{"id":52786,"date":"2020-03-21T06:07:43","date_gmt":"2020-03-21T05:07:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/?p=52786"},"modified":"2020-03-29T13:23:36","modified_gmt":"2020-03-29T12:23:36","slug":"epi-i-gilgameshit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/epi-i-gilgameshit\/","title":{"rendered":"EPI I GILGAMESHIT"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"XhelalXhelal Zejneli\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Let\u00ebrsia e Mesopotamis\u00eb, aq sa \u00ebsht\u00eb rikonstruktuar deri m\u00eb sot, n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb pllakave argjile t\u00eb gjetura n\u00eb Niniv\u00eb, n\u00eb Nipur, n\u00eb Mari, si dhe n\u00eb qytete t\u00eb tjera, \u00ebsht\u00eb tejet e pasur. N\u00eb radh\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb, k\u00ebtu b\u00ebjn\u00eb pjes\u00eb epet, mitet, legjendat, skenat religjioze, himnet kushtuar per\u00ebndive, k\u00ebng\u00ebt e vajtimit, psalmet, betimet, p\u00ebrrallat, fabulat, fjal\u00ebt e urta dhe tregimet.<\/p>\n

Brenda tradit\u00ebs letrare t\u00eb Mesopotamis\u00eb, pos \u201cEpit t\u00eb Gilgameshit\u201d,<\/em> jan\u00eb t\u00eb njohura edhe: \u201cEpi mbi krijimin e bot\u00ebs\u201d, <\/em>i p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb prej 7 pllakave (k\u00ebng\u00ebve), \u201cUdh\u00ebtimi i Ishtar\u00ebs n\u00eb bot\u00ebn n\u00ebntok\u00ebsore\u201d, \u201cEpi mbi hyjnesh\u00ebn Agushaj\u201d, \u201cEpi mbi Adapin\u201d, \u201cMbi trimin Etan\u201d, <\/em>ai kushtuar Nergalit dhe Ereshkrigal\u00ebs, \u201cEpi mbi Lugalbandin\u201d<\/em> etj.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb i famshmi midis tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb \u201cEpi i Gilgameshit<\/em>\u201d. \u00cbsht\u00eb vepra letrare m\u00eb e vjet\u00ebr e shkruar dhe e zbuluar deri sot. Nj\u00eb krijim i arrir\u00eb q\u00eb b\u00ebn pjes\u00eb n\u00eb poezin\u00eb epike babilonase t\u00eb zhvilluar. Koha e krijimit nuk i dihet sakt\u00eb. Mendohet se i p\u00ebrket tradit\u00ebs letrare sumero-babilonase<\/em><\/strong> t\u00eb viteve 2000 para K. Duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb krijuar rreth 1700 vjet para K., kur poezia anonime, e ngritur mbi baz\u00ebn e miteve, tanim\u00eb kishte krijuar nj\u00eb tradit\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Mendohet t\u00eb jet\u00eb mbi 900 vjet m\u00eb i vjet\u00ebr se \u201cIliada\u201d, nd\u00ebrsa 200 vjet m\u00eb i vjet\u00ebr se poezit\u00eb e vedave<\/em><\/strong> indiane. Ka edhe t\u00eb dh\u00ebna sipas t\u00eb cilave \u201cEpi i Gilgameshit<\/em>\u201d \u00ebsht\u00eb i vjet\u00ebr rreth 4000 vjet. Autori nuk i dihet. Supozohet se autor i epit mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb qen\u00eb Sin-leqe-unnini<\/em>, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb: \u201cZot, pranoje lutjen time!\u201d<\/em> Ka mendime q\u00eb thon\u00eb se epin e ka shkruar, nga tradita letrare gojore, nj\u00eb prift i cili e ka dh\u00ebn\u00eb form\u00ebn n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn u zbulua.<\/p>\n

Disa pjes\u00eb t\u00eb tij jan\u00eb krijuar shum\u00eb m\u00eb her\u00ebt. Ka studiues q\u00eb thon\u00eb se i t\u00ebr\u00eb epi \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i vjet\u00ebr se viti i lartp\u00ebrmendur. Mendohet se n\u00eb vitin e sip\u00ebrth\u00ebn\u00eb i \u00ebsht\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb forma e plot\u00eb. Epi p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet prej 12 pllakave<\/em><\/strong> (k\u00ebng\u00ebve) dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb shkruar me kunja (shkrim kuneiform<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 Keilschrift<\/em>). Epi q\u00ebndroi rreth 2500 vjet i mbuluar n\u00ebn dh\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u00cbsht\u00eb vepra m\u00eb e v\u00ebllimshme dhe m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme midis miteve dhe ep\u00ebve t\u00eb shumta babilonase<\/em>. \u00cbsht\u00eb i pranish\u00ebm edhe n\u00eb let\u00ebrsin\u00eb bot\u00ebrore. Krijuesi i panjohur i epit ka trajtuar tema me t\u00eb cilat njer\u00ebzimi \u00ebsht\u00eb preokupuar gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb tij. Pra, kemi t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb me \u00e7\u00ebshtje universale.<\/p>\n

