{"id":53296,"date":"2020-04-03T11:50:57","date_gmt":"2020-04-03T10:50:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/?p=53296"},"modified":"2020-04-03T12:00:44","modified_gmt":"2020-04-03T11:00:44","slug":"dante-aligieri-komedia-hyjnore","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/dante-aligieri-komedia-hyjnore\/","title":{"rendered":"DANTE ALIGIERI \u2013 \u201cKOMEDIA HYJNORE\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"XhelalXhelal Zejneli<\/strong><\/p>\n

RRETHANA POLITIKE, EKONOMIKE DHE SHOQ\u00cbRORE N\u00cb ITALIN\u00cb E KOH\u00cbS S\u00cb DANTES<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eb koh\u00ebn kur jetoi Danteja, Italia kishte hyr\u00eb n\u00eb rrug\u00ebn e zhvillimit t\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve kapitaliste<\/em><\/strong>. Ajo u b\u00eb nyj\u00eb tregtare e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme midis Evrop\u00ebs Per\u00ebndimore dhe vendeve t\u00eb Lindjes. Zhvillimi i industris\u00eb \u00e7oi n\u00eb formimin e qyteteve-republika, t\u00eb cilat n\u00eb Italin\u00eb e Veriut u b\u00ebn\u00eb qendra politike dhe ekonomike t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. Rritja e prodhimit n\u00eb shekullin XIV n\u00eb Firence, n\u00eb Milano etj. i zhvilloi proceset kapitaliste, gj\u00eb q\u00eb mori nj\u00eb karakter shfryt\u00ebzues. Republika tregtare t\u00eb pasura ishin Venecia dhe Gjenova, nd\u00ebrsa qytete industriale ishin Firencja dhe Milano. Por, n\u00eb krahina t\u00eb caktuara ende mbizot\u00ebronin marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet feudale. Qendra e Italis\u00eb ku shtrihej krahina e pap\u00ebs<\/strong>, ishte tejet e prapambetur. Italia e Jugut nd\u00ebrkaq, ndodhej n\u00eb duart e feudal\u00ebve francez\u00eb, n\u00eb krye t\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebve ishte Karli i Anzhujve<\/strong> (1226\/7-1285), i cili sundonte n\u00eb Sicili.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim<\/strong>: N\u00eb vitin 1271, n\u00eb territoret arb\u00ebrore q\u00eb i rimori nga Perandoria Bizantine, Karli i Anzhujve<\/strong> themeloi Regnum Albaniae<\/em><\/strong> (Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Arbrit) q\u00eb u shpall n\u00eb fund t\u00eb shkurtit t\u00eb vitit 1272. Ajo shtrihej nga rajoni i Dyrrahut (lat. Dyrrhachium) n\u00eb jug, p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb bregdetit t\u00eb Butrintit. Kryeqytet i Mbret\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb Arbrit ishte Durr\u00ebsi. Gjuha q\u00eb flitej ishte shqipja <\/strong>dhe italishtja. Feja ishte krishterimi. <\/strong>Qeveria ishte monarki. Mbret, Zot\u00ebri tani Duk\u00eb, ishin: Karli i Anzhujve, n\u00eb vitet 1272-1285 dhe Luigji (Louis), n\u00eb vitet 1285-1368). Mbret\u00ebria e Arbrit kapitulloi n\u00eb vitin 1368. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vit, Durr\u00ebsi u kap nga fisniku arb\u00ebr q\u00eb sundoi n\u00eb vitet 1358-1388, Karl Topia <\/strong>(Durr\u00ebs, 1331 \u2013 Elbasan, 1388). N\u00eb vitin 1392, djali i Karl Topis\u00eb, qytetin dhe fushat e tij ia dor\u00ebzoi Republik\u00ebs s\u00eb Venedikut.<\/p>\n

KONFLIKTET POLITIKE N\u00cb ITALIN\u00cb E SHEKULLIT XII<\/strong><\/p>\n

Shoq\u00ebria italiane e shekullit XII ndahej;<\/p>\n

– n\u00eb gibelin\u00eb <\/strong>(ital.: ghibellino), t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ishin ithtar\u00eb t\u00eb<\/em><\/strong> perandor\u00ebve gjerman\u00eb <\/em><\/strong>nga sht\u00ebpia sundimtare e Hohenstauf<\/strong>-ve; dhe<\/p>\n

– n\u00eb guelf <\/strong>(ital.: guelfo), t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ishin ithtar\u00eb t\u00eb sht\u00ebpis\u00eb sundimtare Guelf<\/em><\/strong> ose t\u00eb pap\u00ebs<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb Italin\u00eb e shekullit XII guelf <\/strong>quhej an\u00ebtari i nj\u00eb fraksioni me zanafill\u00eb n\u00eb familjen gjermane Velf (Welf) <\/strong>q\u00eb ishin duk\u00eb t\u00eb Saksonis\u00eb dhe t\u00eb Bavaris\u00eb. Velf\u00ebt qen\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtar\u00eb tradicional\u00eb t\u00eb familjes mbret\u00ebrore Hohenstaufen <\/strong>n\u00eb Gjermani dhe n\u00eb Itali. Velf\u00ebt n\u00eb Itali njiheshin me emrin guelf\u00eb<\/strong>, nd\u00ebrsa Hohenstaufen-\u00ebt me emrin gibelin\u00eb<\/strong>. N\u00eb shekullin XII udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs i guelf\u00ebve <\/strong>ishte Duka i Saksonis\u00eb dhe i Bavaris\u00eb Henrik Luani <\/strong>(1129-1195). <\/strong>Ai ishte mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebs i papatit<\/em><\/strong>, kund\u00ebr synimeve t\u00eb Perandor\u00ebve t\u00eb Shenjt\u00eb Romak\u00eb<\/strong>. Guelf\u00ebt <\/strong>kishin mb\u00ebshtetje n\u00eb qytetet kryesore t\u00eb Italis\u00eb. Rival\u00ebt e tyre qen\u00eb pala perandorake<\/em><\/strong>, nd\u00ebrsa fuqia e tyre vinte kryesisht prej familjeve t\u00eb m\u00ebdha aristokrate<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb grindjet vendore, pavar\u00ebsisht nga shkaku, pal\u00ebt n\u00eb konflikt e lidhnin veten me nj\u00ebr\u00ebn apo me tjetr\u00ebn familje kund\u00ebrshtare, emrat e t\u00eb cilave vazhduan t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren shum\u00eb koh\u00eb pasi grindjet e fillimit qen\u00eb harruar.<\/p>\n

Midis guelf\u00ebve <\/em><\/strong>dhe gibelin\u00ebve<\/em><\/strong>, Dante ishte n\u00eb an\u00ebn e guelf\u00ebve dhe kund\u00ebr gibelin\u00ebve. U angazhua p\u00ebr lirin\u00eb e qyteteve-republika dhe kund\u00ebr sundimit t\u00eb fisnik\u00ebve t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj. P\u00ebrplasjet zhvilloheshin midis ithtar\u00ebve t\u00eb pap\u00ebs<\/em><\/strong> dhe ithtar\u00ebve t\u00eb perandorit gjerman<\/em><\/strong>. Kur pala e tij e humbi luft\u00ebn, Dante u largua nga Firencja dhe nuk u kthye m\u00eb. Jeta e tij n\u00eb m\u00ebrgim zgjati mbi nj\u00ebzet vjet.<\/p>\n

