{"id":56511,"date":"2020-06-02T16:00:59","date_gmt":"2020-06-02T14:00:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/?p=56511"},"modified":"2020-06-03T01:28:09","modified_gmt":"2020-06-02T23:28:09","slug":"franc-kafka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/franc-kafka\/","title":{"rendered":"FRANC KAFKA"},"content":{"rendered":"

Xhelal Zejneli<\/strong><\/p>\n

Faj\u00ebsia \u00ebsht\u00eb gjendja n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ndodhemi, pavar\u00ebsisht nga faji (Kafka<\/em>)
\nE gjith\u00eb historia ime \u00ebsht\u00eb histori e mbylljes s\u00eb syve (Kafka<\/em>)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Franc Kafka<\/strong> (Franz Kafka) lindi n\u00eb 3 korrik 1883 n\u00eb Prag\u00eb, n\u00eb monarkin\u00eb austro-hungareze t\u00eb at\u00ebhershme. Vjen nga nj\u00eb familje \u00e7ifute e klas\u00ebs s\u00eb mesme. Baban\u00eb e tij, Herman Kafk\u00ebn (Hermann Kafka, 1852-1931) biografi amerikan i Kafk\u00ebs, profesori i gjermanishtes dhe i let\u00ebrsis\u00eb krahasuese Stanley Alan Cornogold<\/strong> (1934) e p\u00ebrshkruan si nj\u00eb biznesmen shtatmadh, egoist dhe kryelart\u00eb. Ishte pronar i nj\u00eb tregtize luksoze p\u00ebr gard\u00ebrob\u00eb meshkujsh dhe femrash. Ishte tip i njeriut tiran. N\u00ebna e Kafk\u00ebs quhej Julia (Julie Kafka, 1856-1934). P\u00ebr dallim nga babai, n\u00ebna e Kafk\u00ebs ishte nj\u00eb grua e urt\u00eb dhe e turpshme.<\/p>\n

Studiuesit \u00e7ek\u00eb parap\u00eblqejn\u00eb t\u00eb thon\u00eb se gjuh\u00eb amtare e Kafk\u00ebs (Frantishek-ut) ka qen\u00eb \u00e7ekishtja. N\u00eb sht\u00ebpin\u00eb e Kafk\u00ebs flitej mbase varianti i gjermanishtes, n\u00ebn ndikimin e jidishit<\/strong><\/em> (j\u00fcdisch), q\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb pezhorative quhet Mauscheldeutsch<\/em>. Duke qen\u00eb se gjuha gjermane konsiderohej mjet kryesor i ngritjes shoq\u00ebrore, prind\u00ebrit mbase i nxit\u00ebn f\u00ebmij\u00ebt q\u00eb t\u00eb flisnin n\u00eb gjermanishten letrare. Pra, gjuh\u00eb amtare e Kafk\u00ebs ishte gjermanishtja. E fliste edhe \u00e7ekishten. E m\u00ebsoi edhe fr\u00ebngjishten.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr studiuesit \u00e7ek\u00eb, Kafka \u00ebsht\u00eb shkrimtar \u00e7ek. P\u00ebr studiues t\u00eb tjer\u00eb ai \u00ebsht\u00eb shkrimtar gjerman, ngase veprat i shkroi n\u00eb gjermanisht. Ka t\u00eb till\u00eb q\u00eb e marrin p\u00ebr shkrimtar austriak ngase lindi dhe jetoi n\u00eb \u00c7ekin\u00eb, q\u00eb ishte pjes\u00eb e monarkis\u00eb austro-hungareze.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb Kafka \u00ebsht\u00eb hebre<\/em><\/strong> me rr\u00ebnj\u00eb ashkenazi<\/em>, i lindur n\u00eb Prag\u00eb, e q\u00eb shkroi kryesisht n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn gjermane.<\/p>\n

Prind\u00ebrit kishin gjasht\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00eb: tre djem dhe tri vajza. Kafka ishte m\u00eb i madhi prej tyre. Dy v\u00ebllez\u00ebrit vdiq\u00ebn sa qen\u00eb t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos th\u00ebn\u00eb foshnja:\u00a0Georgu 15 muajsh, nd\u00ebrsa Hajnrih (Heinrich) 6 muajsh. Motrat quheshin Gabriele, e mbiquajtur Eli (1889-1941), Valerie, e mbiquajtur Vali (1890-1942) dhe Otilie, e mbiquajtur Otla (1892-1943).<\/p>\n

Meq\u00eb prind\u00ebrit ishin t\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb pas pun\u00ebve t\u00eb veta, f\u00ebmij\u00ebt u edukuan prej guvernant\u00ebve<\/em> (m\u00ebsues sht\u00ebpi) dhe sh\u00ebrb\u00ebtor\u00ebve. P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb munges\u00ebs s\u00eb prind\u00ebrve, Kafka shpeshher\u00eb ndjehej i vetmuar.<\/p>\n

Q\u00eb n\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebri, Kafka s\u2019e \u00e7onte mir\u00eb me baban\u00eb. Raporti problematik i tij me t\u00eb atin d\u00ebshmohet nga letra dedikuar atij \u201cBrief an den Vater\u201d<\/em> q\u00eb ka mbi 100 faqe. Aty shkruan sesi q\u00ebndrimi autoritar i babait dhe personaliteti dominues i tij \u00ebsht\u00eb manifestuar, si n\u00eb jet\u00ebn e Kafk\u00ebs ashtu edhe n\u00eb shkrimet e tij.<\/p>\n

Holokausti dhe tragjedia familjare <\/strong>– Motrat e Kafk\u00ebs, Valeria dhe Gabriela, bashk\u00eb me familjet e tyre vdiq\u00ebn ose u vran\u00eb nga nazist\u00ebt n\u00eb geton Lodz. Motra m\u00eb e vog\u00ebl, Otilia vdiq m\u00eb 7 tetor 1943 n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e gazit n\u00eb Aushvic (Auschwitz). P\u00ebrpos tri motrave t\u00eb Kafk\u00ebs, n\u00eb kampin nazist Ravensbr\u00fcck t\u00eb Gjermanis\u00eb, m\u00eb 17 maj 1944 humbi pa gjurm\u00eb edhe e dashura e tij Milena Jesenska. N\u00eb Aushvic t\u00eb Polonis\u00eb, m\u00eb 26 gusht 1944 u zhduk edhe Julie Voricek me t\u00eb cil\u00ebn, sipas disa biograf\u00ebve, Kafka ka qen\u00eb i fejuar. N\u00eb vitin 1944 u zhduk n\u00eb Aushvic edhe Margaret (Grete) Bloh, me t\u00eb cil\u00ebn Kafka pask\u00ebsh pasur nj\u00eb djal\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Arsimimi <\/strong>– N\u00eb vitet 1889-1893 Kafka ndoqi shkoll\u00ebn fillore gjermane p\u00ebr djelmosha n\u00eb Prag\u00eb (Deutsche Knabenschule).<\/em> Ndjekjen e k\u00ebsaj shkolle ia imponoi babai.
\nArsimimi hebraik i tij p\u00ebrfundoi me bar micvin<\/em> e tij n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 13-vje\u00e7are. Kafka nuk kishte d\u00ebshir\u00eb t\u00eb shkonte n\u00eb sinagog\u00eb<\/em>. Aty shkonte me t\u00eb atin vet\u00ebm gjat\u00eb festave, d.m.th. kat\u00ebr her\u00eb n\u00eb vit. N\u00eb vitin 1893 u regjistrua n\u00eb gjimnazin klasik gjerman Altst<\/em>\u00e4<\/em>dter Deutsches Gymnasium.<\/em> Shkollimi n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb gjimnaz rigoroz zgjaste tet\u00eb vjet. N\u00eb vitin 1901 Kafka kreu matur\u00ebn. Nj\u00ebherazi e m\u00ebsoi mir\u00eb edhe gjuh\u00ebn \u00e7eke.<\/p>\n

Shkollimin e vazhdoi duke u regjistruar n\u00eb deg\u00ebn e kimis\u00eb n\u00eb Universitetin \u201cKarl-Ferdinads\u201d<\/em> t\u00eb Prag\u00ebs. Pas dy jav\u00ebsh, studimet p\u00ebr kimi<\/em> i nd\u00ebrpreu dhe iu rrek drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb<\/em>. Kafka s\u2019e parap\u00eblqente gjithaq as drejt\u00ebsin\u00eb, por i ati ishte i k\u00ebnaqur me k\u00ebt\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktim t\u00eb ri. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb Kafka ndiqte me p\u00ebrkushtim edhe ligj\u00ebratat nga historia e artit<\/em> dhe nga let\u00ebrsia gjermane<\/em>. U b\u00eb an\u00ebtar i Klubit p\u00ebr lexim dhe m\u00ebsim t\u00eb student\u00ebve gjerman\u00eb<\/em> (Lese und Redehalle der Deutschen Studenten).<\/em> N\u00eb klub organizoheshin ngjarje letrare t\u00eb ndryshme. Aty u njoh me shum\u00eb intelektual\u00eb t\u00eb koh\u00ebs: me gazetarin\u00eb, i cili studionte filozofin\u00eb, Feliks Vel\u00e7 (Felix Weltsch), me artistin Jixak Lou (Yitzchak Lowy), i cili vinte nga nj\u00eb familje hasidiste<\/em> e Varshav\u00ebs, me shkrimtar\u00ebt Oskar Baum dhe me romancierin e poetin e m\u00ebvonsh\u00ebm austriak-Bohemi, Franc Verfel (Franz Werfel, 1890-1945).<\/p>\n

Kafka e mbante n\u00eb vete urrejtjen ndaj institucioneve autoritative dhe programeve m\u00ebsimore q\u00eb dehumanizonin individin. Kur ishte adoleshent deklaroi se \u00ebsht\u00eb socialist<\/em><\/strong> dhe ateis<\/em><\/strong>t. Ishte lexues i pasionuar. Duke qen\u00eb nx\u00ebn\u00ebs dhe student i dalluar, m\u00ebsuesit dhe profesor\u00ebt e donin. Lexoi n\u00eb origjinal, n\u00eb greqishten e vjet\u00ebr, dialogun \u201cProtagora\u201d<\/em> t\u00eb filozofit antik grek Platonit <\/strong>(427-347 para K.), nd\u00ebrsa veprat e romancierit francez Gystav Flober <\/strong>(Gustav Flaubert, 1821-1880) i lexoi n\u00eb fr\u00ebngjisht. Adhuronte romancierin dhe novelistin rus Fjodor Mihajlovi\u00e7 Dostojevski <\/strong>(Fedor Mihajlovi\u00e7 Dostoevskij, 1821-1881), dramaturgun dhe tregimtarin austriak Franc Grilparcer<\/strong> (Franz Grillparzer, 1791-1872) dhe dramaturgun e tregimtarin gjerman Hajnrih fon Klajst <\/strong>(Henrich von Kleist, 1777-1811) t\u00eb cilin e kishte model letrar. Tregonte interesim edhe p\u00ebr veprat e Johan Volfrang G\u00ebtes<\/strong> (Johann Wolfgang Goethe, 1749-1832). I lexonte edhe shkrimtar\u00ebt \u00e7ek\u00eb. Lexonte mjaft edhe p\u00ebr prejardhjen e vet hebraike por edhe p\u00ebr \u00e7\u00ebshtjen \u00e7ifute. <\/em><\/p>\n

