dy burra q\u00eb jetojn\u00eb sot, prej vendi s\u2019mund ta luajn\u00eb\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

Kjo dhe t\u00eb tjera fakte tregojn\u00eb se Homeri flet p\u00ebr koh\u00eb dhe ngjarje t\u00eb hershme, t\u00eb k\u00ebnduara para tij nga aed\u00eb<\/em><\/strong> dhe rapsod\u00eb<\/strong><\/em>, emrat historik\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebve kan\u00eb humbur n\u00eb mjegullnajat e koh\u00ebve, duke u veshur shpesh me petkun e<\/em> fantazis\u00eb<\/em> dhe t\u00eb legjend\u00ebs<\/em>. E till\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb goj\u00ebdh\u00ebna p\u00ebr k\u00ebng\u00ebtarin Orfe<\/em><\/strong>, bir i muz\u00ebs Kaliopi<\/em><\/strong>, i cili me k\u00ebng\u00ebt e tij magjepste kafsh\u00ebt e egra, uj\u00ebrat i b\u00ebnte t\u00eb ndalnin rrjedh\u00ebn e tyre dhe pyllin t\u2019i shkonte pas. N\u00eb gurr\u00ebn e pasur t\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00ebve t\u00eb lashta t\u00eb krijuara nd\u00ebr shekuj, i njomi buz\u00ebt e saj muza e poetit, q\u00eb me \u201cIliad\u00ebn\u201d<\/em> dhe \u201cOdisen\u00eb\u201d<\/em> i ngriti p\u00ebrmendore jo vet\u00ebm heroizmit<\/em> por edhe bukuris\u00eb s\u00eb artit popullor<\/em>, q\u00eb humbi n\u00eb err\u00ebsir\u00ebn e shekujve p\u00ebr t\u2019u ringjallur n\u00eb k\u00ebto dy poema.<\/p>\n

S\u2019ka dyshim se edhe para Homerit ka gjall\u00ebruar nj\u00eb let\u00ebrsi gojore e pasur, me k\u00ebng\u00eb dhe himne<\/em> t\u00eb ndryshme kushtuar hyjnive, heronjve dhe b\u00ebmave t\u00eb tyre. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb flasin dy poemat e m\u00ebdha, vlerat e larta artistike t\u00eb t\u00eb cilave d\u00ebshmojn\u00eb qart\u00eb se ato jan\u00eb, jo fillimi, por mbarimi i p\u00ebrkryer i nj\u00eb procesi letrar t\u00eb gjat\u00eb. P\u00ebrpunimin p\u00ebrfundimtar t\u00eb \u201cIliad\u00ebs\u201d<\/em> dhe t\u00eb \u201cOdises\u00eb\u201d<\/em> n\u00eb gjendjen q\u00eb ne i njohim sot, shum\u00eb studiues e \u00e7ojn\u00eb n\u00eb shekujt VIII-VII para K.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u00c7\u00cbSHTJA HOMERIKE\u201d<\/strong> – P\u00ebr Homerin <\/strong>(shekulli VIII para K.) asgj\u00eb s\u2019<\/strong>dihet me sakt\u00ebsi. P\u00ebr\u00a0 t\u00eb ka mendime t\u00eb ndryshme si:<\/p>\n