DANTE ALIGIERI <\/strong>(Dante Alighieri, 1265-1321) \u00ebsht\u00eb shkrimtar i madh italian i kap\u00ebrcyellit t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb mes\u00ebm dhe shekullit t\u00eb ri. Lindi n\u00eb Firence m\u00eb 15 maj 1265. Data e lindjes s\u00eb tij nuk dihet sakt\u00ebsisht. Shum\u00eb data q\u00eb kan\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb me jet\u00ebn dhe me veprimtarin\u00eb e poetit, nuk dihen sakt\u00eb. Nuk dihen sakt\u00eb edhe data t\u00eb caktuara t\u00eb personaliteteve q\u00eb kan\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb me t\u00eb. E pag\u00ebzuan me emrin Durante<\/strong>. Sipas Jakopo Aligierit, emri Dante \u00ebsht\u00eb shkurtim i emrit Durante. Kur i vdiq e \u00ebma, Dante ishte pes\u00eb apo gjasht\u00eb vje\u00e7.<\/p>\n

Danteja \u00ebsht\u00eb bir i Alghieri di Bellincione<\/strong>-s, i cili i p\u00ebrkiste nj\u00eb familjeje dekadente guelfe<\/em><\/strong> dhe i gruas s\u00eb tij t\u00eb par\u00eb, Bela-s. E \u00ebma Bela Abati<\/strong> (Bella degli Abati, ? \u2013 1270) ishte bij\u00eb e Durante di Scolai Abati, i cili ishte pjes\u00ebtar i fisnik\u00ebve gibelin\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>. Disa muaj pas lindjes s\u00eb Dantes, me fitoren e Karlit t\u00eb Anzhujve<\/strong> (Charles de Anjou) n\u00eb vitin 1266 mbi mbretin Manfred de Benvenito<\/strong>, p\u00ebrfundon periudha e perandoris\u00eb n\u00eb Itali. Napoli qeveriset nga francez\u00ebt, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb n\u00eb Toskan\u00eb sigurohet dominimi rrym\u00ebs s\u00eb guelf\u00ebve<\/strong>. Rrjedhimisht, Danteja u rrit n\u00eb frym\u00ebn e demokracis\u00eb fiorentine.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr formimin intelektual t\u00eb Dantes, nuk dihet shum\u00eb. Duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb ndjekur procesin arsimor t\u00eb koh\u00ebs. Shtyll\u00eb e arsimit mesjetar ishte: teologjia, filozofia, fizika, astronomia \u00a0(quadrivium)<\/em>; dhe dialektika, gramatika, retorika (trivium)<\/em>. Latinishtja <\/em><\/strong>ishte thelb\u00ebsore p\u00ebr formimin e nx\u00ebn\u00ebsit, pasi ratio studiorum <\/em>bazohej n\u00eb leximin e Ciceronit <\/strong>(Markus Tullius Cicero, 106-43 para K., i vrar\u00eb si ithtar i republik\u00ebs) dhe t\u00eb Virgjilit <\/strong>(Publius Vergilius Maro, 70-19 para K.).<\/p>\n

Thuhet se Dante e m\u00ebsoi filozofin\u00eb te fran\u00e7eskan\u00ebt<\/em><\/strong> dhe se m\u00ebsues t\u00eb retorik\u00ebs e kishte politikanin dhe dijetarin fiorentin Ser<\/strong> Bruneto Latinin<\/strong> (Brunetto Latimi, 1220-1294), i cili ishte sekretar i Republik\u00ebs dhe ithtar i dalluar i partis\u00eb s\u00eb guelf\u00ebve<\/em><\/strong>. Latini ishte autor i vepr\u00ebs \u201cTesoro\u201d<\/em> q\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb enciklopedi e koh\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb kushte t\u00eb zhvillimit ekonomik t\u00eb pabarabart\u00eb t\u00eb krahinave t\u00eb Italis\u00eb, u theksua nevoja e bashkimit t\u00eb vendit<\/em><\/strong> n\u00eb nj\u00eb shtet t\u00eb qend\u00ebrzuar. Qyteti-komun\u00eb i Firences vlonte nga pasionet politike. Nd\u00ebrmjet partis\u00eb s\u00eb guelf\u00ebve<\/em><\/strong> dhe partis\u00eb s\u00eb gibelin\u00ebve<\/em><\/strong> filloi nj\u00eb luft\u00eb e ashp\u00ebr. N\u00ebp\u00ebr burgjet e k\u00ebshtjellave, t\u00eb burgosurit u n\u00ebnshtroheshin torturave. Shum\u00eb prej tyre vriteshin. Organizoheshin komplote, nd\u00ebrsa p\u00ebr\u00e7arjet dita-dit\u00ebs thelloheshin.<\/p>\n

Danteja merr pjes\u00eb n\u00eb jet\u00ebn politike t\u00eb Firences si an\u00ebtar i K\u00ebshillit t\u00eb nj\u00ebqind\u00ebshit<\/em>, i ngarkuar p\u00ebr pun\u00eb t\u00eb financave t\u00eb Republik\u00ebs s\u00eb Firences.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koh\u00eb Danteja e shkroi vepr\u00ebn e vet t\u00eb par\u00eb \u201cJeta e re\u201d (Vita Nuova, 1292-1293) t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ia dedikoi poetit fiorentinas Kavalkantit<\/strong> (Guido Cavalcanti, 1255-1300), t\u00eb cilin e konsideronte si t\u00eb parin mik.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb vitit 1300, pap\u00eb u shpall Bonifaci VIII <\/strong>(Bonifatius VIII, 1230-1303). Rrethanat politike n\u00eb Firence ishin t\u00eb acaruara p\u00ebr arsye se partia e guelf\u00ebve<\/strong> q\u00eb ishte n\u00eb pushtet, u nda n\u00eb dy rryma: t\u00eb bardh\u00ebt<\/strong> dhe t\u00eb zinjt\u00eb<\/strong>. T\u00eb bardh\u00ebt<\/em> ishin p\u00ebr pavar\u00ebsin\u00eb e Firences nga papa, ishin p\u00ebr kushtetut\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb drejta qytetare. T\u00eb zinjt\u00eb<\/em> ishin shtres\u00eb e pasur dhe fisnik\u00eb,\u00a0 mb\u00ebshtetnin pushtetin e pap\u00ebs i cili synonte t\u2019i ndal\u00eb proceset demokratike n\u00eb Toskan\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Konflikti arriti kulmin m\u00eb 1 maj kur shp\u00ebrtheu konflikti i p\u00ebrgjaksh\u00ebm midis pjes\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre dy rrymave. M\u00eb 7 maj, Danteja shkon n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim diplomatik n\u00eb San Gimignano. Pas kthimit u zgjodh si nj\u00eb prej gjasht\u00eb prior\u00ebve<\/em><\/strong> t\u00eb qytetit. Prior\u00ebt ishin kryepar\u00eb t\u00eb zgjedhur t\u00eb komunave t\u00eb Italis\u00eb mesjetare. Si ithtar i t\u00eb bardh\u00ebve<\/em>, Dante, bashk\u00eb me prior\u00ebt e tjer\u00eb vendosi masa kund\u00ebr dominimit t\u00eb pap\u00ebs n\u00eb qytet. Nj\u00ebherazi i d\u00ebnoi krer\u00ebt e t\u00eb dyja rrymave dhe lejoi kthimin n\u00eb Firence t\u00eb pjes\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb arratisur t\u00eb<\/em> t\u00eb bardh\u00ebve<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Si kund\u00ebrp\u00ebrgjigje ndaj k\u00ebtyre masave, papa d\u00ebrgon n\u00eb Firence princin francez Karlin III<\/strong> me trupat e tij. Ky hyn n\u00eb qytet m\u00eb 1 n\u00ebntor t\u00eb viti 1301 dhe i kthen t\u00eb zinjt\u00eb<\/em> n\u00eb pushtet. N\u00eb vitin 1302 ithtar\u00ebt e pap\u00ebs, t\u00eb zinjt\u00eb<\/em> e marrin pushtetin. Danten e d\u00ebnojn\u00eb me internim<\/em><\/strong>. Me aktgjykimin e 10 marsit t\u00eb po atij viti iu kanos\u00ebn se po q\u00eblloi n\u00eb territorin e komun\u00ebs, do ta djegin n\u00eb turr\u00ebn e drur\u00ebve.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1285, Danteja ishte martuar me Gema Donatin<\/strong> (Gemma di Manetto Donati, 1265-1329). Ajo ishte kush\u00ebrir\u00eb e Korsa Donatit (Corsa Donati), kund\u00ebrshtarit m\u00eb t\u00eb madh t\u00eb Dantes, Nga martesa e tyre lind\u00ebn kat\u00ebr f\u00ebmij\u00eb. Q\u00eb nga dita e largimit t\u00eb dhunsh\u00ebm nga qyteti i lindjes, gruan s\u2019e takoi kurr\u00eb. Pas nj\u00eb kohe, djemt\u00eb Pietro<\/strong> dhe Jakopo<\/strong> si dhe e bija Beatri\u00e7e<\/strong> iu bashkuan babait.<\/p>\n