M\u00eb 8 korrik 1906 Kafka mori titullin e doktorit t\u00eb shkencave juridike<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim:<\/strong> Protagora <\/strong>(rreth 481-411 para K.) \u00ebsht\u00eb filozof antik grek, sofist <\/em>(m\u00ebsues i virtyteve).<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Para mbarimit t\u00eb vitit t\u00eb par\u00eb, Kafka u njoh me \u00e7ifutin \u00e7ek Maks Brod<\/strong> (Max Brod, 1884-1968), i cili p\u00ebrkiste enklav\u00ebs kulturore hebraike-gjermane t\u00eb Prag\u00ebs, q\u00eb ishte themeluar n\u00eb vitin 1900. Si i ri, Brodi ishte n\u00ebn ndikimin e nihilizmit<\/em> <\/strong>t\u00eb filozofit dhe eseistit gjerman Artur Shopenhauer <\/strong>(Arthur Schopenhauer, 1788-1860). N\u00eb mosh\u00eb t\u00eb pjekur p\u00ebrqafoi sionizmin<\/em> <\/strong>dhe mori pjes\u00eb vepruese n\u00eb krijimin e shtetit hebraik. Ai e kishte hetuar se Kafka \u00ebsht\u00eb njeri tejet i zgjuar. Pas k\u00ebtij t\u00eb riu t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajtur fshihej njeriu mendjempreht\u00eb. Miq\u00ebsia midis Kafk\u00ebs dhe Brodit u b\u00eb e p\u00ebrjetshme. Poezit\u00eb, tregimet, dramat dhe eset\u00eb e veta Brodi i shkroi n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn gjermane. Vdiq n\u00eb Tel Aviv.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pun\u00ebsimi <\/strong>– N\u00eb vitin 1907 Kafka punoi pa pages\u00eb si praktikant n\u00eb gjykat\u00ebn civile dhe penale. M\u00eb 1 n\u00ebntor 1907 u pun\u00ebsua n\u00eb kompanin\u00eb italiane t\u00eb sigurimeve \u201cAssicurazioni Generali\u201d.<\/em> Punonte prej or\u00ebs 8.00 der\u00eb n\u00eb or\u00ebn 18.00. Pas nj\u00eb viti e la pun\u00ebn ngase orari i pun\u00ebs nuk i p\u00ebrgjigjej. Nga letrat e tij shihet se ka qen\u00eb i pak\u00ebnaqur me pun\u00ebn p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb gjat\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb orarit t\u00eb pun\u00ebs. P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb orarit t\u00eb gjat\u00eb nuk i mbetej koh\u00eb, q\u00eb t\u2019u p\u00ebrkushtohej shkrimeve. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb periudh\u00eb mund t\u00eb shkruante vet\u00ebm nat\u00ebn, gj\u00eb q\u00eb e lodhte p\u00ebr s\u00eb tep\u00ebrmi. M\u00eb 15 korrik 1908 dha dor\u00ebheqje. Pas dy jav\u00ebsh u pun\u00ebsua n\u00eb Institutin p\u00ebr Sigurimin e Pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve nga L\u00ebndimet t\u00eb Mbret\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb \u00c7ekis\u00eb<\/em>. K\u00ebtu punonte n\u00eb k\u00ebrkimin dhe vler\u00ebsimin e kompensimeve t\u00eb pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve t\u00eb l\u00ebnduar t\u00eb industris\u00eb. Profesori austriak i menaxhmentit Peter Ferdinand Drucker<\/strong> (1909-2005) e kreditoi Kafk\u00ebn si krijues t\u00eb helmet\u00ebs s\u00eb par\u00eb civile p\u00ebr mbrojtje. (Kjo e dh\u00ebn\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb dokumentuar<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Kafka shum\u00eb shpejt p\u00ebrparoi n\u00eb pun\u00eb. Tani punonte n\u00eb procedimin dhe n\u00eb hulumtimin e k\u00ebrkesave p\u00ebr kompensim, hartonte raporte dhe merrej me zgjidhjen e apeleve t\u00eb biznesmen\u00ebve t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ankoheshin se kompanit\u00eb e tyre jan\u00eb v\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb kategorin\u00eb e rrezikut t\u00eb madh p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb rritjes s\u00eb premive t\u00eb sigurimit. Gjat\u00eb pun\u00ebs disavje\u00e7are n\u00eb kompani hartonte edhe raportin vjetor t\u00eb sigurimit. Orari i pun\u00ebs i p\u00ebrfundonte n\u00eb or\u00ebn 14.00. I mbetej koh\u00eb edhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb shkruar, pun\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs i ishte p\u00ebrkushtuar. M\u00eb von\u00eb, s\u00ebmundja e pengonte p\u00ebr t\u00eb shkuar n\u00eb pun\u00eb, por edhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb shkruar.<\/p>\n

Pas shum\u00eb vitesh, Maks Brodi, p\u00ebr ta bashkuar grupin e shkrimtar\u00ebve ku b\u00ebnin pjes\u00eb Kafka, Feliks Vel\u00e7<\/strong> (Felix Weltsch, Prag\u00eb, 1884 – Jerusalem, 1964) dhe vet\u00eb ai, krijoi termin Der enge Prager Kreis (Qerthulli i ngusht\u00eb i Prag\u00ebs)<\/em>. Q\u00eb t\u00eb tre t\u00eb k\u00ebtij grupi ishin \u00e7ifut\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>. Feliks Vel\u00e7 m\u00eb von\u00eb u b\u00eb filozof, autor, publicist, gazetar.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nga fundi i vitit 1911, Kafka dhe Karl Herman, burri i s\u00eb motr\u00ebs Eli, b\u00ebhen partner\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00ebn fabrik\u00eb t\u00eb asbestit n\u00eb Prag\u00eb, t\u00eb njohur si Prager Asbestwerke Hermann & Co,<\/em> t\u00eb \u00e7elur me parat\u00eb, q\u00eb ia kishte dh\u00ebn\u00eb s\u00eb bij\u00ebs Herman Kafka. N\u00eb fillim Kafka ishte entuziast, por m\u00eb von\u00eb nuk e pa me sy t\u00eb mir\u00eb uzin\u00ebn ngase nuk i mbetej koh\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb shkruar.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Judaizmi dhe sionizmi <\/strong>– P\u00ebrkund\u00ebr maturis\u00eb s\u00eb Brodit, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb periudh\u00eb Kafka tregoi interesim p\u00ebr teatrin hebraik<\/em><\/strong>. N\u00eb tetor t\u00eb vitit 1911 mori pjes\u00eb n\u00eb shfaqjen e teatrit. N\u00eb gjasht\u00eb muajt e ardhsh\u00ebm u mor n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb intensive me jidishin<\/em> <\/strong>dhe me let\u00ebrsin\u00eb hebraike<\/em><\/strong>. Lidhja e tij me hebraizmin <\/em><\/strong>sa vente rritej. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb periudh\u00eb u b\u00eb edhe vegjetarian<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim<\/strong>: Jidish<\/em> (j<\/em>\u00fc<\/em>disch)<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrzierje e gjuh\u00ebs gjermane t\u00eb ep\u00ebrme me elementet gjuh\u00ebsore t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs semite, romane dhe sllave. Kjo gjuh\u00eb shkruhet hebraisht dhe flitet n\u00eb disa shtete. Ekziston edhe let\u00ebrsi n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb gjuh\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Kafka ishte \u00e7ifut, i cili fliste gjermanisht n\u00eb qytetin e Prag\u00ebs, ku mbizot\u00ebronte gjuha \u00e7eke. Ishte i fashinuar me \u00e7ifut\u00ebt e Evrop\u00ebs Lindore. Thoshte se ata b\u00ebjn\u00eb nj\u00eb jet\u00eb shpirt\u00ebrore dinamike, q\u00eb u mungon \u00e7ifut\u00ebve n\u00eb Per\u00ebndim. Ditari i tij \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrplot referenca p\u00ebr shkrimtar\u00ebt \u00e7ifut\u00eb. Megjith\u00ebk\u00ebt\u00eb, shpesh ka qen\u00eb i shk\u00ebputur, si nga \u00e7ifut\u00ebt ashtu edhe nga judaizmi. Kafka kishte nj\u00eb konflikt intern me hebraizmin e vet. N\u00eb ditar\u00ebt e tij shkruan: \u201c\u00c7\u2019kam un\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt me hebrenjt\u00eb? Mezi kam di\u00e7ka t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt vetveten. S\u2019m\u00eb duhet tjet\u00ebr, pos t\u00eb rri n\u00eb nj\u00eb skut\u00eb, i lumtur, q\u00eb mund t\u00eb marr frym\u00eb\u201d<\/em>. Si i vog\u00ebl, n\u00eb sinagog\u00eb shkonte me baban\u00eb kat\u00ebr her\u00eb n\u00eb vit.<\/p>\n

Xhejms Heus <\/strong>(James Hawes) thot\u00eb: \u201cKafka, edhe sikur t\u00eb ket\u00eb qen\u00eb shum\u00eb i vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr \u00e7ifutizmin e vet, k\u00ebto elemente nuk i ka inkorporuar n\u00eb veprat e veta. Nuk kemi personazhe, skena dhe tema \u00e7ifut\u00ebsh\u201d<\/em>. Kritiku letrar amerikan Herold Blum <\/strong>(Harold Bloom, 1930-2019) thot\u00eb: \u201cKafka, edhe pse \u00e7ifutizmin e vet e kishte t\u00eb huaj, n\u00eb thelb ishte shkrimtar \u00e7ifut\u201d<\/em>. Lotar Kan <\/strong>(Lothar Kahn, 1922) \u00ebsht\u00eb po aq i qart\u00eb: \u201cPrania e \u00e7ifutizmit n\u00eb vepr\u00ebn e Kafk\u00ebs tani \u00ebsht\u00eb e padyshimt\u00eb<\/em>\u201d. Linguisti \u00e7eko-gjerman, p\u00ebrkthyes i par\u00eb i veprave t\u00eb Kafk\u00ebs, Pavel Ajsner <\/strong>(Pavel Eisner, 1889-1958) \u201cProcesin<\/em>\u201d e interpreton si personifikim \u201ct\u00eb dimensionit t\u00eb trefisht\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb \u00e7ifut\u00ebve n\u00eb Prag\u00eb. Protagonisti i tij Jozef K. burgoset (simbolikisht) nga gjermani (Rabensteiner), nga \u00e7eku (Kullich) dhe nga \u00e7ifuti (Kaminer). Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb fajtori, q\u00eb s\u2019ka b\u00ebr\u00eb kurrfar\u00eb faji, e kjo e p\u00ebrshkon \u00e7ifutin e bot\u00ebn bashk\u00ebkohore, ndon\u00ebse nuk ka prova se edhe vet\u00eb ai \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00e7ifut\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Shkrimtari dhe kritiku letrar izraelit Dan Miron <\/strong>(1934) n\u00eb esen\u00eb e vet \u201cPik\u00ebllim n\u00eb Palestin\u00eb?!\u201d<\/em> hulumton q\u00ebndrimin e Kafk\u00ebs ndaj sionizmit<\/em><\/strong>: \u201cSi ata q\u00eb thon\u00eb se midis Kafk\u00ebs dhe sionizmit ekziston nj\u00eb lidhje dhe se sionizmi ka luajtur rol qendror n\u00eb jet\u00ebn dhe vepr\u00ebn e tij, ashtu edhe k\u00ebta q\u00eb e mohojn\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht nj\u00eb lidhje t\u00eb till\u00eb, e kan\u00eb gabim. E v\u00ebrteta ndodhet diku n\u00eb mes t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre dy poleve\u201d. <\/em>Kafka kishte nd\u00ebrmend, s\u00eb pari me Felise Bauerin, e pastaj me Dora Diamantin, t\u00eb shp\u00ebrngulet n\u00eb Palestin\u00eb. Kur ishte n\u00eb Berlin, m\u00ebsoi hebraishten, duke e angazhuar mikun e Brodit nga Palestina, Pua Bat-Tovim. N\u00eb Fakultetin e Studimeve Hebraike n\u00eb Berlin ndiqte ligj\u00ebratat e rabinit Julius Gutman <\/strong>(Julius Guttmann, 1880-1950).<\/p>\n

Studiuesja \u00e7ifute-\u00e7eke Livia Rotkirhen <\/strong>(Livia Rothkirchen, 1922-2013) e quan Kafk\u00ebn \u201cfigur\u00eb simbolike t\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb vet\u201d<\/em>. Bashk\u00ebkoh\u00ebs t\u00eb tij ishin shum\u00eb shkrimtar\u00eb \u00e7ifut\u00eb (gjerman\u00eb, \u00e7ek\u00eb dhe \u00e7ifut\u00eb etnik\u00eb) t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ishin t\u00eb ndjesh\u00ebm ndaj kultur\u00ebs gjermane, austriake, \u00e7eke dhe \u00e7ifute. Sipas Rotkirhenit, \u201ckjo situat\u00eb u ka dh\u00ebn\u00eb veprave t\u00eb tyre nj\u00eb pamje kozmopolite t\u00eb gjer\u00eb, si dhe cil\u00ebsin\u00eb e ekzaltimit q\u00eb kufizohet me kontemplacionin metafizik transcendental. Shembull m\u00eb i mir\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb Franc Kafka\u201d. <\/em><\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1915 Kafka mori thirrje p\u00ebr sh\u00ebrbim ushtarak p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb pjes\u00eb n\u00eb Luft\u00ebn e Par\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore. Nd\u00ebrhyn\u00eb pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsit e tij me arsyetimin se puna e tij kishte r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi thelb\u00ebsore p\u00ebr shtetin. M\u00eb von\u00eb vet\u00eb Kafka tentoi t\u00eb shkonte ushtar, por kjo nuk u realizua p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb problemeve sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore, q\u00eb nd\u00ebrlidheshin me tuberkulozin<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eb koh\u00ebn e lir\u00eb Kafka filloi t\u00eb shkruaj\u00eb tregime t\u00eb shkurtra<\/em>. Ankohej se nuk kishte koh\u00eb t\u00eb mjaftueshme p\u00ebr t\u2019iu p\u00ebrkushtuar asaj q\u00eb e konsideronte vokacion t\u00eb tij t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb. Nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb koh\u00ebs detyrohej ta kalonte n\u00eb Brotberuf-in <\/em>e vet (n\u00eb pun\u00ebn nga e cila e siguronte buk\u00ebn). Meq\u00eb s\u2019kishte koh\u00eb t\u00eb lir\u00eb, parap\u00eblqente komunikimin n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet letrave<\/em>. La pas vetes qindra letra midis t\u00eb cilave edhe ato q\u00eb ia shkroi babait, t\u00eb fejuar\u00ebs Felise Bauer dhe motr\u00ebs s\u00eb vog\u00ebl Otla.<\/p>\n