– epoka antike e konsideronte personalitet historik;
\n– e konsiderojn\u00eb autor t\u00eb ep\u00ebve \u201cIliada\u201d <\/em>dhe \u201cOdisea<\/em>;
\n– \u00ebsht\u00eb i vetmi krijues i dy poemave \u00a0<\/em>t\u00eb sip\u00ebrth\u00ebna;
\n– \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga autor\u00ebt e mundsh\u00ebm t\u00eb dy poemave t\u00eb sip\u00ebrth\u00ebna, midis shum\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve q\u00eb kan\u00eb v\u00ebn\u00eb dor\u00eb mbi to;
\n– ky njeri nuk ka ekzistuar fare; ky em\u00ebr ka mbetur simbol i poezis\u00eb epike etj. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto kan\u00eb krijuar at\u00eb q\u00eb quhet \u201c\u00e7\u00ebshtje homerike\u201d<\/em><\/strong> q\u00eb fillon me shekullin III para K. dhe q\u00eb vazhdon deri\u00a0 n\u00eb dit\u00ebt tona. T\u00eb par\u00ebt q\u00eb u mor\u00ebn me \u201c\u00e7\u00ebshtjen homerike\u201d<\/em><\/strong> ishin gramatikan\u00ebt aleksandrin\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00ebshtjen homerike n\u00eb kuptimin e sot\u00ebm t\u00eb fjal\u00ebs e shtroi filologu klasik gjerman F. A. Wolf<\/strong> n\u00eb vepr\u00ebn \u201cMbi Homerin\u201d<\/em><\/strong> (Prolegomena ad Homerum, 1795). Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, Vulfi shprehu dilem\u00eb radikale p\u00ebr ekzistimin e Homerit. Ai thot\u00eb: \u201cHomerum numquam fuisse suscipio \u2013 Dyshoj q\u00eb Homeri t\u00eb ket\u00eb ekzistuar ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb)<\/em>. Teza e tij \u00ebsht\u00eb se poezia homerike \u00ebsht\u00eb poezi gojore<\/em><\/strong>, shkrimi i s\u00eb cil\u00ebs ka lindur jo m\u00eb par\u00eb se n\u00eb epok\u00ebn klasike<\/em><\/strong>. Teza e Vulfit sh\u00ebnon fillimin e shkoll\u00ebs analitike n\u00eb homerologji<\/strong>. P\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesit e k\u00ebsaj shkolle thon\u00eb se teksti i \u201cIliad\u00ebs\u201d <\/em>dhe i \u201cOdises\u00eb\u201d <\/em>ka lindur me bashkimin mjesht\u00ebror t\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00ebve t\u00eb vogla. Ata thon\u00eb po ashtu se teksti i ep\u00ebve mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb lindur nga nj\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00eb<\/em> e vog\u00ebl<\/em> e cila, me kalimin e koh\u00ebs, \u00ebsht\u00eb zgjeruar me shtojca t\u00eb tjera. Studiuesit klasik\u00eb gjerman\u00eb Fr. A Wolf<\/strong> dhe K. Lachmann <\/strong>epet popullore t\u00eb m\u00ebdha i kan\u00eb sqaruar me an\u00eb t\u00eb teoris\u00eb s\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00ebve<\/strong>. <\/em>S\u00eb pari kan\u00eb lindur k\u00ebng\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta, t\u00eb cilat k\u00ebng\u00ebtar\u00ebt apo rapsod\u00ebt i kan\u00eb lidhur dhe k\u00ebsisoj jan\u00eb krijuar epet.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrball\u00eb tyre q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb unionist\u00ebt <\/strong>t\u00eb cil\u00ebt pohonin se q\u00eb t\u00eb dy epet, \u201cIliada\u201d<\/em> dhe \u201cOdisea\u201d<\/em> artistikisht jan\u00eb vepra unike t\u00eb cilat i krijoi poeti gjenial \u2013 Homeri<\/strong>, duke p\u00ebrdorur l\u00ebnd\u00ebn e vjet\u00ebr n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn rr\u00ebfime t\u00eb caktuara, tanim\u00eb kan\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunuara si t\u00ebr\u00ebsi t\u00eb rrumbullakuara.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb shekullin XX, nj\u00eb teori t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb p\u00ebr lindjen e ep\u00ebve t\u00eb Homerit paraqit\u00ebn edhe studiuesit amerikan\u00eb M. Parry <\/strong>dhe A. Lord<\/strong>, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt Homerin<\/strong> dhe poezin\u00eb epike gojore t\u00eb popujve ballkanik\u00eb<\/em><\/strong> e studiuan n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb krahasimtare<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb mes duhet theksuar romanin \u201cDosja H\u201d<\/em> t\u00eb Ismail Kadares\u00eb <\/strong>ku flitet p\u00ebr dy studiues fiktiv\u00eb irlandezo-amerikan\u00eb, Maks Roth dhe Vili Norton, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt nisen p\u00ebr n\u00eb malet e humbura t\u00eb Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb veriore t\u00eb paraluft\u00ebs, me magnetofon n\u00eb dor\u00eb, n\u00eb k\u00ebrkim t\u00eb atdheut t\u00eb eposit. T\u00eb dy folklorist\u00ebt kan\u00eb p\u00ebr synim t\u00eb hetojn\u00eb mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e ekzistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb nj\u00eb lidhjeje t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb midis poezis\u00eb homerike<\/em><\/strong> dhe k\u00ebng\u00ebve heroike <\/em><\/strong>t\u00eb k\u00ebnduara nga mal\u00ebsor\u00ebt shqiptar\u00eb me lahutat e tyre<\/em>.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0 \u00a0*\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Homeri i ngjan nj\u00eb mali t\u00eb lart\u00eb, maja e t\u00eb cilit vazhdon t\u00eb jet\u00eb e mbuluar me mjegull. Vendi ku jan\u00eb krijuar poemat homerike \u00ebsht\u00eb Jonia. Gjuha e tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb dialekti jonian i p\u00ebrzier me elemente t\u00eb dialektit eolian<\/em> dhe m\u00eb pak t\u00eb dialekteve t\u00eb tjera.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb \u201cIliad\u00eb\u201d <\/em>dhe n\u00eb \u201cOdise\u201d<\/em>, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 shtresimeve gjuh\u00ebsore ka edhe shtresime kohore q\u00eb fillojn\u00eb nga periudha para qytet\u00ebrimit t\u00eb Miken\u00ebs dhe q\u00eb mbarojn\u00eb p\u00ebraf\u00ebrsisht n\u00eb shekullin IX para K. Kjo ka ndikuar q\u00eb shum\u00eb studiues t\u00eb mendojn\u00eb se n\u00eb tekstin e poemave jan\u00eb futur nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i madh shtojcash nga rapsod\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebt kan\u00eb dashur t\u2019u p\u00ebrshtaten shijeve dhe gjendjes shpirt\u00ebrore t\u00eb d\u00ebgjuesve t\u00eb tyre. Ka shum\u00eb t\u00eb ngjar\u00eb q\u00eb rapsodit\u00eb ose k\u00ebng\u00ebt q\u00eb kan\u00eb pasur n\u00eb themel t\u00eb tyre ciklin trojan<\/em> t\u00eb goj\u00ebdh\u00ebnave popullore t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunuara nga shum\u00eb breza rapsod\u00ebsh, t\u00eb ken\u00eb sh\u00ebrbyer si baz\u00eb p\u00ebr hartimin e poemave homerike aty nga shekulli IX para K.<\/p>\n

\u201cILIADA\u201d<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 Subjekti i dy poemave homerike \u201cIliada\u201d<\/em> dhe \u201cOdisea\u201d<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb nxjerr\u00eb nga cikli i legjendave heroike mbi luft\u00ebn e Troj\u00ebs, nd\u00ebrmjet grek\u00ebve dhe trojan\u00ebve. Sipas goj\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebs, princi trojan Paridi rr\u00ebmbeu gruan e mbretit t\u00eb Spart\u00ebs, Menelaut, Helen\u00ebn e bukur.<\/p>\n