Si refugjat, jetoi n\u00eb Arez\u00eb, n\u00eb Veron\u00eb dhe n\u00eb Raven\u00eb. Thuhet se nj\u00eb koh\u00eb paska qen\u00eb edhe n\u00eb Paris. N\u00eb vitet 1312-1213, perandor i Perandoris\u00eb s\u00eb Shenjt\u00eb Romake ishte Henriku VII <\/strong>(rreth 1269\/74-1313). Ai sundoi n\u00eb vitet 1308-1313). Me vdekjen e tij, Danteja i humbi shpresat se ndonj\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyrje e jashtme do t\u00eb mund ta ndryshonte gjendjen politike n\u00eb Firence. N\u00eb vitin 1315, autoritet e Firences i vun\u00eb kusht: N\u00eb do t\u00eb kthehesh n\u00eb vendlindje, duhet t\u00eb pendohesh publikisht<\/em>. \u00a0Kushtet posht\u00ebruese t\u00eb kthimit, Danteja i refuzoi. I zhg\u00ebnjyer, Danteja e quajti Firencen \u201cn\u00ebn\u00eb pa dashuri\u201d.<\/em> <\/strong>Q\u00eb at\u00ebher\u00eb, gjithnj\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr q\u00ebndroi larg edhe prej bashk\u00ebmendimtar\u00ebve t\u00eb dikursh\u00ebm, duke u b\u00ebr\u00eb k\u00ebsisoj parti n\u00eb vete<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Prej viti 1317 u vendos p\u00ebrgjithmon\u00eb n\u00eb Raven\u00eb ku, sikund\u00ebr mendohet, ligj\u00ebroi retorik\u00ebn<\/em>. Nj\u00eb vit para vdekjes, mbajti n\u00eb Veron\u00eb n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn latine ligj\u00ebrat\u00ebn \u201c\u00c7\u00ebshtja mbi ujin dhe tok\u00ebn\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Vitet e fundit i kaloi n\u00eb Raven\u00eb, te Guido da Polenta, nip i s\u00eb famshmes Fran\u00e7eska da Rimini <\/strong>(Francesca da Rimini, emri i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb Francesca da Polenta, 1255-1283\/4) t\u00eb cil\u00ebn poeti e k\u00ebndoi n\u00eb \u201cKomedin\u00eb Hyjnore\u201d.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim<\/strong>: Fran\u00e7eska da Rimini ishte bashk\u00ebkoh\u00ebse e Dantes. Nuk dihen sakt\u00eb vitet e lindjes dhe t\u00eb vdekjes s\u00eb saj. Ishte bij\u00eb e lordit t\u00eb Ravens\u00eb, Guido I da Polenta. Familja e Guidos I ishte n\u00eb armiq\u00ebsi<\/em> me familjen e lordit Malatesta t\u00eb Riminit. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, dy familjet aristokrate arrit\u00ebn paqe. Pas k\u00ebsaj, p\u00ebr interesa politik\u00eb, e bija e Guidos I \u2013 Fran\u00e7eska 20-vje\u00e7are, m\u00eb 1275 u martua me t\u00eb birin e lordit Malatesta, Gjovani Malatest\u00ebn, i cili ishte me t\u00eb met\u00eb fizike. N\u00eb Rimini, Fran\u00e7eska u dashurua tek i v\u00ebllai m\u00eb i vog\u00ebl i burrit t\u00eb saj, Paolo, i cili po ashtu ishte i martuar. Dashuria e tyre zgjati rreth dhjet\u00eb vjet. Me t\u00eb hetuar lidhjen e tyre, burri i saj Gjovani, q\u00eb t\u00eb dy i vrau n\u00eb vend. Fran\u00e7eska s\u2019i kishte mbushur as t\u00eb tridhjetat. Ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb prej personazheve t\u00eb \u201cKomedis\u00eb Hyjnore\u201d. Danteja e vendosi n\u00eb rrethin e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb ferrit<\/em>, pran\u00eb epshndjell\u00ebsve<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1321, n\u00eb udh\u00ebtim e sip\u00ebr n\u00ebp\u00ebr Venecie, Dante u s\u00ebmur\u00eb. Me t\u2019u kthyer n\u00eb Raven\u00eb, vdes m\u00eb14 shtator t\u00eb vitit 1321. Monumenti i varrit t\u00eb poetit n\u00eb Raven\u00eb u nd\u00ebrtua n\u00eb vitin 1780 nga Kamillo Morxhia.<\/p>\n

Firencja q\u00eb e internoi p\u00ebrjetsh\u00ebm dhe e d\u00ebnoi me djegie n\u00eb turr\u00ebn e drur\u00ebve, pes\u00ebdhjet\u00eb vjet pas vdekjes s\u00eb poetit, e ftoi shkrimtarin tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb madh Gjovani Boka\u00e7ion <\/strong>(Giovanni Boccaccio, 1313-1375) t\u00eb mbaj\u00eb ligj\u00ebrata publike p\u00ebr r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e \u201cKomedis\u00eb hyjnore\u201d, e cila n\u00eb fillim e kishte titullin \u201cKomedia\u201d (\u201cCommedia\u201d). M\u00eb von\u00eb, vet\u00eb Boka\u00e7io e quajti hyjnore<\/strong>. Autori i \u201cDekameronit\u201d <\/em><\/strong>(1348-1353), Boka\u00e7io, ishte studiues i thell\u00eb i Dantes. Shkroi vepr\u00ebn \u201cJeta e Dantes\u201d (Il Tratatello in laude di Dante)<\/em> si dhe komentet apo referencat e \u201cKomedis\u00eb hyjnore\u201d.<\/p>\n