Motivet kryesore t\u00eb \u201cEpit t\u00eb Gilgameshit<\/em>\u201d jan\u00eb t\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb sumer\u00ebve<\/em><\/strong>. N\u00eb t\u00eb u k\u00ebndohet b\u00ebmave heroike t\u00eb Gilgameshit<\/strong>, mbretit t\u00eb qytetit Uruk, i cili bashk\u00eb me mikun e tij, njeriun e eg\u00ebr Enkidu<\/strong>, i mund p\u00ebrbind\u00ebshat.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00ebra nd\u00ebr idet\u00eb kryesore t\u00eb epit \u00ebsht\u00eb lufta kund\u00ebr t\u00eb keqes<\/em><\/strong>. Gilgameshi, njeri i hares\u00eb dhe i g\u00ebzimeve, kurr\u00eb s\u2019kishte menduar p\u00ebr kuptimin e jet\u00ebs dhe p\u00ebr vdekshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e njeriut. Dy t\u00eb tretat, ai i ka t\u00eb hyjnive, ndaj dhe p\u00ebr aq \u00ebsht\u00eb i pavdeksh\u00ebm. P\u00ebr t\u00eb sikur nuk ka gj\u00eb t\u00eb pakap\u00ebrcyeshme dhe t\u00eb paarritshme, pos gjetjes s\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb amshuar. Vet\u00ebm vdekja e Enkiduit i jep t\u00eb kuptoj\u00eb se nj\u00eb dit\u00eb edhe ai do t\u00eb vdes\u00eb. Kjo ndikon q\u00eb ai ta ndryshoj\u00eb q\u00ebndrimin ndaj jet\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb vihet n\u00eb k\u00ebrkim t\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb amshuar, sikund\u00ebr jetojn\u00eb per\u00ebndit\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Per\u00ebndit\u00eb e epit kan\u00eb shum\u00eb veti t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve. Edhe ata jan\u00eb t\u00eb fiksuar dhe t\u00eb varur.<\/p>\n

Epi i kushtohet tmerrit t\u00eb vdekjes dhe fatit tragjik t\u00eb njeriut. N\u00eb t\u00eb ballafaqohen tri bot\u00eb: hyjnore, njer\u00ebzore dhe shtazore. Veprimi<\/em> n\u00eb vep\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb unik dhe ka funksion t\u00eb shum\u00ebfisht\u00eb. Ai realizohet n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb<\/em> dhe n\u00eb koh\u00eb<\/em> t\u00eb caktuar. Veprimet zhvillohen n\u00eb tre rrafshe hap\u00ebsinore: n\u00eb qiell (per\u00ebndit\u00eb), n\u00eb tok\u00eb (per\u00ebndit\u00eb, njer\u00ebzit, kafsh\u00ebt) dhe n\u00eb bot\u00ebn n\u00ebntok\u00ebsore (per\u00ebndit\u00eb dhe t\u00eb vdekurit).<\/p>\n

N\u00eb pik\u00ebpamje t\u00eb stilit<\/em>, kemi t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb me nj\u00eb vep\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrkryer. Krijuesi i tij ka p\u00ebrdorur metafora, krahasime,<\/em> p\u00ebrs\u00ebritje, kontraste, <\/em>p\u00ebrshkrime t\u00eb holl\u00ebsishme, retardime (vonesa) <\/em>epike etj.<\/p>\n

Ai mund t\u00eb ndahet n\u00eb dy pjes\u00eb: njeriu ndaj bot\u00ebs s\u00eb jashtme<\/em><\/strong> (bot\u00ebs q\u00eb e rrethon) <\/em>dhe njeriu ndaj bot\u00ebs s\u00eb vet t\u00eb brendshme<\/strong><\/em>. Pjesa e par\u00eb e epit \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb pllakat prej 1 deri n\u00eb 7. N\u00eb to flitet p\u00ebr miq\u00ebsin\u00eb nd\u00ebrmjet heroit fam\u00ebmadh, mbretit Gilgamesh<\/strong> dhe njeriut leshatak gjysm\u00eb t\u00eb eg\u00ebr, t\u00eb fushave dhe t\u00eb shkret\u00ebtirave, Enkiduit<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues t\u00eb s\u00eb keqes jan\u00eb demi i qiellit<\/em><\/strong> dhe Humbaba<\/strong>, rojtar i tmerrsh\u00ebm i malit hyjnor, Cedrit. Dy shok\u00ebt, Gilgameshi dhe Enkidui i mposhtin q\u00eb t\u00eb dy. Nga pik\u00ebpamja etike, kjo simbolizon fitoren e s\u00eb mir\u00ebs ndaj t\u00eb keqes<\/em><\/strong>. P\u00ebrpos k\u00ebtyre dy p\u00ebrleshjeve, n\u00eb ep nuk ka luftime t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjakshme, karakteristik\u00eb kjo e shum\u00eb ep\u00ebve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Enkidui mallkoi gruan e hyjnueshme e cila e harlisi, e ndau nga kafsh\u00ebt dhe e ktheu te njer\u00ebzit. E krijoi hyjnesha e formimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrkryer. Hyjnit\u00eb e krijojn\u00eb Enkiduin q\u00eb t\u2019i kund\u00ebrvihet Gilgameshit, por historikisht ai \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i lasht\u00eb se mbreti i Urukut. Pasi e krijuan, at\u00eb e shohim t\u00eb rrij\u00eb me kafsh\u00ebt dhe me to t\u00eb kullot bar. M\u00eb von\u00eb u kthehet njer\u00ebzve…<\/p>\n