Sipas legjend\u00ebs, n\u00eb nj\u00eb dasm\u00eb hyjnish, hyjnesha e grindjes<\/em>, nga zem\u00ebrimi se nuk e kishin ftuar n\u00eb dasm\u00eb, hodhi n\u00eb mes t\u00eb dasm\u00ebs nj\u00eb moll\u00eb t\u00eb art\u00eb me mbishkrimin \u201cM\u00eb t\u00eb bukur\u00ebs\u201d<\/em>. Midis tri hyjneshave \u2013 Af\u00ebrdit\u00ebs, Her\u00ebs dhe Aten\u00ebs – shp\u00ebrtheu z\u00ebnka p\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00eb se kujt i takonte molla. P\u00ebr ta zgjidhur mosmarr\u00ebveshjen, ato iu drejtuan princit trojan, Paridit, i cili, i joshur nga premtimi i Af\u00ebrdit\u00ebs se do t\u2019ia jepte gruan m\u00eb t\u00eb bukur n\u00eb bot\u00eb, Helen\u00ebn, ia dha moll\u00ebn Af\u00ebrdit\u00ebs. Q\u00eb k\u00ebtu ka mbetur shprehja \u201cmolla e sherrit\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u2019u hakmarr\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb lar\u00eb turpin q\u00eb iu b\u00eb nj\u00ebrit prej mbret\u00ebrve t\u00eb saj, u ngrit n\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00eb e t\u00ebr\u00eb Greqia. Menelau dhe i v\u00ebllai Agamemnoni, mbret i Miken\u00ebs, mblodh\u00ebn nj\u00eb ushtri t\u00eb madhe n\u00ebn komand\u00ebn e p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb Agamemnonit. P\u00ebr dhjet\u00eb vjet rresht q\u00ebndroi dhe nuk u dha Troja e rrethuar nga armiqt\u00eb. Vet\u00ebm n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet dredhis\u00eb, t\u00eb fshehur n\u00eb kalin e drunjt\u00eb, luft\u00ebtar\u00ebt grek\u00eb ia dol\u00ebn m\u00eb n\u00eb fund t\u00eb futeshin n\u00eb qytet. Troja u dogj e u rr\u00ebnua nga themeli, kurse Helena iu kthye t\u00eb shoqit. K\u00ebto ngjarje nuk p\u00ebrmenden n\u00eb \u201cIliad\u00eb\u201d<\/em>. Ato do t\u00eb ishin t\u00eb tep\u00ebrta p\u00ebr nj\u00eb d\u00ebgjues q\u00eb i njihte mir\u00eb legjendat. Rrall\u00ebher\u00eb p\u00ebr to flitet shkarazi, madje jo p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb \u201cIliad\u00eb<\/em>\u201d jepen skena t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta vet\u00ebm brenda 51 dit\u00ebve t\u00eb fundit t\u00eb luft\u00ebs s\u00eb gjat\u00eb dhjet\u00ebvje\u00e7are rreth mureve t\u00eb Troj\u00ebs. N\u00eb qend\u00ebr t\u00eb poem\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb zem\u00ebrimi i Akilit<\/strong>, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00ebrhequr nga lufta dhe q\u00ebndron i ve\u00e7uar n\u00eb tend\u00ebn e vet, sepse Agamemnoni ia kishte rr\u00ebmbyer skllaven e bukur, Briseid\u00ebn, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn heroi e donte aq shum\u00eb. Poema p\u00ebrmban 15696 vargje. Poeti, q\u00eb n\u00eb dy vargjet e para na fut n\u00eb tem\u00eb:<\/p>\n

K\u00ebndo hyjnesh\u00eb m\u00ebrin\u00eb e Akil Pelidit,
\n<\/em>q\u00eb shum\u00eb hidh\u00ebrime e kobe akejve u solli…<\/em><\/p>\n

Momenti i zem\u00ebrimit \u00ebsht\u00eb fillimi q\u00eb end p\u00eblhur\u00ebn e gjer\u00eb t\u00eb luftimeve t\u00eb ashpra nd\u00ebrmjet akejve dhe trojan\u00ebve dhe q\u00eb p\u00ebrcakton fatin e tyre. Zeusi i thot\u00eb Tetid\u00ebs (n\u00ebn\u00ebs s\u00eb Akilit), se trojan\u00ebt do t\u00eb fitojn\u00eb sa koh\u00eb q\u00eb Akili, biri i saj, do t\u00eb q\u00ebndroj\u00eb i t\u00ebrhequr nga fusha e luft\u00ebs. Trojan\u00ebt, t\u00eb udh\u00ebhequr nga kryetrimi i tyre, Hektori<\/strong>, i sprapsin nj\u00ebri pas tjetrit sulmet e akejve t\u00eb cil\u00ebt gati sa s\u2019i hedhin n\u00eb det dhe s\u2019u v\u00ebn\u00eb zjarrin anijeve t\u00eb tyre. Por, sukseset e trojan\u00ebve n\u00eb luft\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb aq t\u00eb lehta. N\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00ebt e tjera t\u00eb \u201cIliad\u00ebs\u201d<\/em> tregohen heroizmat e prij\u00ebsve akej si Odiseu, Diomedi, Ajaksi, Telamoni, Menelau <\/strong>etj. Megjith\u00ebk\u00ebt\u00eb, kjo nuk e ndryshon rrjedh\u00ebn e luftimeve.<\/p>\n

Akili, i shqet\u00ebsuar nga ep\u00ebrsia e trojan\u00ebve n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e luft\u00eb, pranon q\u00eb miku i tij Patrokli<\/strong> t\u2019i ngjesh\u00eb arm\u00ebt e tij dhe t\u00eb dal\u00eb t\u2019ua pres\u00eb hovin trojan\u00ebve. Por, nuk vonon shum\u00eb, ai vritet nga Hektori. Akili pik\u00ebllohet nga humbja e mikut t\u00eb tij m\u00eb t\u00eb dashur dhe si nj\u00eb re e zez\u00eb l\u00ebshohet dhe b\u00ebn k\u00ebrdi n\u00eb radh\u00ebt e ushtris\u00eb trojane. Ata q\u00eb i shp\u00ebtojn\u00eb dor\u00ebs s\u00eb tij gjakatare, mbyllen brenda mureve t\u00eb k\u00ebshtjell\u00ebs. Tani p\u00ebrball\u00eb Akilit mbetet vet\u00ebm Hektori.<\/p>\n