VEPRIMTARIA LETRARE E DANTES<\/strong> – <\/strong>Rrethanat politike dhe shoq\u00ebrore t\u00eb Italis\u00eb nd\u00ebrlidhen ngusht\u00eb me jet\u00ebn dhe me veprimtarin\u00eb e poetit t\u00eb madh dhe t\u00eb personalitetit politik t\u00eb shquar, Dantes. Zoti e d\u00ebrgoi at\u00eb n\u00eb tok\u00eb, q\u00eb \u201ct\u2019ia tregoj\u00eb bot\u00ebs mrekullit\u00eb\u201d<\/em>, kan\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb studiuesit. Konsiderohet p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues m\u00eb i madh i let\u00ebrsis\u00eb italiane dhe nj\u00eb nga poet\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj t\u00eb bot\u00ebs. U quajt \u201cPoeti i Madh\u201d, \u201cPoeti\u201d<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vepr\u00ebn e Dantes, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb sintetizuar, gjet\u00ebn shprehjen arritjet e kultur\u00ebs, t\u00eb filozofis\u00eb <\/em>dhe t\u00eb let\u00ebrsis\u00eb klasike<\/em> e asaj mesjetare<\/em>, t\u00eb g\u00ebrshetuara me idet\u00eb iluministe t\u00eb Rilindjes<\/em>. Danteja i studioi poet\u00ebt antik\u00eb<\/em>, n\u00eb radh\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb Virgjilin<\/strong>, t\u00eb cilin e zgjodhi m\u00ebsues <\/em>\u00a0dhe udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs.\u00a0 <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Q\u00eb i ri, u shqua si poet i talentuar. Kishte shkruar poezi lirike<\/em> q\u00eb n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 15-vje\u00e7are. N\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 18-vje\u00e7are, poeti dashuroi Beatri\u00e7en <\/strong>(Beatrice di Folco Portinari, 1265-1290). <\/strong>N\u00eb vitin 1287, n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 22-vje\u00e7are, ajo u martua me Simone del Bardi<\/strong>. Pas tre vjet martese, Beatri\u00e7ja vdiq.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb Danteja e kishte takuar Beatri\u00e7en kur ai ishte vet\u00ebm 9 vje\u00e7. K\u00ebt\u00eb dashuri do ta k\u00ebndoj\u00eb n\u00eb v\u00ebllimin me 30 poezi, \u201cJeta e re\u201d <\/em><\/strong>(Vita Nuova, 1292-1293)<\/em>. K\u00ebt\u00eb vep\u00ebr, t\u00eb shkruar n\u00eb italisht, studiuesit e kan\u00eb quajtur roman autobiografik<\/em> n\u00eb vargje dhe n\u00eb proz\u00eb. N\u00eb to poeti i shpreh ndjenjat e veta t\u00eb pastra ndaj Beatri\u00e7es, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn e ka paraqitur si simbol t\u00eb bukuris\u00eb shpirt\u00ebrore, burim t\u00eb pashtersh\u00ebm t\u00eb virtytit <\/em><\/strong>dhe t\u00eb mir\u00ebsis\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>. Vdekja e Beatri\u00e7es n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 25-vje\u00e7are i shkaktoi poetit nj\u00eb dhimbje t\u00eb thell\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Sipas konceptit t\u00eb idealizuar t\u00eb dashuris\u00eb, n\u00eb frym\u00ebn e shkoll\u00ebs poetike fiorentinase \u201cdolce stil nuovo\u201d <\/strong>(stili i ri i k\u00ebndsh\u00ebm) Beatri\u00e7ja \u00ebsht\u00eb ngritur n\u00eb simbol mbitok\u00ebsor. Ajo b\u00ebhet edhe udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs mistik i shpirtit t\u00eb njeriut drejt Zotit. \u201cI bekuar \u00ebsht\u00eb ai q\u00eb mund t\u00eb d\u00ebshmoj\u00eb p\u00ebr bukurin\u00eb e saj\u201d (Beato, o anima bella, chi te vede)<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Qerthullin e poet\u00ebve \u201cil dolce stil nuovo\u201d (stili i ri i k\u00ebndsh\u00ebm) e themeluan n\u00eb Raven\u00eb tre poet\u00ebt italian\u00eb, Dante,<\/strong> Guido Guinizelli<\/strong> (1230-1270) dhe Guido Kavalkanti <\/strong>(Guido Cavalcanti, 1255-1300). Kjo shkoll\u00eb poetike paralajm\u00ebron n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb sigurt krijimin poetik nga persona t\u00eb m\u00ebsuar. Kjo n\u00ebnkupton njohjen e l\u00ebnd\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn shkruan, dashurit\u00eb kalor\u00ebsiake. K\u00ebrkon form\u00eb t\u00eb kultivuar dhe p\u00ebrdorim t\u00eb drejt\u00eb t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs. Kjo shkoll\u00eb poetike e themeloi n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn letrare italiane<\/em><\/strong>, duke e pranuar dialektin e toskan\u00ebs<\/em> si norm\u00eb letrare. M\u00ebnyra e t\u00eb shkruarit t\u00eb poezis\u00eb dashurore<\/em>, poetika galante<\/em><\/strong>, n\u00eb interpretimin dantesk<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb hallk\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb historin\u00eb e poezis\u00eb evropiane, po aq sa edhe konceptimi i dashuris\u00eb n\u00eb kuptimin shpirt\u00ebror, spiritual n\u00eb rrug\u00ebtimin e saj, q\u00eb nga trubadur\u00ebt provansal\u00eb, poet\u00ebt sicilian\u00eb<\/em><\/strong> e deri te petrarkist\u00ebt<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim<\/strong>: Petrarkizmi<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb drejtim ose m\u00ebnyr\u00eb k\u00ebndimi, p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht form\u00eb stili n\u00eb poezin\u00eb dashurore, intime n\u00eb disa let\u00ebrsi evropiane, i quajtur k\u00ebshtu sipas poetit t\u00eb madh italian Fran\u00e7esko Petrark\u00ebs <\/strong>(Francesco Petrarca, 1304-13740), i cili ishte p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesi m\u00eb i madh i humanizmit evropian,<\/em> nj\u00ebherazi edhe nj\u00eb nd\u00ebr lirik\u00ebt bot\u00ebror\u00eb <\/em>m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

Me konceptin moral dhe filozofik si dhe me konstruksionin origjinal t\u00eb saj, \u201cJeta e re\u201d<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb e pasur me alegori <\/em>dhe me freski rinore<\/em>, gj\u00eb q\u00eb paralajm\u00ebroi<\/em> lindjen e \u201cKomedis\u00eb hyjnore\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Figur\u00ebn e Beatri\u00e7es, Danteja do ta p\u00ebrjet\u00ebsoj\u00eb n\u00eb kryevepr\u00ebn e vet \u201cKomedia hyjnore\u201d, duke e ngritur n\u00eb lart\u00ebsin\u00eb e nj\u00eb qenieje ideale dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrsosur q\u00eb rrezaton at\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e past\u00ebr n\u00eb jet\u00ebn njer\u00ebzore<\/em>. Ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb motiv themelor<\/em> i poem\u00ebs. Beatri\u00e7ja do ta udh\u00ebheq\u00eb poetin n\u00eb rrug\u00ebn e drejt\u00eb t\u00eb virtytit<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Pas vepr\u00ebs s\u00eb sip\u00ebrth\u00ebn\u00eb, Danteja shkroi edhe vepra letrare t\u00eb tjera, si \u201cRimat\u201d<\/em><\/strong>, \u201cEklogat\u201d <\/em><\/strong>dhe \u201cEpistolat\u201d<\/em><\/strong>. Pasojn\u00eb traktatet me p\u00ebrmbajtje shkencore, morale dhe filozofike, si \u201cMbi gjuh\u00ebn popullore\u201d <\/em><\/strong>(De vulgari eloquentia, <\/em>1303-1305), t\u00eb shkruar n\u00eb latinisht<\/em>, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn flet p\u00ebr vler\u00ebn e gjuh\u00ebs popullore italiane<\/em>. Poeti ishte p\u00ebr bashkimin e 14 dialekteve t\u00eb italishtes. Angazhohej q\u00eb italishtja t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsonte latinishten, duke shtuar se italishtja \u00ebsht\u00eb gjuh\u00eb e mbar\u00eb popullit italian. Vepr\u00ebn diturake dhe filozofike \u201cGostia\u201d <\/em><\/strong>(Convivio, <\/em>1304-1307)<\/em> e shkroi n\u00eb italisht<\/em>, derisa ishte n\u00eb m\u00ebrgim. Pasojn\u00eb \u201c\u00c7\u00ebshtja e ujit dhe e tok\u00ebs\u201d <\/em><\/strong>(Quaestio de aqua et terra<\/em>, 1320), \u201cMbi monarkin\u00eb\u201d <\/em><\/strong>(De Monarchia<\/em>, 1312-1313). Veprat e lartp\u00ebrmendura paralajm\u00ebrojn\u00eb gjenin\u00eb poetike<\/em> t\u00eb Dantes. Lindi \u201cKomedia hyjnore\u201d<\/em> <\/strong>(La Divina Commedia<\/em>, 1304-1321).<\/p>\n