Jeta personale <\/strong>– Kafka ishte i disiplinuar. N\u00eb intervalin kohor 8.30 – 14.30 punonte n\u00eb vendin e pun\u00ebs. N\u00eb or\u00ebn 15.30 drekonte. Deri n\u00eb or\u00ebn 19.30 b\u00ebnte gjum\u00eb. Pas k\u00ebsaj b\u00ebnte ushtrime trupore dhe\u00a0 darkonte me prind\u00ebrit, derisa ishin bashk\u00eb. rreth or\u00ebs 23.00 fillonte t\u00eb shkruaj\u00eb. Shkruante deri n\u00eb or\u00ebn nj\u00eb, dy ose tre. Ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb edhe deri n\u00eb or\u00ebn gjasht\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebngjesit.<\/p>\n

Kafka kishte frik\u00eb se mos njer\u00ebzit, n\u00eb aspektin fizik dhe psikik, do ta konsiderojn\u00eb\u00a0 jot\u00ebrheq\u00ebs. Por, ata q\u00eb e kan\u00eb njohur, kan\u00eb par\u00eb se ai \u00ebsht\u00eb njeri i matur, me inteligjenc\u00eb t\u00eb theksuar e q\u00eb ka kuptim p\u00ebr humor. E konsideronin t\u00eb pash\u00ebm, por me pamje t\u00eb ashp\u00ebr. Brodi e krahasonte me Hajnrih von Klajstin<\/strong>, duke shtuar se q\u00eb t\u00eb dy shkrimtar\u00ebt kan\u00eb aft\u00ebsin\u00eb e p\u00ebrshkrimit t\u00eb qart\u00eb dhe realist t\u00eb situat\u00ebs, deri n\u00eb holl\u00ebsi. Brodi d\u00ebshmon se Kafka k\u00ebnaqej duke b\u00ebr\u00eb mahi dhe duke u arg\u00ebtuar me miqt\u00eb, duke u dh\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb rastet problematike edhe k\u00ebshilla t\u00eb mira. Kafka ishte recitues i pasionuar.<\/p>\n

Veti m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb Kafk\u00ebs ishin t\u00eb qen\u00ebt absolutisht i drejt\u00eb <\/em>dhe t\u00eb qen\u00ebt i nd\u00ebrgjegjsh\u00ebm me p\u00ebrpik\u00ebri.<\/em> Ndon\u00ebse kurr\u00eb nuk u martua, institucionin e martes\u00ebs e \u00e7monte. Kur ishte f\u00ebmij\u00eb nuk merrej me ushtrime fizike. M\u00eb von\u00eb tregon interesim p\u00ebr loj\u00ebra dhe p\u00ebr aktivitet fizik, duke u b\u00ebr\u00eb \u00e7iklist i mir\u00eb, notues dhe zhyt\u00ebs. N\u00eb dit\u00ebt e fundjav\u00ebs u propozonte shok\u00ebve t\u00eb dalin t\u00eb sh\u00ebtisin. Interesohej p\u00ebr mjek\u00ebsin\u00eb alternative, p\u00ebr sistemin arsimor t\u00eb ri, si\u00e7 ishte metoda Montesori<\/em>. Fliste p\u00ebr risit\u00eb teknike si\u00e7 ishin aeroplan\u00ebt dhe filmi. Zhurma i pengonte, ndaj kur shkruante, donte qet\u00ebsi.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim<\/em><\/strong>: Maria Montesor (Maria Montessor, 1870-1952) i paraqiti arsimit italian nj\u00eb metod\u00eb t\u00eb re arsimimi, t\u00eb njohur si metoda e Montesorit, n\u00eb nj\u00eb koh\u00eb kur sistemi shkollor n\u00eb Itali ishte tjet\u00ebrsuar nga jeta shoq\u00ebrore bashk\u00ebkohore.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lidhjet intime <\/strong>– Sipas Maks Brodit, Kafk\u00ebn vazhdimisht e mundonte epshi seksual<\/em>, shpesh i vizitonte bordelet<\/em>, tregonte interesim edhe p\u00ebr pornografi<\/em>. Gjat\u00eb jet\u00ebs ka pasur marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie intime me shum\u00eb femra. Berlini ka luajtur rol t\u00eb madh n\u00eb jet\u00ebn private t\u00eb Kafk\u00ebs. Nga Berlini jan\u00eb edhe Felise Bauer edhe Margaret Bloh. Nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr jetoi n\u00eb Berlin edhe kur ishte n\u00eb lidhje me Dora Diamant. M\u00eb 13 tetor 1912, n\u00eb banes\u00ebn e Maks Brodit n\u00eb Berlin, Kafka njoftohet me Felise Bauer<\/strong> (Felice Bauer, Prudnik, Poloni 1887 – Nju-Jork, 1960) e cila punonte n\u00eb Berlin si p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuese e nj\u00eb kompanie diskografike. Ishte fise e Brodit. Nga ditari i Kafk\u00ebs shihet se ai kishte mendim t\u00eb lart\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb. Lidhja intime e tyre q\u00eb zgjati deri n\u00eb vitin 1917 kishte t\u00eb b\u00ebnte kryesisht me k\u00ebmbim letrash<\/em>. Her\u00eb pas here shiheshin dhe dy her\u00eb u fejuan<\/em>. Q\u00eb t\u00eb dyja her\u00ebt, fejesat i prishi Kafka. Fejes\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb e prishi n\u00eb vitin 1917 kur u s\u00ebmur\u00eb nga tuberkulozi. Letrat e Kafk\u00ebs d\u00ebrguar asaj u botuan n\u00eb form\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhjeje me titullin \u201cLetra Felises\u201d (Briefe an Felice, <\/em>1967; p\u00ebrkthimi n\u00eb anglisht: Letters to Felice). <\/em>Letrat q\u00eb ajo ia d\u00ebrgoi Kafk\u00ebs humb\u00ebn pa gjurm\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Biografi gjerman i Kafk\u00ebs Rajner Stah <\/strong>(Reiner Stach, 1951) dhe biografi britanik i tij, prozatori Xhejms Heus <\/strong>(James Hawes, 1960) thon\u00eb se rreth vitit 1920 Kafka \u00ebsht\u00eb fejuar p\u00ebr s\u00eb treti. Tani me Julie Voricek<\/strong> (Julie Wohryzek, 1891-1944), nj\u00eb vajz\u00eb e varf\u00ebr dhe e paarsimuar, e cila punonte n\u00eb mir\u00ebmbajtjen e dhomave t\u00eb hotelit. Julie Voricek u zhduk n\u00eb Aushvic m\u00eb 26 gusht 1944.<\/p>\n

Stahu dhe Brodi po ashtu thon\u00eb se Kafka, derisa ishte n\u00eb lidhje me Felisen, kishte nj\u00eb afer\u00eb me shoqen e saj Margaret (Grete) Bloh<\/strong> (Margarethe Bloch, 1892-1944), \u00e7ifute nga Berlini, e cila u zhduk n\u00eb Aushvic. Brodi pohon se nga lidhja e tyre ka lindur nj\u00eb djal\u00eb. Sipas Brodit, p\u00ebr lindjen e f\u00ebmij\u00ebs Kafka s\u2019ka ditur gj\u00eb. F\u00ebmija paska lindur n\u00eb vitin 1914 ose 1915 dhe paska vdekur n\u00eb Munih n\u00eb vitin 1921. Biografi i Kafk\u00ebs, studiues i gjuh\u00ebs dhe i let\u00ebrsis\u00eb gjermane, Prof. Peter-Andre Alt <\/strong>(1960) pohon se Grete v\u00ebrtet ka pasur nj\u00eb djal\u00eb por jo me Kafk\u00ebn, sepse k\u00ebta dy kurr\u00eb s\u2019kan\u00eb qen\u00eb n\u00eb lidhje intime. Biografi Stah thot\u00eb se Kafka nuk ka pasur f\u00ebmij\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb tetor t\u00eb vitit 1917, Kafka u diagnostifikua nga tuberkulozi<\/em><\/strong>. Pas k\u00ebsaj q\u00ebndroi disa muaj n\u00eb fshatin Zurau, ku e motra Otla punonte n\u00eb ferm\u00eb me burrin e motr\u00ebs, Hermanin.<\/p>\n