N\u00eb nj\u00eb gradacion <\/em>t\u00eb p\u00ebrkryer, epi arrin kulmin e vet t\u00eb par\u00eb me p\u00ebrshkrimin e vdekjes s\u00eb Enkiduit n\u00eb pllak\u00ebn e 8-t\u00eb<\/em>. Kthesa q\u00eb ndodh me k\u00ebt\u00eb rast n\u00eb shpirtin e Gilgameshit, pik\u00ebllimi p\u00ebr mikun e vdekur dhe frika e papritur para vdekjes, jan\u00eb paraqitur n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb, por me aq forc\u00eb dhe n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb aq trondit\u00ebse, saq\u00eb k\u00ebto faqe konsiderohen nd\u00ebr m\u00eb t\u00eb bukurat e let\u00ebrsis\u00eb s\u00eb lasht\u00eb. Ato d\u00ebshmojn\u00eb qart\u00eb se njeriun, q\u00eb nga koh\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb lashta e deri n\u00eb dit\u00ebt tona, e kan\u00eb preokupuar t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat probleme<\/em>. \u00c7\u00ebshtja e jet\u00ebs, frika nga vdekja q\u00eb e preokupon q\u00ebkur lind dhe synimi p\u00ebr pavdek\u00ebsi jan\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar asisoj saq\u00eb mund ta shqet\u00ebsojn\u00eb edhe lexuesin e sot\u00ebm. Me k\u00ebt\u00eb pllak\u00eb<\/em>, epi e nd\u00ebrron karakterin. B\u00ebhet human, i afrohet njeriut q\u00eb ka shqet\u00ebsime t\u00eb brendshme dhe merr nj\u00eb tipar pothuajse elegjiak <\/em>apo lirik<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Epi arrin kulmin e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrimin e p\u00ebrmbytjes s\u00eb madhe<\/em> q\u00eb pasqyrohet n\u00eb pllak\u00ebn e 11-t\u00eb<\/em>. Ky p\u00ebrshkrim \u00ebsht\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb tejet realiste<\/em>. P\u00ebrkund\u00ebr krejt k\u00ebsaj, duket sikur ky episod e l\u00ebkund disi t\u00ebr\u00ebsin\u00eb e epit dhe se \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebrfutur forc\u00ebrisht. Por, me vler\u00ebn e vet, i jep epit nj\u00eb tipar artistik. Krahas k\u00ebsaj, me dramatizmin e vet i jep nj\u00eb gjall\u00ebri edhe rrjedh\u00ebs s\u00eb veprimit.<\/p>\n

Epi p\u00ebrfundon n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb pesimiste<\/em>: njeriu \u00ebsht\u00eb i pafuqish\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb m\u00ebsuar di\u00e7ka p\u00ebr gj\u00ebrat q\u00eb vazhdimisht e mundojn\u00eb, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjet p\u00ebr jet\u00ebn dhe vdekjen<\/em><\/strong> (pllaka e 12-t\u00eb<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Gjuha<\/em> e epit karakterizohet me tonin biblik<\/em>. N\u00eb let\u00ebrsin\u00eb jude <\/em><\/strong>kjo ka ardhur m\u00eb von\u00eb. Tonin biblik e kemi edhe n\u00eb rr\u00ebfimin p\u00ebr p\u00ebrmbytjen<\/em>, q\u00eb me shfaqjen n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb ep i habiti qarqet shkencore t\u00eb bot\u00ebs. P\u00ebrs\u00ebritjet <\/em>epike n\u00eb t\u00eb jan\u00eb tejet t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. P\u00ebrs\u00ebritjet<\/em> q\u00eb n\u00eb shikim t\u00eb par\u00eb duken t\u00eb thjeshta, e pasqyrojn\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb qart\u00eb koh\u00ebn brenda s\u00eb cil\u00ebs ndodhin ngjarjet q\u00eb zhvillohen n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb: udh\u00ebtimi i Gilgameshit n\u00ebp\u00ebr gryk\u00ebn e err\u00ebt, ngulja e 120 hunjve n\u00ebp\u00ebr k\u00ebnetat e vdekjes<\/em> etj.<\/p>\n

Me humanizmin dhe me madh\u00ebshtin\u00eb etike, ky ep ngrihet mbi shum\u00eb epe t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb famshme n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat, p\u00ebrmbi shkatht\u00ebsit\u00eb e njeriut, mbizot\u00ebrojn\u00eb dob\u00ebsit\u00eb si: rr\u00ebmbimet, hakmarrjet, luft\u00ebrat, dredhit\u00eb, mashtrimet<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Me zbulimin e \u201cEpit t\u00eb Gilgameshit\u201d asgj\u00eb m\u00eb e bukur nuk ka mundur t\u00eb vihet n\u00eb krye t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs njer\u00ebzore. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb krijim letrar, sa i af\u00ebrt aq edhe i njer\u00ebzish\u00ebm, q\u00eb si nj\u00eb fije e holl\u00eb drite shk\u00eblqen mbi njer\u00ebzimin nga koh\u00ebt e larg\u00ebta. Q\u00eb nga e kaluara e larg\u00ebt, njer\u00ebzimi ka kaluar n\u00ebp\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha tmerret dhe mizorit\u00eb. N\u00ebp\u00ebr t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn lebeti kalon dhe sot.<\/p>\n