\u201cKOMEDIA HYJNORE\u201d \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u00ebsaj kryevepre t\u00eb qytet\u00ebrimit dhe t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs per\u00ebndimore, atributi \u201chyjnore\u201d<\/em><\/strong> iu shtua n\u00eb shekullin XVI, p\u00ebr dy arsye: e para, ngase k\u00ebndon p\u00ebr tem\u00ebn e Zotit dhe t\u00eb hyjnis\u00eb; e dyta, ngase vepra u vler\u00ebsua e p\u00ebrkryer (n\u00eb kuptim t\u00eb hyjnores). Me titullin \u201cKomedia hyjnore\u201d (La Divina Commedia)<\/em> u botua n\u00eb vitin 1555. Ajo u b\u00eb baz\u00eb e gjuh\u00ebs letrare italiane.<\/p>\n

Kjo poem\u00eb fetare<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar me respektimin rigoroz t\u00eb parimeve t\u00eb poetik\u00ebs mesjetare: arkitektur\u00eb e jashtme e fort\u00eb, b\u00ebrthama morale-krishtere dhe shprehja simbolike. Por, Danteja nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe poet i madh modern, p\u00ebr arsye se n\u00eb kuad\u00ebr t\u00eb bindjes\u00a0 religjioze dhe koncepteve t\u00eb veta teologjike, n\u00eb vler\u00ebsimin e njeriut dhe t\u00eb jet\u00ebs shoq\u00ebrore, zhvilloi parime etike dhe humaniste kryek\u00ebput moderne.<\/p>\n

Epit t\u00eb vet Danteja ia ka dh\u00ebn\u00eb form\u00ebn e nj\u00eb vizioni<\/em><\/strong>. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sintez\u00eb madh\u00ebshtore filozofike dhe artistike e gjith\u00eb kultur\u00ebs mesjetare<\/em>, duke qen\u00eb nj\u00ebherazi edhe ur\u00eb lidh\u00ebse me kultur\u00ebn e Rilindjes<\/em>. Vizionin e marr\u00eb nga let\u00ebrsia e mesjet\u00ebs, poeti e plot\u00ebson me jet\u00ebn e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb dhe me personazhe t\u00eb gjalla, n\u00eb pik\u00ebpamje psikologjike t\u00eb paraqitura bukur. Poeti i pasqyron problemet, shqet\u00ebsimet, ndjenjat dhe pasionet njer\u00ebzore t\u00eb koh\u00ebs. Me zem\u00ebrim t\u00eb madh, flet p\u00ebr veset e njer\u00ebzve dhe zvet\u00ebnimin e tyre.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb poem\u00eb poeti rr\u00ebfen p\u00ebr nj\u00eb udh\u00ebtim t\u00eb imagjinuar q\u00eb b\u00ebn ai n\u00eb bot\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr. Ideja e nj\u00eb udh\u00ebtimi t\u00eb till\u00eb fantastik nuk ishte e re. Edhe Homeri <\/strong>n\u00eb \u201cOdisen\u00eb\u201d dhe Virgjili <\/strong>n\u00eb \u201cEneid\u00ebn\u201d na rr\u00ebfejn\u00eb p\u00ebr heronj q\u00eb zbresin n\u00eb bot\u00ebn e p\u00ebrtejme p\u00ebr t\u2019u takuar me njer\u00ebzit e tyre t\u00eb dashur. Duke zbritur n\u00eb tejbot\u00eb<\/em>, poeti u sugjeron njer\u00ebzve q\u00eb t\u00eb ecin n\u00eb rrug\u00ebn e ndershme t\u00eb drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe t\u00eb virtytit<\/em>. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, poeti b\u00ebn gjyq dhe i d\u00ebnon m\u00ebkatet, veset, krimet. Udh\u00ebtimi i tij fantastik n\u00eb bot\u00ebn tej varrit, n\u00eb realitet \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb udh\u00ebtim n\u00eb historin\u00eb njer\u00ebzore, n\u00eb mendjet dhe n\u00eb zemrat e njer\u00ebzve.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb form\u00ebn alegorike<\/em><\/strong> t\u00eb vizionit mesjetar t\u00eb jet\u00ebs mbi tok\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb pasqyra monumentale e nj\u00eb epoke, me t\u00eb gjitha karakteristikat e saj. N\u00eb poem\u00eb poeti zbulon pasionet njer\u00ebzore dhe dob\u00ebsit\u00eb e koh\u00ebs, pa e kursyer as kish\u00ebn as p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesit e saj. <\/em>Poeti ka dh\u00ebn\u00eb galerin\u00eb e gjer\u00eb t\u00eb figurave mitologjike dhe t\u00eb personaliteteve historike, p\u00ebrfshi edhe bashk\u00ebkoh\u00ebsit e vet. <\/em>Danteja ishte njeri me bindje dogmatike. Megjith\u00ebk\u00ebt\u00eb, kishte mir\u00ebkuptim t\u00eb madh p\u00ebr dob\u00ebsin\u00eb dhe madh\u00ebshtin\u00eb njer\u00ebzore.<\/p>\n

Kryevepr\u00ebn e Dantes, studiuesit e kan\u00eb cil\u00ebsuar: \u201cmuzik\u00eb e p\u00ebrhershme\u201d,<\/em> \u201dlum\u00eb i gjer\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin derdhen shum\u00eb p\u00ebrrenj<\/em>\u201d, \u201csistem i t\u00eb v\u00ebrtetave morale\u201d, \u201cz\u00eb, pas dhjet\u00eb shekuj heshtjeje\u201d<\/em>. Disa thon\u00eb se poeti e filloi vepr\u00ebn n\u00eb vitin 1307. T\u00eb tjer\u00eb thon\u00eb se e nisi n\u00eb vitin 1313, p\u00ebr ta p\u00ebrfunduar m\u00eb 1321, n\u00eb vitin kur poeti vdiq.<\/p>\n