Q\u00ebndrimin n\u00eb fshat Kafka e p\u00ebrshkroi si periudh\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb vet. K\u00ebtu s\u2019kishte kurrfar\u00eb detyrimesh. Shkruante ditar\u00eb<\/em> dhe oktava<\/em>. Prej k\u00ebtyre sh\u00ebnimeve Kafka nxori 109 copa t\u00eb num\u00ebrtuara teksti n\u00eb Zettel<\/em>, cop\u00eb letre pa ndonj\u00eb far\u00eb renditjeje. Ato u botuan si p\u00ebrmbledhje me titullin \u201cP\u00ebrsiatje p\u00ebr m\u00ebkatin, shpres\u00ebn, vuajtjen dhe rrug\u00ebn e drejt\u00eb\u201d (Die Z<\/em>\u00fc<\/em>rauer Aphorismen oder Betrachtungen <\/em>\u00fc<\/em>ber S<\/em>\u00fc<\/em>nde, Hoffnung, leid und wahren Weg)<\/em>.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1920 e nisi nj\u00eb lidhje dashurie me gazetaren dhe shkrimtaren \u00e7eke Milena Jesenska <\/strong>(1896-1944). Ajo vinte nga nj\u00eb familje aristokrate \u00e7eke. Ka biograf\u00eb q\u00eb thon\u00eb se Milena ka qen\u00eb e vetmja fem\u00ebr, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn e ka dashur Kafka. Midis tyre ka pasur let\u00ebrk\u00ebmbim<\/em>. Letrat e Kafk\u00ebs d\u00ebrguar Milen\u00ebs u botuan pos mortem<\/em> me titullin \u201cLetra Milen\u00ebs\u201d <\/em><\/strong>(Briefe an Milena<\/em>, 1952)<\/em>. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb dokument trondit\u00ebs p\u00ebr p\u00ebrjetimet shpirt\u00ebrore t\u00eb Kafk\u00ebs gjat\u00eb lidhjes me Milen\u00ebn n\u00eb vitet 1920-1923. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb ditar\u00ebt<\/em><\/strong> e vet Kafka ia la me testament Milen\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim: <\/strong>N\u00eb vitin 1936 Milena Jesenska u b\u00eb an\u00ebtare e Partis\u00eb Komuniste t\u00eb \u00c7ekosllovakis\u00eb. N\u00eb vitin 1939 u arrestua nga forcat naziste gjermane. Vdiq m\u00eb 17 maj 1944 n\u00eb kampin e p\u00ebrqendrimit n\u00eb Ravensbr\u00fcck t\u00eb Gjermanis\u00eb. Biografja e saj, gazetarja dhe shkrimtarja Alena Vagner<\/strong> (Alena Wagner Jezhkova, 1966) thot\u00eb: \u201cMilena Jesenska ka qen\u00eb nj\u00eb personalitet i shquar i jet\u00ebs kulturore, politike, shoq\u00ebrore dhe ideologjike t\u00eb \u00c7ekis\u00eb. Duke qen\u00eb se ka pasur nj\u00eb jet\u00eb dinamike, ajo<\/strong> meriton t\u00eb lirohet nga hija e Kafk\u00ebs<\/strong>. Kafka s\u2019ka qen\u00eb ve\u00e7se nj\u00eb episod<\/strong> n\u00eb jet\u00ebn e saj, s\u2019ka qen\u00eb ve\u00e7se fusnot\u00eb<\/strong> e jet\u00ebs s\u00eb saj\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eb korrik t\u00eb vitit 1923, Kafka shkoi p\u00ebr t\u00eb pushuar n\u00eb pushimoren Graal-M\u00fcritz t\u00eb detit Baltik. Atje u njoh me Dora Diamant <\/strong>(1898-1952). Emri i saj figuron edhe si Dworja Diament, Diamont, n\u00eb hebraisht Dora Dymant. Ishte nj\u00eb edukatore 25-vje\u00e7are q\u00eb vinte nga nj\u00eb familjeje \u00e7ifute<\/em> ortodokse, e lindur n\u00eb Pabianice t\u00eb Polonis\u00eb. N\u00eb Berlin e nd\u00ebrroi mbiemrin n\u00eb Diamant.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u2019iu kushtuar shkrimeve, n\u00eb vitin 1923 Kafka u shp\u00ebrngul p\u00ebr pak koh\u00eb n\u00eb Berlin ku jetoi me Dor\u00ebn. Ajo i zgjoi Kafk\u00ebs interesimin p\u00ebr Talmudin<\/em>. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb periudh\u00eb Kafka punonte n\u00eb kat\u00ebr tregime, t\u00eb cilat duhej t\u00eb botoheshin me titullin \u201cArtisti n\u00eb uri\u201d (Ein Hungerk<\/em>\u00fc<\/em>nstler,<\/em> 1924)<\/em>. P\u00ebr vitet e fundit t\u00eb Kafk\u00ebs dhe p\u00ebr lidhjen midis shkrimtarit 40-vje\u00e7ar dhe Dor\u00ebs 25-vje\u00e7e q\u00eb zgjati <\/em>rreth nj\u00eb<\/em> vit<\/em>, flet shkrimtari gjerman Mihael Kumpfmyler <\/strong>(Michael Kumpfm\u00fcller, 1961) n\u00eb librin e tij \u201cThe Glory of Life\u201d <\/em>(2011). N\u00eb vitin 1930 Dora u b\u00eb an\u00ebtare Partis\u00eb Komuniste Gjermane. Vdiq n\u00eb Lond\u00ebr n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 54-vje\u00e7are, 28 vjet pas Kafk\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim<\/strong>: Talmud<\/em>, n\u00eb hebraisht \u2013 m\u00ebsim. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga librat e shenjt\u00eb hebraik\u00eb. P\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga Mishna (shkenc\u00eb gojore p\u00ebr jet\u00ebn e p\u00ebrditshme) dhe nga Gemara (komente t\u00eb m\u00ebsuara). P\u00ebrfundimisht \u00ebsht\u00eb redaktuar n\u00eb shekullin VI. \u00cbsht\u00eb libri m\u00eb pak i p\u00ebrkthyer nga t\u00eb gjith\u00eb librat e shenjt\u00eb hebraik\u00eb. Ka qen\u00eb hal\u00eb n\u00eb sy sidomos t\u00eb autoriteteve kishtare t\u00eb krishtere. Paraqet baz\u00eb e m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs s\u00eb jetes\u00ebs t\u00eb bashk\u00ebsis\u00eb hebraike. N\u00eb Talmud ndodhen rregullat e mbjelljes, ligjet p\u00ebr festat, p\u00ebr martes\u00ebn, e drejta private dhe penale, rregullat p\u00ebr higjien\u00ebn personale etj. Talmudi ka nj\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi tejet t\u00eb madhe p\u00ebr studimin e historis\u00eb dhe t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs s\u00eb hebrenjve. Stili i Talmudit nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb unik, por ndryshon prej atij t\u00eb aforizmave deri n\u00eb shprehjen e formulave.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Q\u00ebndrimet politike <\/strong>– Studiuesit jan\u00eb marr\u00eb edhe me q\u00ebndrimet politike<\/em><\/strong> t\u00eb Kafk\u00ebs. Kolegu i tij shkoll\u00ebs, \u00e7ifut \u00e7ek, m\u00eb von\u00eb filozof n\u00eb Izrael, Hugo Bergman <\/strong>(Hugo Bergmann, 1883-1975) thot\u00eb: \u201cKafka, p\u00ebr ta manifestuar simpatin\u00eb e vet ndaj socializmit<\/strong>, ka mbajtur n\u00eb shkoll\u00eb karafil t\u00eb kuq\u201d<\/em>. Para se t\u00eb fillonte Lufta e Par\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore Kafka ka marr\u00eb pjes\u00eb n\u00eb disa mbledhje t\u00eb Klubit Mladych<\/em>, t\u00eb organizat\u00ebs anarkiste, antimilitariste dhe antiklerikale \u00e7eke. Hugo Bergmani q\u00eb ndiqte t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn shkoll\u00eb fillore dhe t\u00eb mesme sikurse Kafka, u nda prej tij n\u00eb vitin e fundit akademik 1900\/1901.<\/p>\n

Bergman thot\u00eb: \u201cSocializmi <\/strong>i Kafk\u00ebs dhe sionizmi <\/strong>im ishin tep\u00ebr strident\u00eb. Kafka u b\u00eb socialist, nd\u00ebrsa un\u00eb, m\u00eb 1898 u b\u00ebra sionist. At\u00ebher\u00eb ende nuk ekzistonte nj\u00eb sintez\u00eb e sionizmit dhe e socializmit\u201d.<\/em> N\u00eb nj\u00eb sh\u00ebnim t\u00eb ditarit Kafka p\u00ebrmend filozofin rus, anarkistin Peter Kropotkin <\/strong>(Pyotr A. Kropotkin, 1842-1921) dhe thot\u00eb: <\/strong>\u201cMos e harro Kropotkinin\u201d<\/em>. M\u00eb von\u00eb, p\u00ebr anarkist\u00ebt \u00e7ek\u00eb thot\u00eb: \u201cT\u00eb gjith\u00eb ata, pa kurrfar\u00eb mir\u00ebnjohje, kan\u00eb dashur ta kuptojn\u00eb fatin njer\u00ebzor. I kuptoj fort mir\u00eb, por nuk mund t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb p\u00ebr ta di\u00e7ka m\u00eb shum\u00eb se kaq.\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n

Gjat\u00eb periudh\u00ebs s\u00eb komunizmit<\/em> krijimtaria letrare e Kafk\u00ebs, p\u00ebr vendet socialiste t\u00eb bllokut lindor ka qen\u00eb tem\u00eb e nxeht\u00eb. Disa studiues thoshin se Kafka e ka satirizuar burokracin\u00eb e Austro-Hungaris\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>, q\u00eb ishte n\u00eb shp\u00ebrb\u00ebrje e sip\u00ebr, nd\u00ebrkaq studiues t\u00eb tjer\u00eb thoshin se Kafka e ka personifikuar ngritjen e socializmit<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Kafka shkruan: \u201cNjeriu nuk mund t\u00eb jetoj\u00eb pa besuar gjithmon\u00eb se n\u00eb vete mban di\u00e7ka q\u00eb nuk zhduket kurr\u00eb, por edhe ajo q\u00eb nuk zhduket kurr\u00eb dhe besimi n\u00eb t\u00eb, mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb t\u00eb fshehur.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u00ebmundjet <\/strong>– Profesori i psikologjis\u00eb n\u00eb Universitetin Oviedo t\u00eb Spanj\u00ebs Marino<\/strong> Perez-Alvarez<\/strong> thot\u00eb: \u201c\u00cbsht\u00eb e mundur q\u00eb Kafka t\u00eb ket\u00eb l\u00ebnguar nga \u00e7rregullimi skizoid i personalitetit<\/strong>. Stili i tij, jo vet\u00ebm te \u201cMetamorfoza\u201d por edhe te veprat e tjera, p\u00ebrmban disa karakteristika skizoide<\/strong><\/em>, t\u00eb cilat japin sqarime p\u00ebr nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb befasive n\u00eb veprat e tij. Vuajtja e tij v\u00ebrehet n\u00eb ato, q\u00eb ka shkruar n\u00eb ditar m\u00eb 21 qershor 1913\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

P\u00ebrpos nga nj\u00eb form\u00eb e anoreksis\u00eb atipike<\/em>, studiuesit thon\u00eb se gjat\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb jet\u00ebs Kafka ka vuajtur edhe nga s\u00ebmundje mendore t\u00eb ndryshme, nga depresioni klinik dhe frika nga shoq\u00ebria<\/em>. L\u00ebngonte edhe nga migrena<\/em>. Shpesh vuante nga insomnia<\/em> dhe nga s\u00ebmundje t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb lidhura ngusht\u00ebsisht me stresin<\/em> dhe nervat<\/em> e ndjeshme.<\/p>\n

Edhe pse Kafka ka pasur lidhje me disa femra, autor\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar kan\u00eb spekuluar lidhur me seksualitetin <\/em><\/strong>e tij. T\u00eb tjer\u00eb kan\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb se ka pasur \u00e7rregullime n\u00eb t\u00eb ushqyerit<\/em>. Psikiatri\u00a0 gjerman, Prof. Dr.<\/strong> Manfred<\/strong> M.<\/strong> Fihter <\/strong>(Manfred Maximilian Fichter, 1944) i Klinik\u00ebs psikiatrike t\u00eb Universitetit t\u00eb Munihut, n\u00eb punimin e tij \u201cThe anorexia nervosa of Franz Kafka\u201d (Franz Kafka\u2019s anorexia nervosa)<\/em> t\u00eb botuar n\u00eb maj t\u00eb viti 1988 paraqet prova p\u00ebr hipotez\u00ebn se Kafka ka l\u00ebnguar nga nj\u00eb form\u00eb e \u201canoreksia nervosa\u201d<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Duke analizuar letrat e Kafk\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb konstatuar pasiguria e tij dominuese e p\u00ebrcjell\u00eb nga komplekset psikanalitike<\/em>. N\u00eb librin \u201cNotesi i kalt\u00ebr\u201d<\/em> v\u00ebrehet se kemi t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb me njeriun t\u00eb pushtuar nga nj\u00eb segment spiritual. Historiani amerikan i kultur\u00ebs dhe i let\u00ebrsis\u00eb, Sander L. Gilman <\/strong>(1944) n\u00eb librin \u201cFranz Kafka, the Jewish Patient\u201d <\/em>(1995) hulumton p\u00ebrse nj\u00eb \u00e7ifut<\/em><\/strong> t\u00eb konsiderohet hipohond\u00ebr <\/em><\/strong>ose homoseksual<\/em><\/strong>. N\u00eb \u00e7\u2019m\u00ebnyr\u00eb Kafka, format e tilla t\u00eb karakterizimit t\u00eb mashkullit \u00e7ifut i inkorporon n\u00eb figur\u00ebn dhe n\u00eb vepr\u00ebn e vet. Nga fundi i vitit 1912, Kafka ka menduar p\u00ebr suisid<\/em> (vet\u00ebvrasje), t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn nj\u00eb her\u00eb. N\u00eb vitet e m\u00ebvonshme Kafka u deklarua ateist<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Kafka shkruan: \u201c\u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb bot\u00eb e t\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb e mbaj n\u00eb kok\u00eb. Si ta \u00e7liroj veten dhe ata, pa i shqyer. Nj\u00eb mij\u00eb her\u00eb m\u00eb me d\u00ebshir\u00eb qaj n\u00eb vete. Prandaj ndodhem k\u00ebtu, e kam m\u00eb se t\u00eb qart\u00eb.\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dit\u00ebt e fundit t\u00eb jet\u00ebs<\/strong> – N\u00eb mars t\u00eb viti 1924, duke qen\u00eb se tuberkulozi n\u00eb laring (fyt) iu p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsua, Kafka u detyrua q\u00eb nga Berlini t\u00eb kthehet n\u00eb Prag\u00eb. P\u00ebr t\u00eb u kujdes\u00ebn an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e familjes, sidomos motra Otla. M\u00eb 10 prill 1924 e d\u00ebrguan n\u00eb \u201cDr. Hoffmann\u2019s Sanatorium\u201d<\/em> n\u00eb Kierling t\u00eb Klosterneuburg af\u00ebr Vjen\u00ebs. Pran\u00eb tij\u00a0 ndodhej edhe profesori me prejardhje hungareze, Dr. Robert Klopstock (1899 \u2013 Nju-Jork 1972). Vdiq m\u00eb 3 qershor 1924<\/strong>. Shkak i vdekjes mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb qen\u00eb uria<\/em>, p\u00ebr arsye se nga dhimbja n\u00eb fyt nuk ka mundur t\u00eb haj\u00eb. Mihael Kumpfmylerit thot\u00eb Kafka vdes n\u00eb prehrin e Dora Diamantit. U varros pas tet\u00eb dit\u00ebve, n\u00eb pasditen e 11 qershorit t\u00eb viti 1924 n\u00eb Varrezat e reja \u00e7ifute n\u00eb lagjen Zhizhkov t\u00eb Prag\u00ebs. N\u00eb varrim mor\u00ebn pjes\u00eb rreth 100 vet\u00eb. Midis tyre n\u00ebna, babai, motrat me familjet e tyre, Dora Diamant, Maks Brodi, Dr. Robert Klopstocku.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb pllak\u00ebn e varrit q\u00eb ia ngriti i ati, shkruan: \u201cDr. Franz Kafka, 1883-1924\u201d. N\u00eb pllak\u00eb jan\u00eb gdhendur edhe emrat e motrave – Valerie, Gabriele dhe Otilie t\u00eb cilat, bashk\u00eb me familjet e tyre u zhduk\u00ebn n\u00eb kampet naziste. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn pllak\u00eb mermeri \u00ebsht\u00eb skalitur edhe emri i Maks Brodit. Pas shtat\u00eb vjet\u00ebsh vdes babai i Kafk\u00ebs, nd\u00ebrsa pas dhjet\u00eb vjet\u00ebsh edhe e \u00ebma.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