FRIKA NGA VDEKJA DHE D\u00cbSHIRA P\u00cbR T\u00cb GJETUR PAVDEK\u00cbSIN\u00cb DHE FORC\u00cbN RINORE T\u00cb P\u00cbRHERSHME<\/strong><\/p>\n

P ll a k a\u00a0 e\u00a0 p a r \u00eb: Mbreti Gilgamesh<\/strong> sundon n\u00eb qytetin e Urukut si tiran. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye njer\u00ebzit ishin t\u00eb pak\u00ebnaqur. R\u00ebnkimet e tyre, e sidomos r\u00ebnkimet e t\u00eb rinjve t\u00eb dashuruar, arrijn\u00eb deri n\u00eb qiell, te hyjnit\u00eb. Ata k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb nga per\u00ebndit\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb krijojn\u00eb nj\u00eb qenie q\u00eb do t\u2019i kund\u00ebrvihet atij e q\u00eb do t\u00eb ngadh\u00ebnjej\u00eb mbi t\u00eb, q\u00eb pastaj qyteti t\u00eb jetoj\u00eb i lir\u00eb. Hyji Anuji<\/em> <\/strong>e pranon k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn e tyre dhe urdh\u00ebron hyjnesh\u00ebn Aruru <\/em><\/strong>q\u00eb ta krijoj\u00eb nj\u00eb qenie t\u00eb till\u00eb. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb q\u00ebllim, ajo e krijoi nga balta trimin Enkidu<\/strong>. Gjahtari t\u00eb cilit Enkidui ia shkat\u00ebrronte kasollat p\u00ebr arsye se jetonte n\u00eb miq\u00ebsi me kafsh\u00ebt, iu ankua Gilgameshit. Ky e d\u00ebrgoi gruan e shenjt\u00eb<\/em>, e cila me dashurin\u00eb e vet e t\u00ebrhoqi Enkiduin prej kafsh\u00ebve t\u00eb kullotave. Bashk\u00eb me t\u00eb, ajo erdhi n\u00eb Uruk ku Enkidui duhej t\u00eb luftonte me Gilgameshin.<\/p>\n

P ll a k a\u00a0 e\u00a0 d y t \u00eb: Duke qen\u00eb tep\u00ebr i fuqish\u00ebm, Gilgameshi ngadh\u00ebnjeu mbi qenien q\u00eb e kishin krijuar hyjnit\u00eb. Por, e \u00ebma, Rishat-ja<\/strong>, e k\u00ebshilloi q\u00eb ta konsideronte at\u00eb si mik dhe si v\u00eblla. Gilgameshi i bindet k\u00ebshill\u00ebs s\u00eb n\u00ebn\u00ebs, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb midis tij dhe Enkiduit lindi nj\u00eb miq\u00ebsi<\/em> e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb. Ai e fton Enkiduin q\u00eb t\u00eb nisen drejt malit t\u00eb Cedrit p\u00ebr ta vrar\u00eb roj\u00ebn e pyllit Humbab\u00ebn<\/strong>. Ky e kishte fyer hyjin e diellit, Shamashin<\/em><\/strong>, nd\u00ebrsa banor\u00ebve t\u00eb brigjeve q\u00eb i afroheshin Cedrit hyjnor, ua kallte tmerrin.<\/p>\n

Tani e tutje, t\u00eb dy trimat kund\u00ebr t\u00eb keqes do t\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarrin veprime t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebta. Gilgameshi,\u00a0 mbret i Urukut, tani trim e luft\u00ebtar, p\u00ebr t\u2019i mposhtur armiqt\u00eb e njer\u00ebzve dhe t\u00eb hyjnive, bashk\u00eb me Enkiduin nd\u00ebrmerr veprime kund\u00ebr lig\u00ebsis\u00eb. Duke b\u00ebr\u00eb pun\u00eb t\u00eb mira, edhe emrat e tyre do t\u00eb b\u00ebheshin t\u00eb famsh\u00ebm dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrjetsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb nj\u00eb fjalim q\u00eb kishte mbajtur n\u00eb sall\u00ebn e pallatit para fisnik\u00ebve t\u00eb qytetit, Gilgameshi thot\u00eb: \u201cNd\u00ebr ju dhe nd\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb popujt le t\u00eb mbizot\u00ebroj\u00eb paqja\u201d<\/em>. Sikund\u00ebr shihet, dikur mbret tiran i Urukut, tani ishte b\u00ebr\u00eb njeri i paqes dhe i arsyes.<\/p>\n

Forc\u00ebn dhe triumfin mbreti i Urukut e sheh n\u00eb bashkimin e\u00a0 forc\u00ebs, n\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarrje t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebta kund\u00ebr armiqve t\u00eb fort\u00eb si Humbaba apo sikur demi i d\u00ebrguar nga qielli. Kjo arrihet n\u00eb veprimin e m\u00ebtejsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