Vepra p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet prej tri pjes\u00ebve<\/em><\/strong>: Ferri, Purgatori dhe Parajsa (ital.: Inferno, Purgatorio, Paradiso).<\/em> Secila prej pjes\u00ebve ka nga 33 k\u00ebng\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>. I t\u00ebr\u00eb epi, p\u00ebrfshi edhe k\u00ebng\u00ebn e hyrjes<\/em><\/strong>, ka gjithsej 100 k\u00ebng\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>. Strofa<\/em><\/strong> me t\u00eb cil\u00ebn \u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebnduar vepra ka tre vargje <\/em><\/strong>dhe quhet tercin\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>. Vargu \u00ebsht\u00eb 11-rrok\u00ebsh<\/em><\/strong>. Vargjet jan\u00eb t\u00eb rimuara<\/em><\/strong>. E t\u00ebr\u00eb vepra shquhet p\u00ebr nj\u00eb simetri<\/em> t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 P\u00cbRMBAJTJA E POEM\u00cbS<\/strong> – N\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 35-vje\u00e7are, Danteja q\u00ebllon t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb pyll t\u00eb err\u00ebt dhe t\u00eb eg\u00ebr. T\u00ebr\u00eb nat\u00ebn bredh. Me t\u00eb gdhir\u00eb mb\u00ebrrin n\u00eb nj\u00eb kod\u00ebr, t\u00eb shndritur nga dielli pranveror. Me t\u00eb par\u00eb kodr\u00ebn, nisi t\u00eb ngjitet p\u00ebrpjet\u00eb. N\u00eb at\u00eb \u00e7ast i dol\u00ebn para tri bisha: pantera, luani dhe ujkonja. Desh\u00ebn q\u00eb t\u00eb kthehej nga kishte ardhur. Prej k\u00ebtyre bishave e nxjerr Virgjili<\/strong>, poeti i famsh\u00ebm romak, autori i \u201cEneid\u00ebs\u201d<\/em><\/strong>. Poeti romak e udh\u00ebzoi Danten q\u00eb t\u00eb nisej p\u00ebr rruge tjet\u00ebr n\u00ebp\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn do t\u2019i printe ai. Q\u00eb t\u00eb dy do t\u00eb shkojn\u00eb n\u00ebp\u00ebr ferr<\/em> dhe purgator<\/em>. P\u00ebr t\u00eb ardhur n\u00eb parajs\u00eb<\/em>, do t\u2019i duhet p\u00ebrcjellja e Beatri\u00e7es<\/strong>, e asaj q\u00eb e kishte madh\u00ebshtuar n\u00eb \u201cVita Nuova\u201d. Kishte qen\u00eb ajo q\u00eb e kishte d\u00ebrguar Virgjilin p\u00ebr ta shp\u00ebtuar poetin prej rreziqeve t\u00eb m\u00ebdha n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat kishte q\u00eblluar.<\/p>\n

FERRI <\/strong>n\u00ebp\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin do t\u00eb kalojn\u00eb Danteja me Virgjilin, ka n\u00ebnt\u00eb rrath\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>. Sa m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnda t\u00eb kishin qen\u00eb m\u00ebkatet, aq m\u00eb i thell\u00eb dhe m\u00eb i ngusht\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb rrethi.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb rrethin e par\u00eb<\/em><\/strong> ndodhet limba <\/em><\/strong>(lat.: limbus)<\/em>. Aty ndodhen t\u00eb papag\u00ebzuarit<\/em><\/strong>, q\u00eb nga f\u00ebmij\u00ebt deri te t\u00eb famshmit e epok\u00ebs para krishterimit. Aty \u00ebsht\u00eb vendosur edhe Virgjili. Shpirtrat n\u00eb limb\u00eb nuk i jan\u00eb n\u00ebnshtruar tortur\u00ebs. Ata vuajn\u00eb ngase i mundon d\u00ebshira e zjarrt\u00eb, por pa shpres\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim: <\/strong>Limba<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb vend n\u00eb purgator<\/em> ku pastrohen shpirtrat p\u00ebr t\u00eb hyr\u00eb n\u00eb parajs\u00eb. Ndryshe quhet paraferr<\/em>. <\/strong>N\u00eb purgator ndodhet edhe limbus infantum<\/em><\/strong>. K\u00ebtu ndodhen f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e papag\u00ebzuar<\/em>. Aty ndodhet edhe imbus patrum<\/em><\/strong>. K\u00ebtu jan\u00eb vendosur shpirtrat e \u201cst\u00ebrgjysh\u00ebrve\u201d<\/em>, e t\u00eb<\/em> pafajshm\u00ebve<\/em> t\u00eb epok\u00ebs para Krishtit. Si t\u00eb papag\u00ebzuar, k\u00ebta nuk mund t\u00eb hyjn\u00eb n\u00eb parajs\u00eb. Por, duke qen\u00eb t\u00eb ndersh\u00ebm, s\u2019e meritojn\u00eb ferrin.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eb rrethin e dyt\u00eb<\/em><\/strong> nj\u00eb stuhi e tmerrshme vring\u00ebllon mbi shpirtrat t\u00eb cilat gjat\u00eb jet\u00ebs, arsyen ua kishin n\u00ebnshtruar pasioneve<\/em>. N\u00eb rrethin e tret\u00eb <\/em><\/strong>vuajn\u00eb shpirtrat e gryk\u00ebsve<\/em>. N\u00eb rrethin e kat\u00ebrt<\/em><\/strong> vuajn\u00eb shpirtrat e koprrac\u00ebve<\/em> dhe t\u00eb shkap\u00ebrdar\u00ebve<\/em>. N\u00ebp\u00ebr rrethin e pest\u00eb<\/em><\/strong> rrjedh k\u00ebneta Stiks, e n\u00eb t\u00eb ndodhen m\u00ebkatar\u00eb t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm<\/em>. N\u00eb rrethin e gjasht\u00eb<\/em><\/strong> ndodhen varret e p\u00ebrv\u00ebluara e n\u00eb to, heretik\u00ebt<\/em>. Rrethi i shtat\u00eb<\/em><\/strong> ka tre breza koncentrik\u00eb t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl. N\u00eb brezin e par\u00eb ndodhen vras\u00ebsit, rr\u00ebmbyesit dhe tiran\u00ebt<\/em>, n\u00eb t\u00eb dytin nd\u00ebrkaq, vet\u00ebvras\u00ebsit<\/em>. Rrethi i tet\u00eb<\/em><\/strong> ose Malebolge<\/em><\/strong> (humnerat e k\u00ebqija) p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet prej dhjet\u00eb hendeqeve. N\u00eb nj\u00ebrin prej tyre ndodhen k\u00ebshilltar\u00ebt e rrejsh\u00ebm<\/em>. Midis tyre, Danteja takon edhe Uliksin <\/strong>(Odisen\u00eb). Me mir\u00ebkuptim e d\u00ebgjon Danteja rr\u00ebfimin e k\u00ebtij heroi t\u00eb lasht\u00eb t\u00eb luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Troj\u00ebs, i cili nga d\u00ebshira e madhe p\u00ebr dituri dhe zbulime, u nis me shok\u00ebt e vet p\u00ebr n\u00eb detet q\u00eb ndodheshin pas grykave t\u00eb Herkulit <\/strong><\/em>(sot gryka e Gjibraltarit<\/em>) p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjetur aty vdekjen. Rrethi i n\u00ebnt\u00eb<\/em><\/strong> i fundit, \u00ebsht\u00eb rreth i<\/em> tradhtar\u00ebve<\/em><\/strong>. M\u00eb i madhi midis tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb Luciferi<\/strong>. Nga r\u00ebnia e tij prej qiejve, pas rebelimit t\u00eb engj\u00ebjve t\u00eb k\u00ebqij kund\u00ebr Zotit, u krijua dhe ferri. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rreth, mbizot\u00ebron nj\u00eb dim\u00ebr i p\u00ebrgjithmonsh\u00ebm, m\u00ebkatar\u00ebt nd\u00ebrkaq ndodhen n\u00eb akull.<\/p>\n

PURGATORI <\/strong>\u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kod\u00ebr n\u00eb nj\u00eb ishull q\u00eb ndodhet n\u00eb mes t\u00eb oqeanit. Kodra e ka form\u00ebn e nj\u00eb koni t\u00eb cunguar. N\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e k\u00ebtij koni ngjiten drejt maj\u00ebs rrethe koncentrike, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt sa vjen e ngushtohen. N\u00eb maje ndodhet nj\u00eb rrafsh n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin \u00ebsht\u00eb vendosur parajsa tok\u00ebsore. Nj\u00eb prej skenave m\u00eb t\u00eb bukura t\u00eb Purgatorit \u00ebsht\u00eb takimi i Virgjilit <\/strong>me poetin romak Publie Papinie Staci <\/strong>(Publius Papinius Statius, 45-96 para K.) (K\u00ebnga XXI).<\/p>\n