VEPRA <\/strong>\u2013 T\u00eb gjitha veprat e Kafk\u00ebs, me p\u00ebrjashtim t\u00eb disa letrave p\u00ebr Milena Jesensk\u00ebn, jan\u00eb shkruar n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn gjermane<\/em><\/strong>. Ato pak shkrime q\u00eb iu botuan n\u00eb t\u00eb gjall\u00eb t\u00eb autorit nuk ngjall\u00ebn ndonj\u00eb interesim t\u00eb madh. Pothuajse 90 p\u00ebr qind t\u00eb shkrimeve t\u00eb veta i dogji, sidomos kur jetonte n\u00eb Berlin. Kafka ishte mjaft i frytsh\u00ebm n\u00eb t\u00eb shkruarit e novelave dhe t\u00eb tregimeve t\u00eb shkurtra. N\u00eb vitin 1912 shkroi tregimin \u201cMetamorfoza\u201d<\/em><\/strong> (Die Verwandlung)<\/em> q\u00eb u botua n\u00eb vitin 1915 n\u00eb Lajpcig. B\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb rr\u00ebfim t\u00eb pazakonsh\u00ebm, pothuajse surreal<\/em>, i cili pa dyshim \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga shembujt m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb dhe m\u00eb reprezentues t\u00eb realizmit magjik <\/em><\/strong>t\u00eb Kafk\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Rr\u00ebfimi fillon in medias res<\/em>, me fjalin\u00eb e par\u00eb kult \u201cKur nj\u00eb m\u00ebngjes Gregor Samsa u zgjua nga \u00ebndrrat shqet\u00ebsuese e gjeti veten n\u00eb krevat t\u00eb shnd\u00ebrruar n\u00eb nj\u00eb kand\u00ebr t\u00eb madhe\u201d <\/em>(gjermanisht: ungeheuren Ungeziefer<\/em>), q\u00eb tekstualisht mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrkthehet si p\u00ebrbind\u00ebsh monstruoz<\/em>. Fjala Ungeziefer<\/em> n\u00ebnkupton kryesisht kafsh\u00ebt e ndotura e t\u00eb pad\u00ebshiruara<\/em>. Bumballa n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn u shnd\u00ebrrua Gregor Samsa ishte pik\u00ebrisht kjo. N\u00eb vijim tregimi e p\u00ebrcjell jet\u00ebn apo gjallimin dhe shkat\u00ebrrimin e bumball\u00ebs Gregor Samsa dhe alienimin (tjet\u00ebrsimin) gradual t\u00eb tij, s\u00eb pari nga bota p\u00ebrreth, e pastaj edhe nga familja dhe vetvetja. K\u00ebt\u00eb vep\u00ebr me shum\u00eb me simbolik\u00eb dhe metafora, kritik\u00ebt e konsiderojn\u00eb si nj\u00ebr\u00ebn nga veprat bazike t\u00eb shekullit XX.<\/p>\n

Tregimi \u201cN\u00eb kolonin\u00eb nd\u00ebshkuese<\/em>\u201d (In der Strafkolonie,<\/em> 1919) <\/em>q\u00eb b\u00ebn fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr pajisjen e krijuar p\u00ebr torturim dhe likuidim u shkrua n\u00eb tetor t\u00eb vitit 1914. U revidua m\u00eb 1918 p\u00ebr t\u2019u botuar n\u00eb Lajpcig m\u00eb 1919. N\u00eb tregimin \u201cArtisti n\u00eb uri<\/em>\u201d (Ein Hungerk<\/em>\u00fc<\/em>nstler,<\/em> 1924) <\/em>t\u00eb botuar n\u00eb revist\u00ebn \u201cDie neue Rundschau<\/em> n\u00eb vitin 1924, flitet p\u00ebr personazhin kryesor, viktim\u00eb i cili v\u00ebren mosinteresimin e t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve p\u00ebr vetin\u00eb e tij t\u00eb \u00e7uditshme, p\u00ebr t\u00eb q\u00ebndruar pa ngr\u00ebn\u00eb brenda nj\u00eb periudhe t\u00eb caktuar. Tregimi i tij fundit \u201cK\u00ebng\u00ebtarja Jozefin\u00eb, ose vegj\u00eblia e minjve\u201d,<\/em> po ashtu merret me raportin midis artistit<\/em> dhe publikut<\/em> t\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n

Kafka \u00ebsht\u00eb autor i tre romaneve: \u201cProcesi\u201d<\/em><\/strong> (Der Proze<\/em>\u00df<\/em>, <\/em>1914-1915, botuar m\u00eb 1925), \u201cK\u00ebshtjella\u201d<\/em><\/strong> (Das Schlo<\/em>\u00df<\/em>, 1922, botuar m\u00eb 1926) dhe \u201cAmerika\u201d<\/em> (<\/em>titulli burimor: Der Verschollene \u2013 Njeriu t\u00eb cilit i humbi \u00e7do gjurm\u00eb<\/em>, 1912-1914, botuar m\u00eb 1927). Kafka s\u2019e p\u00ebrfundoi asnj\u00ebrin prej romaneve t\u00eb tij. E dogji pothuajse 90 p\u00ebr qind t\u00eb opusit t\u00eb vet. Romanin e par\u00eb nisi ta shkruaj\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1912. Kapitulli i par\u00eb i tij sot njihet si nj\u00eb tregim i shkurt\u00ebr me titullin \u201cNdez\u00ebsi\u201d<\/em>. K\u00ebt\u00eb vep\u00ebr q\u00eb mbeti e pap\u00ebrfunduar Kafka e quajti \u201cDer Verschollene\u201d<\/em>, por kur Brodi e botoi post hum, <\/em>e zgjodhi titullin \u201cAmerika\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Ndon\u00ebse me m\u00eb shum\u00eb humor dhe m\u00eb realiste se veprat e tjera t\u00eb Kafk\u00ebs, ky roman q\u00eb flet p\u00ebr bredhjet e emigrantit evropian Karl Rosmanit (Karl Ro\u00dfmann) n\u00ebp\u00ebr Amerik\u00eb, i p\u00ebrmban t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat motive t\u00eb sistemit opresiv<\/em> dhe t\u00eb papreksh\u00ebm, q\u00eb e v\u00eb protagonistin n\u00eb situata t\u00eb ndryshme bizare. Romani inkorporon shum\u00eb detaje nga p\u00ebrvojat e t\u00eb af\u00ebrmve t\u00eb Kafk\u00ebs, t\u00eb emigruar n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb dhe mbetet e vetmja vep\u00ebr, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn Kafka nuk ka zgjedhur p\u00ebrfundim optimist<\/em>.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1914 Kafka e filloi pun\u00ebn n\u00eb romanin \u201cProcesi\u201d<\/em>, q\u00eb pa dyshim \u00ebsht\u00eb vepra m\u00eb me ndikim i tij. Konsiderohet kryevep\u00ebr e let\u00ebrsis\u00eb bot\u00ebrore. B\u00ebn fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr n\u00ebpun\u00ebsin bankar Jozef K., i cili nj\u00eb m\u00ebngjes arrestohet dhe akuzohet nga nj\u00eb pushtet i larg\u00ebt dhe i panjohur, p\u00ebr krimin p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin nuk din\u00eb gj\u00eb as ai, e as lexuesit. Jozef K. ballafaqohet me nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb situatash bizare dhe t\u00eb paqarta, lufton kund\u00ebr nj\u00eb burokracie kryek\u00ebput t\u00eb dehumanizuar dhe merr ndihm\u00eb nga nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb personazhesh groteske, q\u00eb n\u00eb thelb jan\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht t\u00eb padobish\u00ebm (me p\u00ebrjashtim t\u00eb kapelanit misterioz t\u00eb burgut), deri n\u00eb fund, kur e realizon forc\u00ebn e k\u00ebtij mekanizmi burokratik, t\u00eb cilit m\u00eb n\u00eb fund i dor\u00ebzohet.<\/p>\n

Megjith\u00ebk\u00ebt\u00eb, p\u00ebr dallim nga \u201cAmerika\u201d<\/em>, drita e dritares<\/em><\/strong> n\u00eb fund t\u00eb vepr\u00ebs l\u00eb nj\u00eb shpres\u00eb, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb prej motiveve kryesore t\u00eb veprave t\u00eb Kafk\u00ebs. Por, p\u00ebrkund\u00ebr faktit se Kafka e ka shkruar kapitullin e fundit, romani ka mbetur i pap\u00ebrfunduar. Botimet m\u00eb t\u00eb reja t\u00eb romanit i p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb edhe kapitujt e pap\u00ebrfunduar apo t\u00eb pap\u00ebrputhur, edhe pse jan\u00eb t\u00eb ndar\u00eb nga pjesa kryesore e vepr\u00ebs. Sipas ditarit<\/em> t\u00eb vet, deri n\u00eb 11 qershor 1914, Kafka e kishte planifikuar romanin \u201cK\u00ebshtjella\u201d,<\/em>\u00a0por filloi ta shkruante m\u00eb 27 janar 1922.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eb romanet dhe n\u00eb tregimet e Kafk\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb paraqitur p\u00ebrditshm\u00ebria e hirt\u00eb n\u00eb form\u00ebn e nj\u00eb realiteti alogjik t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkuar nga nj\u00eb ankth i p\u00ebrhersh\u00ebm. Personazhet e Kafk\u00ebs p\u00ebrndiqen nga ndjenja e fajit. Shpeshher\u00eb ndodhen n\u00eb huti dhe jan\u00eb t\u00eb \u00e7orientuar. Realiteti i tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb af\u00ebr \u00ebndrr\u00ebs<\/em> se reales<\/em>. Pasqyrimi i individit, i cili ndjehet i pafuqish\u00ebm p\u00ebrball\u00eb forcave t\u00eb aparatit burokratik, b\u00ebri q\u00eb proza e Kafk\u00ebs, q\u00eb nga Lufta e Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore e deri m\u00eb sot, t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapet me t\u00eb madhe dhe t\u00eb ushtroj\u00eb ndikim t\u00eb madh.<\/p>\n

Sa qe gjall\u00eb, Kafka botoi pak dhe ato botime nuk ngjall\u00ebn interesim t\u00eb madh. N\u00eb t\u00eb gjall\u00eb pra ishte anonim. Njihej vet\u00ebm nga nj\u00eb rreth i ngusht\u00eb lexuesish ku b\u00ebnin pjes\u00eb: tregimtari dhe romancieri m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm i let\u00ebrsis\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb re gjermane dhe eseisti Tomas Man <\/strong>(Thomas Mann, 1875-1955), liriku dhe tregimtari zviceran (i shprehjes gjuh\u00ebsore gjermane) Herman Hese <\/strong>(Hermann Hesse, 1877-1962), tregimtari gjerman me prejardhje hebraike Alfred D\u00ebblin <\/strong>(Alfred D\u00f6blin, 1878-1957, pseudonim i Linke Poot), poeti gjerman Rainer Maria Rilke <\/strong>(Rainer Maria Rilke, 1875-1926), tregimtari, eseisti dhe dramaturgu austriak Robert Muzil <\/strong>(Robert Musil, 1880-1942), shkrimtari gjerman Kurt Tuholski <\/strong>(Kurt Tucholsky, 1890-1935) etj.<\/p>\n