P ll a k a\u00a0 e\u00a0 t r e t \u00eb: Enkidui s\u2019jeton dot pa fush\u00ebn. Ai pendohet se i ka l\u00ebn\u00eb kafsh\u00ebt, ndaj u kthehet kullotave. I brengosur, Gilgameshi niset p\u00ebr ta k\u00ebrkuar dhe pasi e gjen, bashk\u00eb me t\u00eb kthehet n\u00eb Uruk. Enkidui ia rr\u00ebfeu \u00ebndrr\u00ebn q\u00eb kishte par\u00eb: udh\u00ebtim n\u00ebp\u00ebr bot\u00ebn e n\u00ebndheshme. N\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet \u00ebndrr\u00ebs atij i p\u00ebrfytyrohet \u201csht\u00ebpia e territ<\/em>\u201d, vendbanim i sundimtarit t\u00eb bot\u00ebs s\u00eb n\u00ebndheshme, Irkall\u00ebs<\/em><\/strong>, burrit t\u00eb Ershkigal\u00ebs<\/em><\/strong>. Duke qen\u00eb se \u00ebndrra paralajm\u00ebron fatkeq\u00ebsi, Gilgameshi e k\u00ebshillon q\u00eb p\u00ebr gjyqtarin ogurzi t\u00eb t\u00eb vdekurve Utuk<\/strong> t\u00eb \u00a0jap\u00eb theror.<\/p>\n

P ll a k a\u00a0 e\u00a0 k a t \u00eb r t: Gilgameshi dhe Enkidui nisen drejt Cedrit hyjnor t\u00eb p\u00ebr ta vrar\u00eb Humbab\u00ebn. E \u00ebma e Gilgameshit, Rishat-ja, e lut Enkiduin q\u00eb n\u00eb luft\u00eb ta mbroj\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebn e saj. Ata e marrin rrug\u00ebn e malit p\u00ebr ta vrar\u00eb s\u00eb pari roj\u00ebn e Humbab\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Tabela V e Epit t\u00eb Gligamesh. E zbuluar s\u00eb fundmi. Muzeumi Sulaymaniyah, Irak.<\/em><\/p>\n

P ll a k a\u00a0 e\u00a0 p e s t \u00eb:<\/em> Nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb udh\u00ebtuan n\u00ebp\u00ebr pyll. Aty iu desh t\u00eb bujn\u00eb dy net. Enkidui kishte par\u00eb \u00ebndrra dy net me radh\u00eb. Gilgameshi i kishte interpretuar ato si t\u00eb mira p\u00ebr ta. Pas k\u00ebsaj, ata i ngjiten maj\u00ebs s\u00eb hyjnive<\/em> ku edhe e vrasin Humbab\u00ebn. Per\u00ebndesha Irnini<\/em><\/strong> u sugjeron q\u00eb t\u00eb kthehen nga kishin ardhur, p\u00ebr arsye se t\u00eb vdekshmit sikund\u00ebr jan\u00eb njer\u00ebzit, nuk guxojn\u00eb t\u2019ua shohin fytyrat hyjnive. Me kok\u00ebn e prer\u00eb t\u00eb Humbab\u00ebs, t\u00eb dy shok\u00ebt kthehen n\u00eb Uruk.<\/p>\n

P ll a k a\u00a0 e\u00a0 gj a sh t \u00eb: Gilgameshi i vesh rrobat solemne. Per\u00ebndesha e dashuris\u00eb, Ishtarja<\/em><\/strong>, sapo e sheh, i shpall dashurin\u00eb. Ai e refuzon duke ia num\u00ebruar nj\u00ebherazi t\u00eb gjitha veprimet e liga t\u00eb saj. Ishtarja i ankohet babait t\u00eb vet, hyjit Anu<\/em><\/strong>, sundimtar i qiellit dhe baba i zot\u00ebve. P\u00ebr ta vrar\u00eb Gilgameshin, ky e d\u00ebrgon demin e \u00e7uditsh\u00ebm t\u00eb qiellit<\/em><\/strong>. Enkidui ia k\u00ebput demit organin gjinor dhe ia hedh Ishtares n\u00eb fytyr\u00eb. T\u00eb dy shok\u00ebt e mposhtin demin duke e l\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb vrar\u00eb. Ishtarja e mallkoi Gilgameshin dhe i thirri vashat dhe prift\u00ebreshat e Urukut p\u00ebr t\u00eb vajtuar mbi cop\u00ebn e k\u00ebputur t\u00eb demit.<\/p>\n

P ll a k a\u00a0 e\u00a0 sh t a t \u00eb: Enkidui p\u00ebrs\u00ebri kishte par\u00eb \u00ebnd\u00ebrr: Tani e kishte rr\u00ebmbyer nj\u00eb shqiponj\u00eb e cila e kishte marr\u00eb me vete dhe e kishte shp\u00ebn\u00eb lart n\u00eb qiell. Nga lart e kishte l\u00ebshuar teposht\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrplaset e t\u00eb b\u00ebhet cop\u00eb e gri. Edhe ai edhe Gilgameshi parandiejn\u00eb nj\u00eb fatkeq\u00ebsi t\u00eb tmerrshme. Enkidui u s\u00ebmur\u00eb. Parandjeu edhe vdekjen e vet.<\/p>\n