Njer\u00ebz dhe per\u00ebndi jan\u00eb ngritur pesh\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00eb teatrin e dyluftimit q\u00eb m\u00eb n\u00eb fund p\u00ebrfundon me vrasjen e Hektorit. Por Akili, ende s\u2019e ka shuar etjen e hakmarrjes, ndaj trupin e Hektorit t\u00eb vrar\u00eb e lidh pas qerres s\u00eb tij dhe e t\u00ebrheq zvarr\u00eb eg\u00ebrsisht n\u00ebp\u00ebr pluhur e balt\u00eb, duke u shkaktuar nj\u00eb pik\u00ebllim t\u00eb thell\u00eb prind\u00ebrve dhe luft\u00ebtar\u00ebve trojan\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Pas k\u00ebtyre ngjarjeve plot mizori e gjak, nj\u00eb not\u00eb thell\u00ebsisht njer\u00ebzore do t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkoj\u00eb tani k\u00ebng\u00ebn XXIV, q\u00eb i jep fund \u201cIliad\u00ebs\u201d. <\/em>Mbreti plak i Troj\u00ebs, Priami<\/strong>, vjen n\u00eb tend\u00ebn e Akilit dhe i lutet p\u00ebr t\u2019ia kthyer trupin e t\u00eb birit. Akili preket nga lutjet e thekshme t\u00eb mbretit fatkeq, i cili rri i gjunj\u00ebzuar n\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00ebt e tij. E rrok p\u00ebr dore, e ngre dhe t\u00eb dy s\u00eb bashku qajn\u00eb p\u00ebr fatkeq\u00ebsin\u00eb q\u00eb u bien mbi krye njer\u00ebzve nga zotat e pam\u00ebshirsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

Luft\u00ebn e p\u00ebrgjithshme q\u00eb e b\u00ebn\u00eb grek\u00ebt p\u00ebr t\u00eb pla\u00e7kitur Troj\u00ebn nga fundi i shekullit XII para K., fantazia e poetit e ka shnd\u00ebrruar n\u00eb nj\u00eb luft\u00eb p\u00ebr hakmarrje dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb v\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb vend nderin e tyre, t\u00eb cenuar nga Paridi q\u00eb rr\u00ebmbeu Helen\u00ebn. U krijua k\u00ebshtu nj\u00eb dram\u00eb epike, e thurur n\u00eb vargje, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb dram\u00eb e fuqishme njer\u00ebzore, plot pasione, dashuri dhe urrejtje, g\u00ebzime e hidh\u00ebrime, humbje e fitore.<\/p>\n

Te Homeri \u00e7do gj\u00eb kthehet n\u00eb poezi, edhe kur u k\u00ebndon luftimeve t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjakshme, edhe kur i k\u00ebndon ndarjes s\u00eb dhimbshme t\u00eb Hektorit nga e shoqja dhe i biri, kur vajton heronjt\u00eb e r\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb luft\u00eb ose kur p\u00ebrshkruan agimin me gishta tr\u00ebndafili, natyr\u00ebn e bukur ku poeti sheh madh\u00ebshtin\u00eb e mistershme t\u00eb gjith\u00ebsis\u00eb. Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb Zeusi zot i saj, por poeti, v\u00ebshtrimit t\u00eb t\u00eb cilit nuk i shp\u00ebton asgj\u00eb, as hyjnit\u00eb n\u00eb qiell, as njer\u00ebzit n\u00eb tok\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Si nj\u00eb tragjedian i madh, Homeri zhbiron thell\u00eb n\u00eb psikologjin\u00eb e njer\u00ebzve, t\u00eb pushtuar nga dashuria e dhimbja, urrejtja dhe m\u00ebria. N\u00eb \u201cIliad\u00eb\u201d<\/em> gjejm\u00eb tablo t\u00eb gjera e t\u00eb fuqishme realiste ku jan\u00eb pikturuar pasione e ndeshje titanike, konflikte e ndjenja t\u00eb kund\u00ebrta, q\u00eb i japin vepr\u00ebs frym\u00eb t\u00eb thell\u00eb epiko-dramatike.<\/p>\n

\u201cHomeri \u00ebsht\u00eb poeti m\u00eb i madh dhe i pari q\u00eb thuri nj\u00eb tragjedi\u201d<\/em> \u2013 thot\u00eb filozofi i lasht\u00eb grek Platoni<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Nga pik\u00ebpamja \u00a0e thurjes s\u00eb ngjarjeve, poemat homerike jan\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar me mjesht\u00ebri t\u00eb rrall\u00eb. Kompozicioni n\u00eb \u201cIliad\u00eb\u201d<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb i thjesht\u00eb. Filli i tregimit ec\u00ebn p\u00ebrpara dhe drejt, ku m\u00eb i shpejt\u00eb dhe ku m\u00eb i ngadal\u00ebsuar nga episode t\u00eb dor\u00ebs s\u00eb dyt\u00eb. Episodet e tilla, me zem\u00ebrimin e Akilit, lidhen me episodin kryesor. Kjo ve\u00e7ori e shtjellimit t\u00eb ngjarjeve, q\u00eb n\u00eb stilistik\u00eb quhet vones\u00eb<\/em>, \u00ebsht\u00eb karakteristik\u00eb e m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs epike t\u00eb t\u00eb treguarit.<\/p>\n

\u201cIliada\u201d <\/em>\u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb, ka m\u00eb pak vonesa<\/em> ose digresione sesa \u201cOdisea\u201d<\/em>. Kompozicioni i secil\u00ebs poem\u00eb kusht\u00ebzohet nga p\u00ebrmbajtja e saj. \u201cOdisea\u201d<\/em> ka nj\u00eb thurje m\u00eb interesante dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuar. K\u00ebtu veprimi fillon nga mesi, kurse p\u00ebr ngjarjet e m\u00ebparshme njihemi nga tregimi i vet\u00eb Odiseut te mbreti Alkino i Feak\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