Sapo p\u00ebrfundoi Lufta e Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore u b\u00eb i famsh\u00ebm saq\u00eb u shnd\u00ebrruar n\u00eb mit.<\/strong> Veprat e tij nga ShBA u p\u00ebrhap\u00ebn n\u00eb Gjermani, ku u pranuan nj\u00ebsoj si ato t\u00eb Tomas Manit<\/strong> dhe t\u00eb lirikut, tregimtarit, teoricienit t\u00eb dram\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb teatrit socialist modern Bertolt Breht <\/strong>(Bertolt Brecht, 1898-1956).<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vepr\u00ebn e vet, si at\u00eb t\u00eb botuar ashtu edhe at\u00eb t\u00eb pabotuar, ia la mikut m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb tij Maks Brodit<\/strong>, me instruksione t\u00eb qarta q\u00eb ky, pas vdekjes s\u00eb shkrimtarit, t\u2019i asgj\u00ebsonte.<\/p>\n

Kafka i shkruan: \u201cShum\u00eb i dashuri Maks, k\u00ebrkesa ime e fundit: \u00c7do gj\u00eb q\u00eb la pas vetes… n\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb ditar\u00ebve, t\u00eb dor\u00ebshkrimeve, t\u00eb letrave (t\u00eb miat dhe t\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve), t\u00eb skicave e k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb, t\u00eb mos lexohen dhe t\u00eb digjen\u201d<\/em>. Brodi vendosi ta injoroj\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00eb dhe n\u00eb periudh\u00ebn e viteve 1925-1935 romanet dhe tregimet e Kafk\u00ebs i botoi.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1939 Brodi iku nga nazist\u00ebt p\u00ebr n\u00eb Palestin\u00eb. Shum\u00eb letra t\u00eb pabotuara, t\u00eb futura n\u00eb nj\u00eb s\u00ebnduk, i mori me vete. Dashuria e fundit e Kafk\u00ebs, Dora Diamant (m\u00eb von\u00eb Dyamant-Lask), po ashtu i injoroi d\u00ebshirat e Kafk\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u2019ia djegur shkrimet q\u00eb i posedonte ajo. I ruajti fshehurazi 20 notes\u00eb dhe 35 letra. N\u00eb vitin 1933 ato ia konfiskoi Gestapoja<\/strong>, por biograf\u00ebt sot e k\u00ebsaj dite i k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kafka \u00ebsht\u00eb personaliteti letrar m\u00eb misterioz i shekullit XX<\/em><\/strong>. Edhe pse opusi letrar i tij \u00ebsht\u00eb modest, literatura kritike dhe publicistike p\u00ebr t\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb tejet e madhe. Si rrjedhoj\u00eb, kemi nj\u00eb liri interpretimesh<\/em> nga m\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshmet t\u00eb vepr\u00ebs s\u00eb tij. Karakteri disi legjendar <\/em>i vepr\u00ebs s\u00eb tij nd\u00ebrlidhet edhe me fatin e pazakonsh\u00ebm t\u00eb teksteve, me porosin\u00eb q\u00eb ia la Brodit p\u00ebr t\u2019i asgj\u00ebsuar ato. Derisa ishte gjall\u00eb, iu botuan vet\u00ebm disa p\u00ebrmbledhje tregimesh<\/em> dhe skicash<\/em>, si: \u201cMetamorfoza\u201d<\/em>, \u201cD\u00ebnimi\u201d (Das Urteil,<\/em> 1916), \u201cN\u00eb kolonin\u00eb nd\u00ebshkimore\u201d (In der Strafkolonie,<\/em> 1919), \u201cMjeku i fshatit\u201d (Ein Landarzt,<\/em> 1919) dhe \u201cArtisti n\u00eb uri\u201d (Ein Hungerk<\/em>\u00fc<\/em>nstler,<\/em> 1924). Tregimin \u201cD\u00ebnimi\u201d<\/em> e shkroi brenda nj\u00eb nate.<\/p>\n

Shum\u00eb tregime<\/em>, ditar\u00ebt<\/em> e viteve 1910-1923 si dhe romanet \u201cProcesi\u201d, \u201cK\u00ebshtjella\u201d <\/em>dhe \u201cAmerika\u201d<\/em> iu botuan pas vdekjes. N\u00eb to v\u00ebrehet qartas struktura e bot\u00ebs letrare<\/em> t\u00eb Kafk\u00ebs: pozita e individit n\u00eb mjedisin q\u00eb funksionon sipas nj\u00eb mekanizmi alogjik, t\u00eb panjohur e t\u00eb paduksh\u00ebm, nd\u00ebrsa ngjarjet n\u00eb at\u00eb mjedis zhvillohen si n\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00ebnd\u00ebrr t\u00eb ankthshme<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

P. sh.: Nj\u00eb agjent tregtar zgjohet nj\u00eb m\u00ebngjes, i vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm se nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb qenie njer\u00ebzore por kand\u00ebr e madhe. (\u201cMetamorfoza\u201d)<\/em>. Qytetari q\u00eb s\u2019ka b\u00ebr\u00eb ndonj\u00eb akt t\u00eb paligjsh\u00ebm, Jozef K. faj\u00ebsohet p\u00ebr vepr\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn s\u2019di gj\u00eb. E ftojn\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjykat\u00eb e cila nuk\u00a0 duket t\u00eb jet\u00eb legale (Procesi)<\/em>. Nj\u00eb njeriu i mohet nj\u00eb e drejt\u00eb, q\u00eb i p\u00ebrkiste pik\u00ebrisht atij (Para ligjit)<\/em>. Gjeodezi K., i bindur se \u00ebsht\u00eb pranuar n\u00eb pun\u00eb, mb\u00ebrrin n\u00eb fshat para nj\u00eb k\u00ebshtjelle, por nuk arrin t\u00eb kuptoj\u00eb se cili ishte q\u00ebllimi dhe kuptimi i ardhjes s\u00eb tij (K\u00ebshtjella).<\/em><\/p>\n

Analiza e stilit tregon se p\u00ebrshtypja e alogjizmit<\/em><\/strong> buron nga m\u00ebnyra nga e cila kategoria e koh\u00ebs<\/em> dhe e hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs<\/em> e humbin ligjshm\u00ebrin\u00eb. Kafka nuk e p\u00ebrfill as ligjshm\u00ebrin\u00eb psikologjike<\/em>, ndaj personazhet e tij e ngat\u00ebrrojn\u00eb lexuesin mu ngase nuk mund t\u2019i interpretoj\u00eb ata n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebs s\u00eb vet. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pik\u00ebpamje bota e Kafk\u00ebs hyn n\u00eb bot\u00ebn e p\u00ebrrall\u00ebs<\/em>, por derisa n\u00eb bot\u00ebn e p\u00ebrrall\u00ebs mbizot\u00ebron fantazia mitike<\/em>, te Kafka m\u00eb s\u00eb shumti befason pik\u00ebrisht rrethana se aren\u00eb e ndodhive irracionale<\/em> kryesisht \u00ebsht\u00eb mjedisi qytetar bashk\u00ebkohor, p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht p\u00ebrditshm\u00ebria e hirt\u00eb,<\/em> n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn \u00e7do gj\u00eb e ka ve\u00e7orin\u00eb e vet reale<\/em>, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb deformuar jan\u00eb vet\u00ebm raportet midis gj\u00ebrave<\/em> dhe dukurive<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Sipas disa interpretimeve, vepra e Kafk\u00ebs duhet t\u00eb kuptohet si nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb alegorish<\/em><\/strong>, q\u00eb bazuar te stili do t\u00eb ishte n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me thjesht\u00ebsin\u00eb lapidare t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs s\u00eb shkrimtarit<\/em>. Por, pik\u00ebpamja e till\u00eb n\u00ebnkupton nj\u00eb sistem t\u00eb paramenduar t\u00eb nocioneve alegorike,<\/em> mu si n\u00eb let\u00ebrsin\u00eb mesjetare. Por n\u00eb modelet e marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve t\u00eb \u00e7rregulluara, t\u00eb tjet\u00ebrsimit t\u00eb njeriut dhe t\u00eb shqet\u00ebsimit metafizik,<\/em> q\u00eb i nd\u00ebrton Kafka, nj\u00eb gj\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb nuk e kemi.<\/p>\n

Veprat m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb tij, tregimi \u201cMetamorfoza\u201d<\/em> dhe romanet \u201cProcesi\u201d<\/em> dhe \u201cK\u00ebshtjella\u201d<\/em> shtjellojn\u00eb tematika q\u00eb paraqesin arketipa t\u00eb alienimit, t\u00eb brutalitetit psikofizik, t\u00eb konfliktit n\u00eb relacionin prind\u00ebr-f\u00ebmij\u00eb, t\u00eb personazheve n\u00eb udh\u00ebtime t\u00eb frikshme dhe t\u00eb transformimeve mistike<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Duke studiuar tradit\u00ebn stilistike t\u00eb groteskut<\/em>, sidomos t\u00eb periudh\u00ebs s\u00eb ekspresionizmit<\/em><\/strong> n\u00eb Evrop\u00ebn qendrore, kritika letrare p\u00ebr vepr\u00ebn e Kafk\u00ebs zbulon pik\u00ebpamje t\u00eb reja.<\/p>\n

R\u00ebnd\u00ebsi letrare t\u00eb madhe kan\u00eb edhe d\u00ebshmit\u00eb intime<\/em> t\u00eb Kafk\u00ebs, \u201cDitar\u00ebt\u201d (Tageb<\/em>\u00fc<\/em>cher, <\/em>1937, 1951)<\/em> dhe \u201cLetrat\u201d (Briefe<\/em>, 1937, 1958)<\/em> q\u00eb flasin p\u00ebr dram\u00ebn personale t\u00eb autorit si dhe p\u00ebr dimensionet e thella shoq\u00ebrore dhe metafizike t\u00eb spiritualitetit t\u00eb tij. \u201cLetra Milen\u00ebs\u201d (Briefe an Milena<\/em>, 1952)<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb dokument trondit\u00ebs p\u00ebr p\u00ebrjetimet shpirt\u00ebrore t\u00eb Kafk\u00ebs gjat\u00eb miq\u00ebsis\u00eb me Milena Jesensk\u00ebn n\u00eb vitet 1920-1923.<\/p>\n

KRIJUESIT LETRAR\u00cb, KRITIK\u00cbT DHE ESTET\u00cbT P\u00cbR VEPR\u00cbN E KAFK\u00cbS <\/strong>\u2013 Me Kafk\u00ebn jan\u00eb marr\u00eb dhe vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb merren kritik\u00ebt dhe studiuesit m\u00eb eminent\u00eb t\u00eb bot\u00ebs s\u00eb letrave, p\u00ebrfshi edhe filozof\u00ebt, estet\u00ebt, psikanalist\u00ebt, psikiatrit, psikolog\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

Analiza e veprave t\u00eb tij b\u00ebn t\u00eb mundur interpretime t\u00eb ndryshme. Kritik\u00eb t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm e kan\u00eb radhitur n\u00eb drejtime letrare artistike t\u00eb ndryshme<\/em>. Shkrimtar\u00eb dhe poet\u00eb t\u00eb drejtimeve t\u00eb ndryshme kan\u00eb tentuar ta p\u00ebrvet\u00ebsojn\u00eb Kafk\u00ebn duke th\u00ebn\u00eb se ai \u00ebsht\u00eb paraardh\u00ebs<\/em> i drejtimit t\u00eb tyre. Kafka i takon avangard\u00ebs: realizmit magjik, ekzistencializmit, ekspresionizmit, surrealizmit. <\/strong>Kritika e konsideron si nj\u00ebrin nga shkrimtar\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj dhe m\u00eb me ndikim t\u00eb shekullit XX. Me stilin <\/em><\/strong>e t\u00eb shkruarit, i takonte avangard\u00ebs<\/em><\/strong>, drejtim ky i faz\u00ebs s\u00eb mesme t\u00eb modernizmit<\/em><\/strong>, por me veprimin e vet ndikoi me t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb shum\u00eb stile t\u00eb modernizmit t\u00eb vonsh\u00ebm, p\u00ebrfshi edhe ekzistencializmin<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrkitazi me interpretimin e veprave t\u00eb Kafk\u00ebs, estet\u00ebt<\/em><\/strong> marksist\u00eb<\/strong><\/em> kan\u00eb pasur dallime t\u00eb m\u00ebdha nd\u00ebr vete. Nj\u00ebra pal\u00eb e ka akuzuar p\u00ebr shkat\u00ebrrim t\u00eb realitetit<\/em>, nd\u00ebrsa pala tjet\u00ebr ka pohuar se e kritikon kapitalizmin<\/em>. \u00c7\u00ebshtja n\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb Kafka autor politik<\/em> ose jo, edhe sot \u00ebsht\u00eb objekt debati.<\/p>\n