P ll a k a\u00a0 e\u00a0 t e t \u00eb: Enkidui vdes. P\u00ebr ta zgjuar, Gilgameshi e vajtoi gjasht\u00eb dit\u00eb e gjasht\u00eb net, por m\u00eb kot. E kuptoi se zgjim nuk ka. E varrosi n\u00eb dit\u00ebn e shtat\u00eb. Bredh n\u00ebp\u00ebr pyll. Takon gjahtarin dhe i tregon p\u00ebr mikun e humbur. I thot\u00eb po ashtu se\u00a0 tani e tutje, edhe vet\u00eb ai ka frik\u00eb nga vdekja.<\/p>\n

P ll a k a\u00a0 e\u00a0 n \u00eb n t \u00eb: Forc\u00ebn dhe guximin e Gilgameshit trim e luft\u00ebtar, sidomos ato\u00a0 t\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarra bashk\u00eb me Enkiduin, tani e z\u00ebvend\u00ebsoi frika nga vdekja<\/em>, p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht d\u00ebshira p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjetur pavdek\u00ebsin\u00eb dhe forc\u00ebn e p\u00ebrhershme rinore<\/em>. Ai niset n\u00eb nj\u00eb udh\u00ebtim t\u00eb gjat\u00eb p\u00ebr te st\u00ebrgjyshi i vet Utnapishtimi<\/strong>, i cili jetonte larg n\u00eb nj\u00eb ishull t\u00eb detit t\u00eb gjer\u00eb. Ishte njeriu q\u00eb i kishte shp\u00ebtuar p\u00ebrmbytjes s\u00eb madhe<\/em> dhe kishte fituar amshimin e jet\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb <\/em>rinis\u00eb. Ishte i vetmi njeri i cili kishte marr\u00eb pjes\u00eb n\u00eb kuvendin e hyjnive.<\/p>\n

D\u00ebshiron t\u00eb m\u00ebsoj\u00eb prej tij sesi edhe ai do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb arrinte jet\u00ebn e amshueshme dhe forc\u00ebn e p\u00ebrhershme rinore. Mb\u00ebrrin n\u00eb bregun Mashu ku ndodhej porta e diellit <\/em>q\u00eb e ruajin njer\u00ebzit-akrepa. Kalon p\u00ebrbri tyre dhe duke ecur n\u00ebp\u00ebr gryk\u00ebn e err\u00ebt, mb\u00ebrrin n\u00eb Kopshtin e hyjnive.<\/p>\n

P ll a k a\u00a0 e\u00a0 dh j e t \u00eb: Rojtarja e kopshtit, hyjnesha Siduri Sabituja<\/em><\/strong> e sugjeron t\u00eb heq\u00eb dor\u00eb nga ideja e vet, ngase jeta e amshueshme \u00ebsht\u00eb e p\u00ebrcaktuar vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr per\u00ebndit\u00eb<\/em>.<\/p>\n

I frik\u00ebsuar nga vdekja dhe me shpres\u00eb se do ta gjente jet\u00ebn e amshuar, Gilgameshit nuk i b\u00ebjn\u00eb p\u00ebrshtypje fjal\u00ebt e Sabitus\u00eb. Ai ka mendim tjet\u00ebr ndaj jet\u00ebs s\u00eb njeriut. Ndon\u00ebse ishte mbret i Urukut, ai nuk ishte i k\u00ebnaqur me jet\u00ebn. Jeta i kishte ofruar shum\u00eb pak, ndaj e k\u00ebrkon amshimin. Lakmon jet\u00ebn e per\u00ebndive t\u00eb cil\u00ebt e p\u00ebrcaktojn\u00eb fatin e njeriut, b\u00ebjn\u00eb jet\u00eb pa brenga, nuk mendojn\u00eb p\u00ebr vdekjen dhe gjithmon\u00eb kan\u00eb fuqi rinie.<\/p>\n

Pas klithjeve dhe vajtimeve t\u00eb tij, Sabituja e lejon t\u00eb hyj\u00eb n\u00eb kopshtin e hyjnive<\/em>. Q\u00eb aty, e merr dhe e shpie te lund\u00ebrtari Ur-Shanabi<\/strong>. Gilgameshi i lutet atij q\u00eb t\u2019i mund\u00ebsoj\u00eb t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb detin e gjer\u00eb si dhe uj\u00ebrat e vdekjes, pra p\u00ebr ta shp\u00ebn\u00eb me bark\u00eb deri n\u00eb ishull.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur deri te Utnapishtimi <\/strong>i larg\u00ebt q\u00eb t\u00eb fitonte edhe ai jet\u00ebn e amshuar, Gilgameshi b\u00ebri sakrifica t\u00eb m\u00ebdha. Me t\u2019u takuar me Utnapishtimin, Gilgameshi i foli p\u00ebr dhimbjen q\u00eb ndjente p\u00ebr mikun e vdekur. Ia shprehu edhe frik\u00ebn q\u00eb kishte nga vdekja si dhe ia shfaqi d\u00ebshir\u00ebn p\u00ebr pavdek\u00ebsi dhe forc\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrhershme rinore.<\/p>\n