Talenti i madh i poetit duket sidomos n\u00eb krijimin\u00a0 e karaktereve, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt jan\u00eb sa t\u00eb shumt\u00eb, aq edhe t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm nga nj\u00ebri-tjetri.<\/p>\n

Karakteret e personazheve q\u00eb dalin n\u00eb pah n\u00eb \u201cIliad\u00eb\u201d<\/em>, jan\u00eb t\u00eb fuqishme dhe si t\u00eb derdhur n\u00eb bronz. Mbi t\u00eb gjith\u00eb heronjt\u00eb, ngrihet si nj\u00eb piramid\u00eb e lart\u00eb dhe shquhet nga t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt p\u00ebr guxim dhe heroiz\u00ebm, Akili<\/strong>. Edhe pse vdekja vazhdimisht i q\u00ebndron mbi krye, ai nuk tutet, por l\u00ebshohet me v\u00ebrtik si shqiponj\u00eb dhe e mbyt n\u00eb gjak fush\u00ebbetej\u00ebn. Akili \u00ebsht\u00eb ideal i epok\u00ebs homerike. Ky hero kaq i rrept\u00eb dhe gjakatar n\u00eb luft\u00eb, ka nj\u00eb zem\u00ebr t\u00eb ndjeshme e bujare. Ai qan si f\u00ebmij\u00eb kur v\u00ebren n\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00ebt e tij mbretin Priam q\u00eb i lutet t\u2019ia kthej\u00eb trupin e t\u00eb birit.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb nga heronjt\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb njohur t\u00eb luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Troj\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe Odiseu<\/strong>. Njihej p\u00ebr dinak\u00ebrin\u00eb dhe dhelp\u00ebrin\u00eb e tij. Grek\u00ebt e mbajt\u00ebn Troj\u00ebn dhjet\u00eb n\u00ebn rrethim, por nuk ia dol\u00ebn ta n\u00ebnshtrojn\u00eb. N\u00eb fund arrit\u00ebn ta pushtojn\u00eb vet\u00ebm me dredhi. Me propozimin e Odiseut u nd\u00ebrtua kali i drunjt\u00eb, i njohur si \u201ckali i Troj\u00ebs\u201d<\/em><\/strong>. Duhet shtuar se kleriku trojan Laokoonti<\/strong> i paralajm\u00ebroi bashkatdhetar\u00ebt e vet q\u00eb t\u00eb ruhen nga kali q\u00eb ua kan\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar grek\u00ebt. U thot\u00eb atyre: \u201cTimeo Danaos et dona ferentes\u201d<\/em> (Nuk u besoj danajve, madje edhe kur sjellin dhurata).<\/em> K\u00ebt\u00eb varg e ka p\u00ebrdorur edhe poeti latin Virgjili <\/strong>(Publius Virgilius Mar, 70-19 para K.) n\u00eb poem\u00ebn komb\u00ebtare romake n\u00eb 12 libra \u201cEneida\u201d<\/em>. Sipas legjend\u00ebs, Laokoontin e mbyt\u00ebn dy gjarpinj q\u00eb i d\u00ebrgoi Apoloni. Bashk\u00eb me t\u00eb, p\u00ebsuan edhe dy djemt\u00eb e tij.<\/p>\n

Kthimin e Odiseut n\u00eb Itak\u00eb Homeri i verb\u00ebt e paraqet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb artistike n\u00eb poem\u00ebn \u201cOdisea\u201d<\/em>. Lufta e Troj\u00ebs zgjati dhjet\u00eb vjet. Po aq zgjati edhe kthimi i tij n\u00eb vendlindje. Bredhjet e tij n\u00ebp\u00ebr Mesdhe, t\u00eb pasura me ngjarje t\u00eb ndryshme, u quajt\u00ebn odisead\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Midis luft\u00ebtar\u00ebve trojan\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebr nga guximi dhe trim\u00ebria i p\u00ebrgjigjet Akilit \u00ebsht\u00eb Hektori<\/strong>. Ai u prin trojan\u00ebve dhe, i frym\u00ebzuar nga dashuria e pakufishme p\u00ebr atdheun, hidhet aty ku rreziku \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i madh. Si figur\u00eb letrare, Hektori \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i plot\u00eb se Akili dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb personazhi m\u00eb i dashur i \u201cIliad\u00ebs\u201d<\/em>. P\u00ebr dallim nga Akili, Hektori \u00ebsht\u00eb treguar n\u00eb rrethana t\u00eb ndryshme n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat ai i zbulon virtytet e tij t\u00eb larta. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm trim m\u00eb i \u00e7artur n\u00eb mesin e t\u00eb gjith\u00eb luft\u00ebtar\u00ebve trojan\u00eb, por edhe i matur, i p\u00ebrmbajtur dhe tep\u00ebr i njer\u00ebzish\u00ebm. \u00cbsht\u00eb baba i dhembshur dhe bashk\u00ebshort besnik e i dashur. \u00cbsht\u00eb mik i \u00e7ilt\u00ebr p\u00ebr shok\u00ebt dhe tep\u00ebr i ndjesh\u00ebm ndaj fatkeq\u00ebsive t\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vajtimin e saj mbi trupin e heroit t\u00eb vrar\u00eb nga dora mizore e Akilit, Helena <\/strong>i shpreh ndjenjat m\u00eb t\u00eb bukura p\u00ebr t\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr disa nga tiparet e tij – urt\u00ebsin\u00eb dhe maturin\u00eb:<\/p>\n