D\u00ebshp\u00ebrimi<\/em> dhe absurdi<\/em> q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb shpeshta n\u00eb veprat e tij, konsiderohen shenja t\u00eb ekzistencializmit<\/em><\/strong>. Disa vepra t\u00eb Kafk\u00ebs kan\u00eb lindur n\u00ebn ndikimin e ekspresionizmit<\/em><\/strong>, por pjes\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb opusit t\u00eb tij e karakterizon zhanri modernist<\/em><\/strong>. Por, ka studiues q\u00eb thon\u00eb se krijimtaria e Kafk\u00ebs nuk mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshihet n\u00eb asnj\u00eb drejtim letrar<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Alber Kamy <\/strong>(Albert Camus, 1913-1960) dhe Zhan-Pol Sartr\u00eb <\/strong>(Jean Paul Sartre, 1905-1980) jan\u00eb n\u00eb krye t\u00eb list\u00ebs s\u00eb gjat\u00eb t\u00eb shkrimtar\u00ebve, mbi t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ka ndikuar vepra e Kafk\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Opusi i Kafk\u00ebs solli n\u00eb teorin\u00eb e let\u00ebrsis\u00eb termin \u201catmosfer\u00eb kafkiane\u201d<\/em><\/strong>. Me k\u00ebt\u00eb shprehje sh\u00ebnohen situatat e pazakonshme q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme me ato t\u00eb veprave t\u00eb tij, e sidomos t\u00eb \u201cProcesit\u201d<\/em> dhe t\u00eb \u201cMetamorfoz\u00ebs<\/em>\u201d. Shembuj t\u00eb atmosfer\u00ebs s\u00eb till\u00eb jan\u00eb situatat n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat burokracia dominon mbi individin, shpesh n\u00eb nj\u00eb mjedis surreal<\/em>, t\u00eb ankthsh\u00ebm<\/em> q\u00eb shkakton ndjenj\u00ebn se ke mbetur pa pik\u00eb shprese, i l\u00ebn\u00eb vet\u00eb e pa kurrfar\u00eb ndihme, se ndodhesh n\u00eb humb\u00ebtir\u00eb. <\/em>N\u00eb nj\u00eb atmosfer\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb personazhet r\u00ebndom nuk kan\u00eb ndonj\u00eb vizion t\u00eb qart\u00eb sesi t\u00eb dalin prej saj. Elementet kafkiane<\/em> shpesh paraqiten n\u00eb veprat ekzistencialiste<\/em><\/strong>. Por, ky term nuk p\u00ebrdoret vet\u00ebm n\u00eb interpretimet letrare. Sot p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr t\u00eb sh\u00ebnuar ngjarjet dhe situatat e p\u00ebrditshme, q\u00eb jan\u00eb pashpjeguesh\u00ebm komplekse, bizare dhe groteske<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Veprat e Kafk\u00ebs jan\u00eb l\u00ebvduar nga shum\u00eb kritik\u00eb letrar\u00eb. Kritiku austriak Oskar Valcel<\/strong> (Oscar F. Walzel, 1864-1944) qysh n\u00eb vitin 1916 stilin e Kafk\u00ebs e ka krahasuar me at\u00eb t\u00eb fon Klajsitit<\/strong>. Kafka \u00e7mohej lart\u00eb nga poeti britanik-amerikan Uistan Hju Od\u00ebn <\/strong>(Wystan Hugh Auden, 1907-1973), nga prozatori ruso-amerikan Vladimir Nabakov <\/strong>(1899-1977), nga prozatori kolumbian Garsia Markez<\/strong> (Gabriel Garcia Marquez, 1928-2014).<\/p>\n

Uistan Hju Od\u00ebn <\/strong>e ka quajtur Kafk\u00ebn \u201cDante i shekullit XX\u201d<\/em>. Vladimir Nabakovi <\/strong>e renditi n\u00eb mesin e shkrimtar\u00ebve m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb shekullit XX. Garsia Markezi <\/strong>thot\u00eb se pik\u00ebrisht \u201cMetamorfoza\u201d<\/em> e Kafk\u00ebs ia ka b\u00ebr\u00eb me dije se \u201cmund t\u00eb shkruash edhe ndryshe\u201d<\/em>. Alber Kamy <\/strong>n\u00eb vepr\u00ebn e vet \u201cShpresa dhe absurdi n\u00eb vepr\u00ebn e Franc Kafk\u00ebs\u201d <\/em>thot\u00eb: \u201cArti i Kafk\u00ebs i shtyn lexuesit q\u00eb veprat e tij t\u2019i lexojn\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri\u201d<\/em>. Kafka e ka trajtuar edhe tem\u00ebn e konfliktit t\u00eb njeriut<\/em> me burokracin\u00eb<\/em>. Shkrimtari amerikan Uilliam S. Barou <\/strong>(William S. Burroghs, 1914-1997) thot\u00eb se \u201cato vepra jan\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrqendruara n\u00eb konceptet e luft\u00ebs, t\u00eb dhimbjes, t\u00eb vetmis\u00eb dhe t\u00eb nevoj\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb pasur lidhje\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00eb tjer\u00eb, midis tyre edhe Tomas Man<\/strong>, veprat e Kafk\u00ebs i quajn\u00eb alegori<\/em>: \u201ck\u00ebrkim i Per\u00ebndis\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb metafizike\u201d<\/em>. Filozofi francez Zhil Delez <\/strong>(Gilles Deleuze, 1925-1995) dhe psikoterapeuti e filozofi francez Pjer\u00eb-Feliks Gyatari <\/strong>(Pierre-Felix Guattari, 1930-1992) thon\u00eb se \u201ctemat e alienimit dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrndjekjes, ndon\u00ebse t\u00eb pranishme n\u00eb veprat e Kafk\u00ebs, jan\u00eb zmadhuar prej kritik\u00ebve\u201d<\/em>. Prozatori \u00e7ek, francez i natyralizuar Milan Kundera <\/strong>(1929) thot\u00eb: \u201cHumori surreal i Kafk\u00ebs do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb ishte inversion i<\/strong> Dostojevskit<\/strong>, i cili paraqet personazhe t\u00eb d\u00ebnuar p\u00ebr krim. N\u00eb vepr\u00ebn e Kafk\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkaq, personazhi d\u00ebnohet pa b\u00ebr\u00eb krim. P\u00ebr situatat karakteristike Kafka \u00ebsht\u00eb inspiruar nga jeta n\u00eb sht\u00ebpin\u00eb patriarkale dhe n\u00eb shtetin totalitar\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Filozofi, muzikologu dhe eseisti gjerman Teodor Adorno <\/strong>(Theodor Adorno, 1903-1969) n\u00eb vepr\u00ebn e vet \u201cAufzeichungen zu Kafka<\/em>\u201d (1953) n\u00eb veprat e Kafk\u00ebs v\u00eb n\u00eb dukje kontrastin midis reales <\/em>dhe surreales<\/em>. Duke u nisur nga fakti se proza e Kafk\u00ebs p\u00ebrkufizohet si parabol\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>, Adorno thot\u00eb: \u201cAjo paraqet nj\u00eb terren t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm interpretimi. \u00c7do fjali thot\u00eb: interpretom\u00eb, por autori, me stilin e vet e b\u00ebn t\u00eb pamundur nj\u00eb gj\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Teoricieni kroat i let\u00ebrsis\u00eb Viktor Zhmega\u00e7 <\/strong>(1929) flet p\u00ebr dy karakteristika t\u00eb opusit t\u00eb Kafk\u00ebs. Ai thot\u00eb: \u201cKafk\u00ebn e njohim p\u00ebr romanet dhe p\u00ebr proz\u00ebn e shkurt\u00ebr. Edhe po t\u00eb mos i kishte romanet, ai pa dyshim do t\u00eb ishte renditur n\u00eb radh\u00ebt e mjesht\u00ebrve t\u00eb proz\u00ebs s\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb: tregimtari dhe poeti amerikan Edgar Alan Poe <\/strong>(Edgar Allan Poe, 1809-1849), novelisti dhe dramaturgu rus Anton Pavlovi\u00e7 \u00c7ehov <\/strong>(1860-1904) dhe tregimtari, poeti dhe eseisti argjentinas Horhe Luis Borhes <\/strong>(Jorge Luis Borges, 1899-1986).<\/em> Proza e shkurt\u00ebr e tij nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb faqe. Pik\u00ebrisht kjo shkurt\u00ebsi lakonike, e p\u00ebrqendruar e shprehjes \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga karakteristikat themelore t\u00eb stilit t\u00eb tij\u201d<\/em>. Sipas Zhmega\u00e7it, \u201ckarakteristik\u00eb tjet\u00ebr e Kafk\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb se ai nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i prir\u00eb p\u00ebr<\/em> proz\u00ebn kritike\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Zhmega\u00e7 thot\u00eb se Tomas Mani<\/strong>, tregimtari, eseisti dhe dramaturgu austriak Robert Muzil<\/strong> (Robert Musil, 1880-1942), romancieri dhe eseisti austriak me prejardhje \u00e7ifute Herman Broh <\/strong>(Hermann Broch, 1886-1951), romancieri, eseisti, dramaturgu dhe poeti francez Andre Zhid <\/strong>(Andre Gide, 1869-1951), prozatorja dhe eseistja angleze Virxhinia Ulf <\/strong>(Virginia Woolf, 1882-1941), dramaturgu irlandez Xhorxh Bernard Sho <\/strong>(Georg Bernard Shaw, 1856-1950), dhe dramaturgu e tregimtari italian Luigji Pirandelo <\/strong>(Luigi Pirandello, 1867-1936) si dhe ekspresionist\u00ebt <\/em><\/strong>e futurist\u00ebt<\/em> <\/strong>jan\u00eb shembuj t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt autor\u00ebsh, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn periudh\u00eb kur edhe Kafka, \u201ckrijuan vepra t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb programe poetike apo me komente eseistike. Nj\u00eb gj\u00ebje t\u00eb till\u00eb Kafka i \u00ebsht\u00eb shmangur. Ai e shkel parimin e shkruar t\u00eb let\u00ebrsis\u00eb moderniste t\u00eb hershme\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Ka pasur studiues q\u00eb kan\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb se n\u00eb vepr\u00ebn e Kafk\u00ebs ka ndikuar p\u00ebrvoja e tij si studiues i drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb<\/em>. N\u00eb krijimet e tij sistemi juridik kryesisht \u00ebsht\u00eb opresiv<\/em>. N\u00eb veprat e tij ligjet nuk jan\u00eb<\/em> ve\u00e7se vendime t\u00eb forcave anonime dhe t\u00eb padukshme, t\u00eb fshehura nga individ\u00ebt, q\u00eb e kontrollojn\u00eb jet\u00ebn e njer\u00ebzve, e q\u00eb jan\u00eb viktima t\u00eb pafajshme t\u00eb sistemit, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb jasht\u00eb kontrollit t\u00eb tyre<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Disa thon\u00eb se do vepra t\u00eb Kafk\u00ebs jan\u00eb marr\u00eb si tep\u00ebr serioze, pa e merituar t\u00eb trajtohen si t\u00eb tilla<\/em>. N\u00eb thelb, ato jan\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb hareshme<\/em> se \u00e7\u2019duket n\u00eb shikim t\u00eb par\u00eb.<\/p>\n