Duke i folur p\u00ebr p\u00ebrkoh\u00ebsin\u00eb e jet\u00ebs, Utnapishtimi ia p\u00ebrs\u00ebriti fjal\u00ebt e hyjnesh\u00ebs Siduri Sabituja se njer\u00ebzit, duke qen\u00eb t\u00eb vdeksh\u00ebm, nuk mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb amshuesh\u00ebm apo t\u00eb pavdeksh\u00ebm. Nj\u00eb gj\u00eb e till\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e p\u00ebrcaktuar vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr hyjnit\u00eb.<\/p>\n

P ll a k a\u00a0 e\u00a0 nj \u00eb m b \u00eb dh j e t \u00eb: Utnapishtimi ia p\u00ebrshkruan Gilgameshit p\u00ebrmbytjen<\/em><\/strong> e madhe <\/em><\/strong>q\u00eb me k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn e Ishtares <\/strong>e kishte d\u00ebrguar kryehyji i plotfuqish\u00ebm n\u00eb tok\u00eb, Bel-i<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Hyji i thell\u00ebsive, Ea<\/em> <\/strong>e kishte k\u00ebshilluar q\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtonte nj\u00eb bark\u00eb dhe t\u00eb vendoste n\u00eb t\u00eb farefisin e vet si dhe far\u00ebn e \u00e7do gj\u00ebje t\u00eb gjall\u00eb. Pas p\u00ebrmbytjes, per\u00ebndia Ea<\/em><\/strong>, at\u00eb dhe gruan e tij i kishte b\u00ebr\u00eb t\u00eb pavdeksh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

Utnapishtimi e k\u00ebshillon Gilgameshin q\u00eb t\u00eb kthehet nga kishte ardhur. Gruaja e vet e sugjeron q\u00eb t\u2019ia tregoj\u00eb Gilgameshit fsheht\u00ebsin\u00eb e barit<\/em> (bim\u00ebs) \u00e7udib\u00ebr\u00ebs q\u00eb ia jep njeriut pavdek\u00ebsin\u00eb<\/em>, po qe se ai ha nga ky bar. Gilgameshi e gjeti barin, por ia h\u00ebngri gjarpri. I d\u00ebshp\u00ebruar, me Ur-Shanabin <\/strong>u kthye n\u00eb Uruk.<\/p>\n

(Duhet shtuar se Utnapishtimi \u00ebsht\u00eb konsideruar si Noi i Babilonis\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>)<\/em>.<\/p>\n

P ll a k a\u00a0 e\u00a0 d y m b \u00eb dh j e t \u00eb: Duke mos gjetur qet\u00ebsi, Gilgameshi k\u00ebrkon nga mrekullib\u00ebr\u00ebsit q\u00eb ta th\u00ebrrasin shpirtin e Enkiduit. Ata e shpijn\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00ebn e n\u00ebndheshme, n\u00eb \u201csht\u00ebpin\u00eb e tmerrit\u201d<\/em>, por Gilgameshi nuk arrin ta shoh\u00eb. Hyji i thell\u00ebsive, Ea<\/em><\/strong> e lut hyjin e bot\u00ebs n\u00ebntok\u00ebsore, Nergalin<\/em><\/strong> q\u00eb t\u00eb \u00e7el\u00eb nj\u00eb zgav\u00ebr n\u00eb tok\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb dal\u00eb lart hija e Enkiduit. \u00a0Gilgameshi e sheh hijen e mikut t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr dhe kuvendon me t\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Megjith\u00ebk\u00ebt\u00eb, nuk arrin t\u00eb m\u00ebsoj\u00eb prej tij p\u00ebr ligjin e jet\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb vdekjes. I shqet\u00ebsuar, \u00a0kthehet n\u00eb Uruk dhe vdes n\u00eb pallatin e tij.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Disa mbishkrime kuneiforme<\/em><\/strong> u b\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb njohura qysh n\u00eb shekullin XV pas K. Nj\u00eb mbishkrim t\u00eb k\u00ebtill\u00eb, n\u00eb vitin 1674 botoi studiuesi francez Sharden<\/strong> (Jean Chardin, 1643-1713). N\u00eb vitin 1788 studiuesi danezo-gjerman Nibur <\/strong>(Karsten Niebuhr, 1733-1815) botoi disa tekste t\u00eb cilat sh\u00ebrbyen si baz\u00eb p\u00ebr deshifrimin e k\u00ebtij lloj shkrimi<\/em>.<\/strong> Hap t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm p\u00ebr leximin e shkrimit kuneiform b\u00ebri epi-grafologu dhe filologu gjerman Prof.<\/strong> George Friedrich Grotefend <\/strong>(1775-1853). Shkrimin kuneiform e deshifroi edhe majori anglez Henri Kreisvik Relinson <\/strong>(Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, 1810-1895).<\/p>\n

Arkeologu francez Pol Emil Bota <\/strong>(Paul Emil Botta, 1802-1870) i zbuloi g\u00ebrmadhat e pallatit t\u00eb Saragonit II t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar rreth 700 vjet para K. Arkeologu anglez Osten Henri Leerd <\/strong>(Austen Henry Layard, 1817-1894), n\u00eb vitin 1845 e zbuloi af\u00ebr Nimrud\u00ebs pallatin e Asurnasirpalit, nd\u00ebrsa kat\u00ebr vjet m\u00eb von\u00eb at\u00eb t\u00eb Senaheribit.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb 1850 ky dijetar e zbuloi bibliotek\u00ebn e famshme t\u00eb perandorit asirian Asurbanipal <\/strong>(668-630). Sipas tij, aty ndodheshin rreth 200.000 \u201clibra\u201d. Mbi 20.000 pllaka t\u00eb zbuluara n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb bibliotek\u00eb gjenden n\u00eb Muzeun Britanik.<\/p>\n