\u201cKur ndonj\u00ebri nga kunatat ose kunet\u00ebrit
\n<\/em>m\u00eb p\u00ebrbuzte nd\u00ebr k\u00ebto saraje,
\n<\/em>ti urt\u00eb e but\u00eb njer\u00ebzish\u00ebm i qortoje\u201d.\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n

Mbreti i Argosit dhe i Miken\u00ebs, Agamemnoni<\/strong> \u00ebsht\u00eb tip i sundimtarit kryene\u00e7 dhe despot, por edhe trim si Menelau, Diomedi, Ajaksi <\/strong>dhe shum\u00eb luft\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb akej.<\/p>\n

Shkaktari i luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Troj\u00ebs, Paridi <\/strong>\u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb djalosh i bukur dhe mendjeleht\u00eb, mashtrues grash, si\u00e7 e quan i v\u00ebllai, Hektori. \u00cbsht\u00eb qit\u00ebs i shquar me shigjet\u00eb, her\u00eb i guximsh\u00ebm e her\u00eb frikacak.<\/p>\n

Vend t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb z\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb poem\u00eb figurat e grave, e sidomos Helena<\/strong>. N\u00eb vizatimin e saj Homeri \u00ebsht\u00eb treguar artist i madh dhe njoh\u00ebs i thell\u00eb i shpirtit njer\u00ebzor. N\u00eb poem\u00eb, Helena \u00ebsht\u00eb simbol i bukuris\u00eb hyjnore t\u00eb p\u00ebrsosur. Diku u rr\u00ebmbyer nga pasioni i dashuris\u00eb, tani e ndjen veten fajtore, ndaj dhe p\u00ebrjeton nj\u00eb dram\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb n\u00eb nd\u00ebrgjegjen e saj. N\u00eb nj\u00eb bised\u00eb me t\u00eb vjehrrin, mbretin Priam, ajo ia shpreh me dhembje pendimin<\/em> p\u00ebr aktin e b\u00ebr\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Ajo e ndjen se Paridi p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin sakrifikoi \u00e7do gj\u00eb, nuk i p\u00ebrgjigjet idealit t\u00eb saj. Ai tregohet frikacak p\u00ebrball\u00eb Menelaut. Helena fillon ta neverit\u00eb, por e plotfuqishmja Af\u00ebrdit\u00eb, hyjnesh\u00eb e dashuris\u00eb<\/em>, p\u00ebrs\u00ebri e hedh n\u00eb krah\u00ebt e Paridit.<\/p>\n

Homeri nuk e p\u00ebrshkruan drejtp\u00ebrs\u00ebdrejti bukurin\u00eb e Helen\u00ebs, por na jep vet\u00ebm efektin q\u00eb shkakton ajo n\u00eb shpirtin e atij q\u00eb e sheh. Pleqt\u00eb trojan\u00eb q\u00eb rin\u00eb dhe kundrojn\u00eb nga bedenat e k\u00ebshtjell\u00ebs s\u00eb Troj\u00ebs, kur e pan\u00eb Helen\u00ebn q\u00eb vinte s\u00eb largu, fol\u00ebn n\u00ebn z\u00eb: \u201cNuk duhen shar\u00eb trojan\u00eb dhe akej, q\u00eb vite me radh\u00eb, p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb grua hoq\u00ebn aq mundime; p\u00ebr bukurin\u00eb q\u00eb ka, p\u00ebrqaset me zonjat per\u00ebndesha\u201d<\/em>.\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n