PARAJASA <\/strong>\u2013 Danteja i ka vendosur n\u00eb Parajs\u00eb<\/em> njer\u00ebzit e mir\u00eb dhe t\u00eb drejt\u00eb. K\u00ebtu ka vet\u00ebm drit\u00eb, shk\u00eblqim, paqe dhe harmoni. Poeti e shihte Parajs\u00ebn<\/em> si n\u00ebnt\u00eb qiej<\/em><\/strong> t\u00eb cil\u00ebt rrotullohen rreth Tok\u00ebs, qendr\u00ebs s\u00eb bot\u00ebs. Deri n\u00eb t\u00eb shtatin, secili prej qiejve e ka emrin e vet: i pari quhet qielli i H\u00ebn\u00ebs<\/em>, i dyti, qielli i Merkurit<\/em>, i treti, qielli i Vener\u00ebs<\/em>, i kat\u00ebrti, qielli i Diellit<\/em>, i pesti, qielli i Marsit<\/em>, i gjashti, qielli i Jupiterit<\/em>, nd\u00ebrsa i teti, <\/strong>qielli i Saturnit<\/em>. <\/strong>Qielli i tet\u00eb<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb qiell i yjeve t\u00eb pal\u00ebvizshme, nd\u00ebrsa qielli i n\u00ebnt\u00eb <\/em>\u00ebsht\u00eb qiell i kristalt\u00eb ose qielli i par\u00eb i l\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm (Primum mobile)<\/em>, i cili i l\u00ebviz t\u00eb gjith\u00eb qiejt e tjer\u00eb. P\u00ebrmbi t\u00eb gjith\u00eb qiejt shtrihet Empirei<\/em> i pal\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshin krejt gjith\u00ebsin\u00eb dhe n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn q\u00ebndron Zoti<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Sikurse ferri<\/em>, edhe purgatori<\/em> e parajsa<\/em> jan\u00eb t\u00eb populluar me shpirtra. N\u00eb purgator<\/em> njer\u00ebzit pendohen p\u00ebr m\u00ebkatet b\u00ebra me q\u00ebllim q\u00eb ta meritojn\u00eb parajs\u00ebn<\/em>. Ata t\u00eb parajs\u00ebs<\/em> jan\u00eb \u00a0t\u00eb lumtur dhe t\u00eb qet\u00eb.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>E t\u00ebr\u00eb poema \u00ebsht\u00eb ngritur mbi baz\u00ebn e alegoris\u00eb<\/em>. Kjo i jep dor\u00eb poetit p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar mjedise fantastike<\/em> t\u00eb paqena, p\u00ebr t\u00eb hyr\u00eb p\u00ebrmes tyre, aty ku jeta \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e gjall\u00eb dhe problemet politike e shoq\u00ebrore jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb mprehta. Alegorik \u00ebsht\u00eb pylli i dendur <\/em>n\u00eb Ferr<\/em> q\u00eb simbolizon jet\u00ebn m\u00ebkatare t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve n\u00eb planin moral dhe anarkin\u00eb q\u00eb sundonte n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb n\u00eb Itali n\u00eb planin politik.<\/p>\n

Virgjili<\/strong> q\u00eb e shoq\u00ebron poetin n\u00eb Ferr<\/em> dhe n\u00eb Purgator<\/em> simbolizon shkenc\u00ebn, filozofin\u00eb dhe urt\u00ebsin\u00eb tok\u00ebsore. Beatri\u00e7ja<\/strong> e cila e udh\u00ebheq poetin n\u00eb n\u00ebnt\u00eb qiejt<\/em> e Parajs\u00ebs<\/em>, simbolizon urt\u00ebsin\u00eb qiellore. Tiran\u00ebt<\/em><\/strong> poeti i ka futur n\u00eb gjak t\u00eb p\u00ebrv\u00ebluar. Fajdexhinjt\u00eb<\/em><\/strong> kan\u00eb t\u00eb varura n\u00eb zverk trasta t\u00eb r\u00ebnda<\/em>. Hipokrit\u00ebt<\/em><\/strong> jan\u00eb t\u00eb veshur me mantele teneqeje, t\u00eb lyer p\u00ebrsip\u00ebr me ar. Tradhtar\u00ebt<\/em><\/strong> i ka futur deri n\u00eb gryk\u00eb n\u00eb lumin e ngrir\u00eb Ko\u00e7ito p\u00ebr t\u00eb treguar zemr\u00ebn e ftoht\u00eb akull t\u00eb tyre.<\/p>\n

Poeti beson se njeriu, i udh\u00ebhequr nga drita e mir\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe nga arsyeja, do ta \u00e7rr\u00ebnjos\u00eb t\u00eb keqen dhe do t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtoj\u00eb nj\u00eb t\u00eb ardhme t\u00eb lumtur n\u00eb nj\u00eb shoq\u00ebri t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar m\u00eb mir\u00eb se ajo e koh\u00ebs s\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n

\u201cKomedia hyjnore\u201d u shnd\u00ebrrua n\u00eb nj\u00eb kritik\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00eb kund\u00ebr sistemit shoq\u00ebror feudo-borgjez i cili nga vet\u00eb karakteri i tij shfryt\u00ebzues, lind shtypjen dhe padrejt\u00ebsin\u00eb, dhun\u00ebn dhe zvet\u00ebnimin. Danteja e pa p\u00ebrmbysjen e bot\u00ebs mesjetare dhe lindjen e nj\u00eb klase t\u00eb re, borgjezis\u00eb,<\/em> e cila sillte me vete etjen e shfrenuar p\u00ebr pasuri<\/em> <\/strong>dhe pushtet<\/em><\/strong>. M\u00ebkatari i penduar i ferrit dantesk<\/em> i sugjeron gjinis\u00eb njer\u00ebzore q\u00eb t\u00eb mos jepet pas pasuris\u00eb dhe interesit vetjak <\/em>n\u00eb d\u00ebm t\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

Konceptet fetare nuk e penguan poetin t\u00eb d\u00ebnoj\u00eb deri edhe kish\u00ebn<\/em> <\/strong>dhe pap\u00ebt<\/em><\/strong>, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt i ka vendosur n\u00eb ferr<\/em>, i bindur se k\u00ebshtu kryen nj\u00eb mision t\u00eb lart\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u2019i sh\u00ebrbyer past\u00ebrtis\u00eb s\u00eb fes\u00eb dhe kish\u00ebs krishtere<\/em><\/strong>, e cila ishte komprometuar nga abuzimet dhe spekulimet e sh\u00ebrbyesve t\u00eb saj.<\/p>\n

Poeti bie ndesh me moralin hipokrit<\/em><\/strong> t\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb e cila k\u00ebrkon ta b\u00ebj\u00eb gruan skllave <\/em>t\u00eb zakoneve prapanike duke ia mohuar t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn t\u00eb ndjej\u00eb dhe t\u00eb veproj\u00eb lirisht. Poeti ndjen dhimbje p\u00ebr Fran\u00e7esk\u00ebn <\/strong>dhe Paolon<\/strong> t\u00eb cil\u00ebt u lidh\u00ebn n\u00eb nj\u00eb dashuri t\u00eb sinqert\u00eb, e q\u00eb bot\u00ebkuptimi i reaksionar i epok\u00ebs ua vuri njoll\u00ebn e m\u00ebkatit.<\/p>\n