Pas gjurmimeve t\u00eb kryera n\u00eb vitet 1877-1882, arkeologu turk Hormuzd Rassam <\/strong>(1826-1910) zbuloi n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb bibliotek\u00eb edhe pjes\u00eb t\u00eb \u201cEpit t\u00eb Gilgameshit\u201d.<\/p>\n

Merita kryesore p\u00ebr gjetjen e k\u00ebtij epi i takon asirologut anglez Xhorxh Smit <\/strong>(George Smith, 1840-1876, Alepo, Siri), i cili n\u00eb Niniv\u00eb af\u00ebr Kujunxhikut zbuloi shum\u00eb pllaka t\u00eb \u201cEpit t\u00eb Gilgameshit\u201d. Aty ndodhej edhe rr\u00ebfimi i plot\u00eb i Utnapishtimit p\u00ebr p\u00ebrmbytjen e madhe<\/em>, e shkruar n\u00eb pllak\u00ebn (k\u00ebng\u00ebn) e 11-t\u00eb t\u00eb epit.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitet 1888-1900, nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i madh librash u zbuluan n\u00eb Nipur. Pllakat ishin shkruar me shkrimin kuneiform. Mendohet se k\u00ebto pllaka jan\u00eb 1500 vjet m\u00eb t\u00eb vjetra se ato t\u00eb zbuluara n\u00eb bibliotek\u00ebn e Asurbanipalit. N\u00eb mesin e tyre u gjet edhe pllaka (k\u00ebnga) e 12-t\u00eb<\/em> e \u201cEpit t\u00eb Gilgameshit\u201d. Disa studiues thon\u00eb se pllaka e 12-t\u00eb<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb pjes\u00eb burimore e epit, por ka edhe t\u00eb till\u00eb q\u00eb shprehin dyshime p\u00ebr nj\u00eb gj\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb tekstin e plot\u00ebsuar nga Bukardi<\/strong> (Burckhardt) kjo pllak\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrputhur me t\u00ebr\u00ebsin\u00eb kuptimore t\u00eb epit.<\/p>\n

Disa prej pllakave t\u00eb epit jan\u00eb mjaft t\u00eb d\u00ebmtuara, ndaj shum\u00eb fjal\u00eb dhe vargje jan\u00eb t\u00eb palexueshme, d.m.th. jan\u00eb fshir\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht. Sidomos jan\u00eb d\u00ebmtuar pllakat II, IV, V, VII, VIII, X.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr dallim nga \u201cIliada\u201d apo nga \u201cK\u00ebnga e Rolandit\u201d, p\u00ebr \u201cEpin e Gilgameshit\u201d ka pak variante. Mendohet se prej shekullit XXI deri n\u00eb shekullin VI para K. poezia gilgameshiane ekzistoi dhe u trash\u00ebgua n\u00eb kat\u00ebr gjuh\u00eb. \u00cbsht\u00eb versioni akad,<\/em> sumer<\/em> etj. Ndryshimet her\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb vogla, her\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha. Sipas disa studiuesve gjerman\u00eb, gjuha sumere pushoi t\u00eb flitet n\u00eb mij\u00ebvje\u00e7arin e tret\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Studiuesi i shquar Prof. Anton Nik\u00eb Berisha<\/strong> (1946), \u201cEpin e Gilgameshit\u201d e solli n\u00eb shqip, duke b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrkthim t\u00eb p\u00ebrkryer nga gjuha gjermane.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Xhelal Zejneli\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Let\u00ebrsia e Mesopotamis\u00eb, aq sa \u00ebsht\u00eb rikonstruktuar deri m\u00eb sot, n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb pllakave argjile t\u00eb gjetura n\u00eb Niniv\u00eb, n\u00eb Nipur, n\u00eb Mari, si dhe n\u00eb qytete t\u00eb tjera, \u00ebsht\u00eb tejet e pasur. N\u00eb radh\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb, k\u00ebtu b\u00ebjn\u00eb pjes\u00eb epet, mitet, legjendat, skenat religjioze, himnet kushtuar per\u00ebndive, k\u00ebng\u00ebt e vajtimit, psalmet, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":17806,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,4,35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52786","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-artikuj","category-histori","category-kulture"],"yoast_head":"\nEPI I GILGAMESHIT - FJALA e LIR\u00cb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/epi-i-gilgameshit\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"EPI I GILGAMESHIT - FJALA e LIR\u00cb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Xhelal Zejneli\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Let\u00ebrsia e Mesopotamis\u00eb, aq sa \u00ebsht\u00eb rikonstruktuar deri m\u00eb sot, n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb pllakave argjile t\u00eb gjetura n\u00eb Niniv\u00eb, n\u00eb Nipur, n\u00eb Mari, si dhe n\u00eb qytete t\u00eb tjera, \u00ebsht\u00eb tejet e pasur. 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