NDIKIMI LETRAR DHE KULTUROLOGJIK<\/strong> \u2013 P\u00ebr dallim nga shkrimtar\u00ebt e tjer\u00eb t\u00eb njohur, Kafka nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i cituar gjithaq prej autor\u00ebve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb. Shkrimtari dhe kritiku izraelit, Prof.<\/strong> Shimon Sandbank <\/strong>(1933) thot\u00eb: \u201cHorhe Luis Borhes, Alber Kamy, Ezhen Jonesko <\/strong>dhe Zhan-Pol Sartr\u00eb <\/strong>jan\u00eb disa prej shkrimtar\u00ebve mbi t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ka ushtruar ndikim Kafka\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Kritiku letrar i gazet\u00ebs Financial Times <\/em>thot\u00eb: \u201cKafka ka ushtruar ndikim edhe mbi nobelistin portugez Hose Saramago <\/strong>(Jose Saramago,<\/em> 1922-2010<\/em>), nd\u00ebrsa kryeredaktori Al Silverman <\/strong>pohon se \u201cveprat e Kafk\u00ebs kishte d\u00ebshir\u00eb t\u2019i lexonte edhe shkrimtari amerikan Jerome David Salinger <\/strong>(Jerome David Salinger, 1919-2010)\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1999 grupi prej 99 shkrimtar\u00ebve, dijetar\u00ebve dhe kritik\u00ebve e shpall\u00ebn \u201cProcesin\u201d<\/em> roman t\u00eb dyt\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm t\u00eb shekullit XX n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn gjermane, nd\u00ebrsa \u201cK\u00ebshtjell\u00ebn\u201d <\/em>\u2013 roman t\u00eb n\u00ebnt\u00eb. Profesor Shimon Sandbank thot\u00eb: \u201cP\u00ebrkund\u00ebr faktit se Kafka \u00ebsht\u00eb i pranish\u00ebm kudo, stili enigmatik i tij duhet studiuar edhe m\u00eb\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

Neil Page <\/strong>i cili merret posa\u00e7\u00ebrisht me Kafk\u00ebn thot\u00eb: \u201cNdikimi i Kafk\u00ebs e tejkalon let\u00ebrsin\u00eb dhe shkenc\u00ebn mbi let\u00ebrsin\u00eb. Ai ndikon n\u00eb artin pamor, n\u00eb muzik\u00eb dhe n\u00eb pop-kultur\u00eb\u201d.<\/em><\/strong> Profesori i let\u00ebrsis\u00eb gjermane dhe semite n\u00eb UC Santa Barbara, i lindur n\u00eb Krakov t\u00eb Polonis\u00eb Heri Shtajnhauer <\/strong>(Harry Steinhauer, 1905-2006) thot\u00eb: \u201cKafka ka ndikuar mbi shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb e shkolluar si asnj\u00eb shkrimtar tjet\u00ebr i shekullit XX\u201d<\/em>. Maks Brodi <\/strong>thot\u00eb: \u201cShekulli XX do t\u00eb njihet si shekull i Kafk\u00ebs\u201d. <\/em>Profesori i let\u00ebrsis\u00eb krahasuese Mishel-Andre Bosi <\/strong>(Michel-Andre Bossy) shkruan: \u201cKafka ka krijuar shoq\u00ebri burokratike jofleksibile rigide dhe sterile.<\/em> Ai shkruante n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb rezervuar duke p\u00ebrdorur terminologji juridike dhe shkencore. Megjith\u00ebk\u00ebt\u00eb, p\u00ebr ta paraqitur irracionalen n\u00eb rr\u00ebnj\u00ebn e bot\u00ebs, n\u00eb dukje racionale, universi i tij serioz kishte edhe humor\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

Personazhet e tij jan\u00eb t\u00eb rob\u00ebruar, n\u00eb huti, p\u00ebrplot faje, t\u00eb frustruar dhe nuk mund ta kuptojn\u00eb bot\u00ebn e vet surreale. \u00cbsht\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb let\u00ebrsi post-kafkiane<\/em><\/strong> tejet e madhe, sidomos let\u00ebrsi e fantastik\u00ebs shkencore<\/em>, q\u00eb i ndjek temat e veprave t\u00eb Kafk\u00ebs. Shembull eklatant \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00ebnzhanri cyberpunk<\/em><\/strong>, i cili elementet antiutopiste i kombinon me nj\u00eb bot\u00eb, teknikisht superiore, por t\u00eb<\/em><\/strong> depersonalizuar<\/em><\/strong>. Disa nga k\u00ebto elemente v\u00ebrehen n\u00eb veprat e prozatorit anglez Xhorxh Oruel <\/strong>(George Orwell, emri i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb Eric Arthur Blair, 1903-1950) dhe t\u00eb autorit amerikan Rej Bredbari <\/strong>(Ray D. Bradbury, 1920-2012).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Modernizmi solli alienimin<\/em><\/strong> (tjet\u00ebrsimin), nd\u00ebrsa nocioni i absurdit<\/em> <\/strong>ishte obsesion i dekadave t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb kaluar. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb kohore lindin edhe veprat e Kafk\u00ebs. Rrjedhimisht, si nocion ky\u00e7 p\u00ebr ta kuptuar literatur\u00ebn e Kafk\u00ebs, shum\u00eb kritik\u00eb insistojn\u00eb p\u00ebr alienimin<\/em><\/strong>. T\u00eb kuptuarit e Kafk\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr se lament<\/em><\/strong> (vajtim)<\/em> p\u00ebr njer\u00ebzit, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt bashk\u00ebkoh\u00ebsia i kishte larguar nga thelbi i tyre, nga bukuria e t\u00eb jetuarit. N\u00eb vepr\u00ebn e Kafk\u00ebs alienimi<\/em><\/strong> ka qen\u00eb nj\u00eb pik\u00eb thelb\u00ebsore. Sipas pik\u00ebpamjeve konservatore, \u201calienimi i paraqitur nga Kafka, tashm\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb relevant p\u00ebr nj\u00eb shoq\u00ebri, e cila e ka eliminuar alienimin\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

P\u00ebr estet\u00ebt e marksizmit dogmatik<\/em>, Kafka \u00ebsht\u00eb armiku num\u00ebr nj\u00eb dhe m\u00eb i rreziksh\u00ebm i artit realist<\/em>. Bazuar te \u201cMetamorfoza\u201d<\/em>, ata thon\u00eb se Kafka b\u00ebn dehumanizimin <\/strong>e qenies njer\u00ebzore. <\/em>Sipas tyre personazhet e Kafk\u00ebs jan\u00eb tipa, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt nuk nd\u00ebrmarrin asgj\u00eb, p\u00ebr ta ndryshuar realitetin e hidhur. Para atij realiteti ata dor\u00ebzohen dhe n\u00ebnshtrohen. Duke qen\u00eb tipa q\u00eb s\u2019i b\u00ebjn\u00eb dot ball\u00eb t\u00eb keqes, ata e ushqejn\u00eb at\u00eb dhe rendin shfryt\u00ebzues.<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u00eb sistemet totalitariste, vepra e Kafk\u00ebs ka qen\u00eb e ndaluar. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb krye t\u00eb sh\u00ebnjestr\u00ebs t\u00eb antisemit\u00ebve, t\u00eb nazist\u00ebve, t\u00eb stalinist\u00ebve, t\u00eb tiran\u00ebve, t\u00eb despot\u00ebve, t\u00eb diktator\u00ebve, t\u00eb autokrat\u00ebve, t\u00eb pushtetar\u00ebve autoritar\u00eb, t\u00eb regjimeve totalitare, dogmatike dhe antidemokratike.<\/p>\n

Kafk\u00ebn e p\u00ebrvet\u00ebsojn\u00eb majtist\u00ebt per\u00ebndimor\u00eb, liberal\u00ebt, antinazist\u00ebt, antisemit\u00ebt, demokrat\u00ebt, l\u00ebvizjet feministe, pacifiste, t\u00eb gjelbrit. Nd\u00ebr \u00e7ifut\u00eb, nd\u00ebr hebrenj dhe n\u00eb Izrael, figura e tij ndodhet n\u00eb qend\u00ebr t\u00eb panteonit.<\/p>\n

Me ndikimin q\u00eb ka ushtruar mbi t\u00ebr\u00eb let\u00ebrsin\u00eb bashk\u00ebkohore, Kafka \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga autor\u00ebt universal\u00eb t\u00eb let\u00ebrsis\u00eb bot\u00ebrore dhe krijues i modeleve poetike m\u00eb sugjestive t\u00eb shekullit XX. P\u00ebr inteligjencien humane ai \u00ebsht\u00eb artist i madh. Ndikon edhe sot, do t\u00eb ndikoj\u00eb edhe n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen. Mbi Kafk\u00ebn v\u00ebrsulen interpretime t\u00eb reja<\/em>, sa brilante aq edhe t\u00eb pasakta. Vepra e Kafk\u00ebs nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim t\u00eb asnj\u00eb ideologjie<\/em><\/strong>. Ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb universale<\/em><\/strong>, ndaj s\u2019ka nj\u00ebsi kohe dhe hap\u00ebsire q\u00eb artin e madh<\/em><\/strong> e hedh n\u00eb harres\u00eb. \u00c7do brez i ri e zbulon Kafk\u00ebn dhe pasi ta njoh\u00eb nj\u00ebher\u00eb, kurr\u00eb nuk heq dor\u00eb prej tij. Kryeidhulli i modernizmit mbetet ai q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7ek\u00ebt nuk rreshtin s\u00eb theksuari se Kafka lindi, u rrit, u shkollua, u pun\u00ebsua dhe jetoi n\u00eb Prag\u00eb. Ndon\u00ebse t\u00eb gjith\u00eb biograf\u00ebt e Kafk\u00ebs, pos atyre \u00e7ek\u00eb, thon\u00eb se n\u00eb sht\u00ebpin\u00eb e tij flitej gjermanishtja, \u00e7ek\u00ebt flasin ndryshe. Sipas tyre, gjuh\u00eb amtare e tij ka qen\u00eb \u00e7ekishtja. Ata e marrin p\u00ebr shkrimtar \u00e7ek edhe pse t\u00eb gjitha veprat i shkroi n\u00eb gjermanisht. N\u00eb konferenc\u00ebn e mbajtur n\u00eb vitin 1963 n\u00eb Liblice t\u00eb \u00c7ekosllovakis\u00eb me rastin e 80-vjetorit t\u00eb lindjes s\u00eb Kafk\u00ebs, u theksua vlera e p\u00ebrhershme e paraqitjes s\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb burokratike nga Kafka.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb Prag\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb hapur Muzeu \u201cFranc Kafka\u201d<\/em> kushtuar jet\u00ebs dhe veprave t\u00eb tij. Pjes\u00eb e muzeut \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe ekspozita \u201cQyteti K. Franc Kafka dhe Praga\u201d<\/em> e cila p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb u ekspozua n\u00eb Barcelon\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1999. Pas k\u00ebsaj, u ekspozua n\u00eb Muzeun hebraik n\u00eb Nju-Jork, nd\u00ebrsa prej vitit 2005 \u00ebsht\u00eb pjes\u00eb e p\u00ebrhershme e muzeut t\u00eb Prag\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Qyteti i Prag\u00ebs dhe Shoq\u00ebria \u201cFranc Kafka\u201d,<\/em> n\u00eb vitin 2001 kan\u00eb themeluar \u00e7mimin letrar vjetor q\u00eb mban emrin e Kafk\u00ebs. Ky \u00e7mim jepet p\u00ebr vepr\u00ebn letrare me p\u00ebrmbajtje humane, q\u00eb i kontribuon toleranc\u00ebs kulturore, komb\u00ebtare, gjuh\u00ebsore dhe fetare, p\u00ebr vepr\u00ebn me karakter ekzistencial, jasht\u00ebkohor, me vler\u00eb njer\u00ebzore t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme, t\u00eb aft\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb d\u00ebshmitar i koh\u00ebve tona.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Xhelal Zejneli Faj\u00ebsia \u00ebsht\u00eb gjendja n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ndodhemi, pavar\u00ebsisht nga faji (Kafka) E gjith\u00eb historia ime \u00ebsht\u00eb histori e mbylljes s\u00eb syve (Kafka) Franc Kafka (Franz Kafka) lindi n\u00eb 3 korrik 1883 n\u00eb Prag\u00eb, n\u00eb monarkin\u00eb austro-hungareze t\u00eb at\u00ebhershme. Vjen nga nj\u00eb familje \u00e7ifute e klas\u00ebs s\u00eb mesme. Baban\u00eb e tij, Herman Kafk\u00ebn (Hermann […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":44986,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,4,35,8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-56511","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-artikuj","category-histori","category-kulture","category-letersi"],"yoast_head":"\nFRANC KAFKA - FJALA e LIR\u00cb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/franc-kafka\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"FRANC KAFKA - FJALA e LIR\u00cb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Xhelal Zejneli Faj\u00ebsia \u00ebsht\u00eb gjendja n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ndodhemi, pavar\u00ebsisht nga faji (Kafka) E gjith\u00eb historia ime \u00ebsht\u00eb histori e mbylljes s\u00eb syve (Kafka) Franc Kafka (Franz Kafka) lindi n\u00eb 3 korrik 1883 n\u00eb Prag\u00eb, n\u00eb monarkin\u00eb austro-hungareze t\u00eb at\u00ebhershme. Vjen nga nj\u00eb familje \u00e7ifute e klas\u00ebs s\u00eb mesme. 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