P\u00ebr dallim nga Helena, Andromaka<\/strong>, gruaja e Hektorit, \u00ebsht\u00eb mish\u00ebrim i besnik\u00ebris\u00eb bashk\u00ebshortore. Ajo t\u00eb p\u00ebrkujton Penelop\u00ebn<\/strong>, gruan e Odiseut<\/strong>, e cila mbretin e Itak\u00ebs e priti plot nj\u00ebzet vjet t\u00eb kthehet nga lufta e Troj\u00ebs. Faqe m\u00eb t\u00eb bukura dhe m\u00eb prek\u00ebse t\u00eb \u201cIliad\u00ebs\u201d<\/em> ku tregohen virtytet e larta morale t\u00eb saj si grua, n\u00ebn\u00eb dhe bij\u00eb jan\u00eb skenat e ndarjes s\u00eb saj nga i shoqi, Hektori dhe vajtimi plot dhembje e gj\u00ebm\u00eb mbi trupin e burrit t\u00eb vrar\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb galerin\u00eb e personazheve ka edhe shum\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb q\u00eb e kan\u00eb rolin e tyre. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb s\u00eb bashku plot\u00ebsojn\u00eb tablon\u00eb e gjer\u00eb t\u00eb dram\u00ebs s\u00eb madhe q\u00eb luhet rreth mureve t\u00eb Troj\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Vend t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb z\u00ebn\u00eb figurat e hyjnive<\/em><\/strong>, t\u00eb ndar\u00eb n\u00eb dy kampe. Ata l\u00ebvizin nga qielli n\u00eb tok\u00eb dhe kryejn\u00eb veprime \u00e7udib\u00ebr\u00ebse. Por, forc\u00eb l\u00ebviz\u00ebse t\u00eb ngjarjeve jan\u00eb luft\u00ebtar\u00ebt t\u00eb cil\u00ebt me heroizmin dhe sakrificat e tyre p\u00ebrcaktojn\u00eb fatin e luft\u00ebs. Mbi t\u00eb gjith\u00eb hyjnit\u00eb e Olimpit q\u00ebndron Zeusi i plotfuqish\u00ebm. Ashtu si njer\u00ebzit, edhe ata e kan\u00eb hierarkin\u00eb e tyre. Disa q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb m\u00eb lart\u00eb, disa t\u00eb tjer\u00eb, m\u00eb ul\u00ebt. Zeusin e nderojn\u00eb dhe e kan\u00eb frik\u00eb njer\u00ebz dhe hyjni. Poeti, fuqin\u00eb e Zeusit e ka dh\u00ebn\u00eb me vargje t\u00eb bukura:<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>\u201cAi i vrenjti t\u00eb zezat vetulla,
\n<\/em>e n\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb pavdekshme,
\n<\/em>leshrat hyjnore si dallg\u00eb iu l\u00ebkund\u00ebn,
\n<\/em>t\u00eb madhit mbret,
\n<\/em>sa u dridh i t\u00ebr\u00eb Olimpi\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Bot\u00ebn fantastike t\u00eb hyjnive, Homeri e g\u00ebrsheton me bot\u00ebn reale njer\u00ebzore. T\u00eb mbinatyrshmen e g\u00ebrsheton me t\u00eb natyrshmen. \u00c7do gj\u00eb n\u00eb poemat homerike ting\u00ebllon e besueshme. Kjo i b\u00ebn k\u00ebto vepra t\u00eb nj\u00eb bukurie t\u00eb rrall\u00eb dhe t\u00eb artit realist t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb njohura sidomos n\u00eb \u201cIliad\u00eb\u201d<\/em> jan\u00eb similitudat<\/em> dhe krahasimet<\/em>, t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebr nga bukuria dhe forca e tyre jan\u00eb quajtur \u201ckrahasime homerike\u201d<\/em>. Stili epik i \u201cIliad\u00ebs\u201d<\/em> p\u00ebrmes t\u00eb cilit heronjt\u00eb duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebhen sa m\u00eb t\u00eb af\u00ebrt dhe sa m\u00eb monumental\u00eb, k\u00ebrkon p\u00ebrdorimin e epiteteve. K\u00ebshtu Akili cil\u00ebsohet hyjnori, k\u00ebmb\u00ebshpejti; <\/em>Atena sykaltra<\/em>, Odise mendtaku<\/em>, Menela z\u00ebmadhi<\/em>, Hektor lavdimadhi<\/em>, i ndritshmi<\/em>, Paridi mashtrues grash<\/em>, Helen\u00eb krah\u00ebbardha<\/em>, Her\u00eb mendjezeza<\/em>, Priam goj\u00ebmbli<\/em>, Ares gjakatari<\/em>, Eas (Agimi) gishtatr\u00ebndafili<\/em> etj.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr Zeusin i cili e ka n\u00eb duart e tij pushtetin mbi njer\u00ebzit dhe per\u00ebndit\u00eb ka shum\u00eb epitete si shungullues, stuhishp\u00ebrthyes, mizor <\/em>etj.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Thuhet se lufta e Troj\u00ebs ka ndodhur n\u00eb shekullin XII para K. Nuk dihet se kush kan\u00eb qen\u00eb trojan\u00ebt dhe \u00e7far\u00eb gjuhe kan\u00eb folur. Grek\u00ebt qytetin e quanin Ilion<\/em>. Prej k\u00ebtu e merr emrin edhe \u201cIliada\u201d<\/em> e Homerit. Arkeologu i famsh\u00ebm gjerman Hajnrih Shliman<\/strong> (Heinrich Schliemann, 1822-1890), n\u00eb vitin 1871, pas nj\u00ebzet vjet g\u00ebrmimesh, i zbuloi rr\u00ebnojat e Troj\u00ebs n\u00eb Hisarll\u00ebk af\u00ebr Dardaneleve. Sipas studiuesve, zbulimi i Shlimanit e v\u00ebrteton vepr\u00ebn historike t\u00eb Homerit.<\/p>\n

Sot, shprehja \u201ckal\u00eb Troje\u201d<\/em> p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr dik\u00eb i cili me dredhi futet n\u00eb ndonj\u00eb bashk\u00ebsi p\u00ebr ta dob\u00ebsuar nga brenda, m\u00eb pas edhe p\u00ebr ta shkat\u00ebrruar.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

FILLIMET E LET\u00cbRSIS\u00cb<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Let\u00ebrsia e Mesopotamis\u00eb <\/strong>\u2013 u krijua nga nj\u00eb varg popujsh q\u00eb jetuan n\u00eb lasht\u00ebsi mes lumenjve Tig\u00ebr dhe Eufrat. Nj\u00eb prej tyre ishin sumer\u00ebt<\/em>. K\u00ebta u shkrin\u00eb me akad\u00ebt<\/em> p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar qytetimin sumero-akadian<\/em>. Kultura e tyre iu p\u00ebr\u00e7ua asirian\u00ebve, babilonasve<\/em> etj. Kultura e Mesopotamis\u00eb shpiku shkrimin<\/em>. K\u00ebtu lindi edhe let\u00ebrsia m\u00eb e vjet\u00ebr n\u00eb bot\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Dokumentet e para t\u00eb shkruara t\u00eb sumer\u00ebve kan\u00eb lindur rreth vitit 3500 para K. Teksti i fundit i k\u00ebtij shkrimi me kunja<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb i vitit 70 pas K. Deshifrimi i shkrimeve u b\u00eb n\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb shekullit XIX. N\u00eb let\u00ebrsin\u00eb mesopotame lind\u00ebn edhe epet<\/em>: \u201cZbritja e Inan\u00ebs n\u00eb bot\u00ebn n\u00ebntok\u00ebsore\u201d, \u201cRr\u00ebfimi p\u00ebr p\u00ebrmbytjen\u201d, \u201cPoema babilonase e krijimit\u201d, \u201cEpopeja e Err\u00ebs\u201d, <\/em>ku rr\u00ebfehen ngjarje q\u00eb p\u00ebrjetoi Babilonia n\u00eb shekullin XI para K. me invadimet e nomad\u00ebve. Epi m\u00eb i njohur i k\u00ebsaj let\u00ebrsie \u00ebsht\u00eb \u201cEpi i Gilgameshit\u201d<\/em><\/strong>. \u00cbsht\u00eb vepra letrare m\u00eb e vjet\u00ebr n\u00eb bot\u00eb q\u00eb njihet deri m\u00eb sot. Mendohet t\u00eb jet\u00eb rreth 4000 vjet e vjet\u00ebr. Pra 900 vjet m\u00eb e vjet\u00ebr se \u201cIliada\u201d<\/em>. Pllakat e saj u gjet\u00ebn n\u00eb bibliotek\u00ebn e Asurbampalit. Autori nuk i dihet. \u00cbsht\u00eb shkruar me shkrimin kuneiform<\/em> (pyka).<\/p>\n