Poeti tronditet nga krimet dhe padrejt\u00ebsit\u00eb e sundimtar\u00ebve q\u00eb arrijn\u00eb sa t\u00eb l\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb vdesin urie f\u00ebmij\u00eb<\/em> t\u00eb pafajsh\u00ebm<\/em>, t\u00eb mbyllur n\u00eb qelit\u00eb e err\u00ebta t\u00eb kullave mesjetare, si\u00e7 ndodh n\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00ebn e kont Ugolinit<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim: <\/strong>Ugolini i Gerardesk\u00ebs ishte n\u00eb krye t\u00eb Republik\u00ebs s\u00eb Pis\u00ebs. Pushtetin e kishte ndar\u00eb me t\u00eb nipin Nino Viskontin<\/strong>, por midis tyre shp\u00ebrtheu grindja. K\u00ebt\u00eb grindje e shfryt\u00ebzuan armiqt\u00eb e tij t\u00eb udh\u00ebhequr nga kryepeshkopi Ruxheri deli Ubaldini<\/strong>, i cili n\u00ebn mask\u00ebn e miq\u00ebsis\u00eb me Ugolinin dhe duke i premtuar se do ta ndihmonte n\u00eb luft\u00ebn kund\u00ebr Ninos, thurte fshehurazi intriga kund\u00ebr t\u00eb dyve. M\u00eb 1288, Ruxheri e detyroi Ninon t\u00eb largohet nga Pisa, kurse kund\u00ebr Ugolinit organizoi kryengritje duke e akuzuar si tradhtar t\u00eb atdheut. Ugolinin, bashk\u00eb me dy bijt\u00eb dhe nipat e vegj\u00ebl, e burgos\u00ebn n\u00eb nj\u00eb kull\u00eb ku i lan\u00eb t\u00eb vdisnin urie. K\u00ebt\u00eb dram\u00eb njer\u00ebzore t\u00eb dhimbshme poeti e vendosi n\u00eb rrethin e n\u00ebnt\u00eb<\/em> t\u00eb ferrit<\/em>, ku d\u00ebnohej tradhtia. Nj\u00ebri prej djemve t\u00eb Ugolinit ishte Ugu\u00e7ioni<\/strong>, kurse nj\u00ebri prej nipave ishte Brigata<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb ferr<\/em> poeti i sheh heretik\u00ebt <\/em><\/strong>dhe epikurian\u00ebt<\/em><\/strong>. Midis tyre, edhe kund\u00ebrshtarin politik, Ferinat\u00ebn e Umbert\u00ebve<\/strong>, i cili edhe n\u00eb zjarret e ferrit<\/em> q\u00ebndronte i pamposhtur dhe heroik. N\u00eb ferr<\/em>, midis Dantes dhe Ferinat\u00ebs zhvillohet nj\u00eb dialog i zjarrt\u00eb. Ndon\u00ebse e kishte kund\u00ebrshtar, poeti e nderon Ferinat\u00ebn, i cili bindjet e veta politike nuk i ndryshon as n\u00eb ferr<\/em>. Aty ndodhet edhe Kavalkant Kavalkanti<\/strong>, babai i poetit Guido Kavalkanti, mikut t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb t\u00eb Dantes.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim: <\/strong>Heretik\u00eb<\/em> quheshin ata q\u00eb ishin kund\u00ebr dogmave t\u00eb fes\u00eb s\u00eb krishter\u00eb, e q\u00eb d\u00ebnoheshin nga kisha si ateist\u00eb. Epikurian\u00eb <\/em><\/strong>ishin ndjek\u00ebs t\u00eb filozofit materialist grek Epikurit <\/strong>(342-270 para K.), i cili, n\u00eb kund\u00ebrshti me p\u00ebrfytyrimet fetare mitologjike mohonte pavdek\u00ebsin\u00eb e shpirtit. N\u00eb mesjet\u00eb, epikurian\u00eb quheshin ateist\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet ferrit<\/em> poeti hyn n\u00eb thelbin e marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve dhe t\u00eb dukurive shoq\u00ebrore, zbulon kuptimin e veprimeve njer\u00ebzore n\u00eb aren\u00ebn e luft\u00ebs pa mbarim nd\u00ebrmjet t\u00eb mir\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb keqes, nxjerr p\u00ebrfundime dhe e tregon rrug\u00ebn e drejt\u00eb t\u00eb s\u00eb mir\u00ebs. N\u00eb ferr<\/em>, ashtu si n\u00eb tok\u00eb, gum\u00ebzhijn\u00eb pasionet politike<\/em><\/strong>.<\/em> M\u00ebkatar\u00ebt b\u00ebjn\u00eb me Danten debate dhe biseda t\u00eb zjarrta.<\/p>\n

Danteja \u00ebsht\u00eb mjesht\u00ebr i skalitjes s\u00eb karaktereve njer\u00ebzore dhe kjo v\u00ebrehet te Ferri<\/em> ku gjejm\u00eb nj\u00eb galeri t\u00eb pasur personazhesh me dramat e tyre t\u00eb vogla e t\u00eb m\u00ebdha. Stili i poem\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb i ngjeshur me mendime dhe ndjenja. Poeti flet shkurt, por thot\u00eb shum\u00eb. Stili \u00ebsht\u00eb i vrullsh\u00ebm, i vrazhd\u00ebt, nd\u00ebrsa shprehja realiste arrin n\u00eb maj\u00eb. N\u00eb Parajs\u00eb<\/em> stili merr ngjyra t\u00eb forta lirizmi<\/em><\/strong>, b\u00ebhet i qet\u00eb dhe i harmonish\u00ebm, me xix\u00ebllima figurash poetike, q\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohen nga shk\u00eblqimi dhe drita q\u00eb ka aty.<\/p>\n

Me \u201cKomedin\u00eb hyjnore\u201d<\/em> <\/strong>Danteja paralajm\u00ebroi epok\u00ebn e madhe t\u00eb Rilindjes<\/strong>, q\u00eb tanim\u00eb kishte nisur t\u00eb trokiste n\u00eb dyert e Koh\u00ebs s\u00eb Mesme.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Xhelal Zejneli RRETHANA POLITIKE, EKONOMIKE DHE SHOQ\u00cbRORE N\u00cb ITALIN\u00cb E KOH\u00cbS S\u00cb DANTES N\u00eb koh\u00ebn kur jetoi Danteja, Italia kishte hyr\u00eb n\u00eb rrug\u00ebn e zhvillimit t\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve kapitaliste. Ajo u b\u00eb nyj\u00eb tregtare e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme midis Evrop\u00ebs Per\u00ebndimore dhe vendeve t\u00eb Lindjes. Zhvillimi i industris\u00eb \u00e7oi n\u00eb formimin e qyteteve-republika, t\u00eb cilat n\u00eb Italin\u00eb e […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21228,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,4,35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53296","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-artikuj","category-histori","category-kulture"],"yoast_head":"\nDANTE ALIGIERI \u2013 \u201cKOMEDIA HYJNORE\u201d - FJALA e LIR\u00cb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/dante-aligieri-komedia-hyjnore\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"DANTE ALIGIERI \u2013 \u201cKOMEDIA HYJNORE\u201d - FJALA e LIR\u00cb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Xhelal Zejneli RRETHANA POLITIKE, EKONOMIKE DHE SHOQ\u00cbRORE N\u00cb ITALIN\u00cb E KOH\u00cbS S\u00cb DANTES N\u00eb koh\u00ebn kur jetoi Danteja, Italia kishte hyr\u00eb n\u00eb rrug\u00ebn e zhvillimit t\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve kapitaliste. Ajo u b\u00eb nyj\u00eb tregtare e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme midis Evrop\u00ebs Per\u00ebndimore dhe vendeve t\u00eb Lindjes. 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