Let\u00ebrsia egjiptiane <\/strong>\u2013 Teksti i par\u00eb i k\u00ebsaj let\u00ebrsie \u00ebsht\u00eb \u201cLibri it \u00eb vdekurve\u201d<\/em> i shkruar n\u00eb papyrus. \u00cbsht\u00eb gjetur n\u00eb varrin e nj\u00eb faraoni. Vepra m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme e k\u00ebsaj let\u00ebrsie \u00ebsht\u00eb \u201cEpi i Kadeshit\u201d<\/em><\/strong> i njohur edhe me emrin \u201cBeteja e Kadeshit\u201d<\/em>. Vep\u00ebr m\u00eb me vler\u00eb e k\u00ebsaj let\u00ebrsie \u00ebsht\u00eb\u00a0 edhe \u201cHistoria e Sinhues\u00eb\u201d<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Let\u00ebrsia indiane <\/strong>– Eposi indian \u201cMahabharata\u201d<\/em><\/strong> me 120 mij\u00eb vargje pasqyron ngjarje t\u00eb m\u00ebdha historike. Nisi t\u00eb krijohet rreth nj\u00eb mij\u00eb vjet para K. p\u00ebr t\u00eb vazhduar deri n\u00eb shekullin V pas K. Ep i lasht\u00eb indian \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe \u201cRamajana\u201d<\/em><\/strong> (\u201cFatkeq\u00ebsia e Ramit\u201d)<\/em>. \u00cbsht\u00eb krijuar midis shekullit IV para K. dhe shekullit II pas K. P\u00ebrb\u00ebhet prej 48.000 vargjeve. Dallohen pjes\u00ebt e vjetra dhe ato t\u00eb rejat. N\u00eb ep haset edhe ndikimi i budizmit<\/em>. Epet indiane jan\u00eb shkruar n\u00eb sanskrit<\/em> (indishtja e vjet\u00ebr).<\/p>\n

Krijime letrare lind\u00ebn edhe n\u00eb let\u00ebrsin\u00eb hebraike <\/em>etj.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Krijimet poetike popullore n\u00eb Koh\u00ebn e Mesme. Eposet<\/strong> – N\u00eb Mesjet\u00ebn e hershme, popujt q\u00eb kaluan nga rendi fisnor n\u00eb at\u00eb feudal krijuan thesare t\u00eb poezis\u00eb popullore. T\u00eb tilla jan\u00eb sagat irlandeze; Eda <\/em><\/strong>skandinave; k\u00ebng\u00ebt e fiseve gjermane. N\u00eb koh\u00ebn e Mesme u krijuan k\u00ebng\u00ebt popullore t\u00eb fiseve t\u00eb lashta gjermane.<\/p>\n

Krijime popullore lind\u00ebn edhe n\u00eb shekujt XI dhe XII: Eposi heroik francez \u201cK\u00ebng\u00eb b\u00ebmash\u201d<\/em><\/strong> me poem\u00ebn e tij \u201cK\u00ebnga e Rolandit\u201d<\/em>. <\/strong>Aty nga shekulli XII u krijua eposi heroik gjerman \u201cK\u00ebnga e Nibelung\u00ebve\u201d<\/em><\/strong>. N\u00eb Spanj\u00eb u krijua poema epike \u201cK\u00ebnga p\u00ebr Sidin\u201d<\/em><\/strong>. N\u00eb Koh\u00ebn e Mesme u krijua n\u00eb Finland\u00eb eposi \u201cKalevala\u201d <\/em><\/strong>(Vendi i Kaleva-s)<\/em>. N\u00eb shekullin XII u krijua epopeja komb\u00ebtare ruse \u201cK\u00ebnga p\u00ebr fushat\u00ebn e Igorit\u201d<\/em>. <\/strong>N\u00eb shekullin X n\u00eb Perandorin\u00eb Bizantine u krijua romani epope n\u00eb vargje \u201cDigenis Akritas\u201d<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Xhelal Zejneli Let\u00ebrsia klasike greke fillon me dy poemat e m\u00ebdha epike, me \u201cIliad\u00ebn\u201d dhe \u201cOdisen\u00eb\u201d, t\u00eb cilat bota antike mendonte se i kishte krijuar Homeri, ndon\u00ebse p\u00ebr t\u00eb nuk dinte pothuajse asgj\u00eb. P\u00ebr shum\u00eb qytete greke \u00ebsht\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb se jan\u00eb vendlindja e poetit. Duke u nisur nga ve\u00e7orit\u00eb gjuh\u00ebsore t\u00eb poemave, shkenca ka pranuar […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":17973,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,8,10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52291","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-histori","category-letersi","category-poezi"],"yoast_head":"\nPOEZIA EPIKE ANTIKE GREKE - FJALA e LIR\u00cb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/poezia-epike-antike-greke\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"POEZIA EPIKE ANTIKE GREKE - FJALA e LIR\u00cb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Xhelal Zejneli Let\u00ebrsia klasike greke fillon me dy poemat e m\u00ebdha epike, me \u201cIliad\u00ebn\u201d dhe \u201cOdisen\u00eb\u201d, t\u00eb cilat bota antike mendonte se i kishte krijuar Homeri, ndon\u00ebse p\u00ebr t\u00eb nuk dinte pothuajse asgj\u00eb. 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