{"id":58583,"date":"2020-08-01T08:42:23","date_gmt":"2020-08-01T06:42:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/?p=58583"},"modified":"2020-08-02T20:18:18","modified_gmt":"2020-08-02T18:18:18","slug":"uilljem-shekspiri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/uilljem-shekspiri\/","title":{"rendered":"UILLJ\u00cbM SHEKSPIRI"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Xhelal Xhelal Zejneli<\/strong><\/p>\n

Uillj\u00ebm Shekspiri <\/strong>(William Shakespeare, Stratford-upon-Avon, \u00ebsht\u00eb pag\u00ebzuar m\u00eb 26.3.1564 \u2013 Stratford-upon-Avon, 23.3.1616) \u00ebsht\u00eb dramaturg dhe poet anglez, aktor teatri dhe regjisor. P\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht konsiderohet si m\u00eb i madhi shkrimtar anglez dhe si m\u00eb famshmi dhe m\u00eb i shfaquri dramaturg bot\u00ebror. Veprat i jan\u00eb p\u00ebrkthyer n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha gjuh\u00ebt e bot\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Pothuajse p\u00ebr asnj\u00eb shkrimtar tjet\u00ebr nuk dihet aq pak si p\u00ebr Shekspirin. Personaliteti i tij, veprat e t\u00eb cilit njihen n\u00eb mbar\u00eb bot\u00ebn e arsimuar, sot e k\u00ebsaj dite \u00ebsht\u00eb enigm\u00eb. Lindi n\u00eb vitin 1564 n\u00eb qytez\u00ebn Stratford t\u00eb Avonit, n\u00eb duk\u00ebn Warwickshire, n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb kur vdiq n\u00eb Rom\u00eb skulptori, piktori, arkitekti dhe poeti italian i epok\u00ebs s\u00eb renesanc\u00ebs Mikelanxhelo <\/strong>(Mechelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, 6.3.1475 \u2013 18.2.1564). Prind\u00ebrit e Shekspirit kishin tet\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00eb: tre djem dhe pes\u00eb vajza.<\/p>\n

Shekspiri ishte m\u00eb i madhi prej v\u00ebllez\u00ebrve. U pag\u00ebzua m\u00eb 23 prill 1564, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb supozohet se ka lindur m\u00eb 23 prill 1564. Babai Xhon Shekspir<\/strong> (John Shakespeare) ishte nj\u00eb qytetar i kamur dhe me autoritet, tregtar-zejtar, an\u00ebtar i K\u00ebshillit komunal. M\u00eb 1571 Xhoni u zgjodh prefekt i Stratfordit. N\u00ebna e Shekspirit quhej Meri Shekspir<\/strong> (Mary). Mbiemri i saj i vajz\u00ebris\u00eb ishte Arden. Shekspiri ndoqi shkoll\u00ebn n\u00eb qytetin e lindjes. N\u00eb shkoll\u00eb m\u00ebsoi latinishten<\/em>, lexoi Ovidin, Ciceronin, Virgjilin, Plautin dhe Terencin<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim<\/strong>: Ovidi <\/strong>(Publius Ovidius Naso, 43 para K. \u2013 18, pas K.) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb prej poet\u00ebve m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj romak\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb prej m\u00eb t\u00eb njohurve poet\u00eb t\u00eb<\/em> dashuris\u00eb <\/em>n\u00eb let\u00ebrsin\u00eb bot\u00ebrore.<\/p>\n

Ciceroni <\/strong>(Marcus Tullius Cicero, 106-43 para K.) politikan dhe konsull romak, orator i shquar dhe prozator, i vrar\u00eb n\u00eb konflikte, si ithtar i republikanizmit.<\/em><\/p>\n

Virgjili <\/strong>(Publius Vergilius Maro, 70-19 para K.) poet i madh romak, bashk\u00ebkoh\u00ebs i historianit dhe politikanit romak Jul Cezarit <\/strong>(Gaius Iulius Caesar, 100 \u2013 44 para K.); i Ciceronit<\/strong>; i poetit romak Horacit <\/strong>(Quintus Horatius Flaccus, 65 \u2013 8 para K) dhe i perandorit romak Augustit <\/strong>(Imperator Caesar divi filius Augustus, 23.9.63 para K. \u2013 19.8.14, themelues i Perandoris\u00eb Romake dhe i pari perandor i saj);<\/p>\n

Plauti <\/strong>(Titus Maccius Plautus, 254-184 para K.) \u00ebsht\u00eb komediografi m\u00eb i madh romak;<\/p>\n

Terenci <\/strong>(Publius Terentius Afer, Kartagjen\u00eb, 195-159 para K.) \u00ebsht\u00eb komediograf\u00a0 romak.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/p>\n

Supozohet se Shekspiri e ka nd\u00ebrprer\u00eb shkollimin n\u00eb vitin 1578, kur pun\u00ebt e t\u00eb atit e kishin marr\u00eb tat\u00ebpjet\u00ebn. Prania n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi e djaloshit 14-vje\u00e7ar u pa si e domosdoshme. Q\u00eb at\u00ebher\u00eb e deri n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 18-vje\u00e7are, p\u00ebr t\u00eb nuk ka kurrfar\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash t\u00eb shkruara. Nga data 18 shtator ekziston nj\u00eb dokument q\u00eb tregon p\u00ebr martes\u00ebn e Shekspirit me Ann Hathaway <\/strong>nga fshati i af\u00ebrm Shotery, e cila ishte tet\u00eb vjet m\u00eb e madhe. Si duket, nuk ishte fatlum n\u00eb martes\u00eb, p\u00ebr arsye se shpesh shkruante kund\u00ebr martesave t\u00eb hershme.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb 1583 i lindi vajza Susana <\/strong>(Susann), nd\u00ebrsa m\u00eb 1585 \u2013 binjak\u00ebt: vajza Judith <\/strong>dhe djali Hamnet<\/strong>. Prej at\u00ebher\u00eb dhe deri n\u00eb vitin 1592, p\u00ebr Shekspirin nuk dihet gj\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vit p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb p\u00ebrmendet si aktor dhe si dramaturg. Pas vitit 1592 shquhet n\u00eb Lond\u00ebr si aktor dhe si dramaturg i suksessh\u00ebm. N\u00eb vitin 1594 \u00ebsht\u00eb aktor n\u00eb shoqat\u00ebn e shquar t\u00eb aktrimit Lord Chamberlain\u2019s Men<\/em>, t\u00eb angazhuar edhe n\u00eb oborrin e mbret\u00ebresh\u00ebs Elizabeta I <\/strong>(Elizabeth I Tudor, 7.9.1533-24.3.1603).<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim<\/strong>: Elizabeta I Tjudor ishte mbret\u00ebresh\u00eb e Anglis\u00eb dhe e Irland\u00ebs, prej vitit 1558 derisa vdiq, m\u00eb 1603.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00eb 1596 i vdes djali, Hamneti. M\u00eb 1597 bleu n\u00eb Stratford nj\u00eb pron\u00eb t\u00eb quajtur New Place dhe u b\u00eb bashk\u00ebpronar i teatrit Globe<\/em><\/strong>. M\u00eb 1601 i vdes babai. M\u00eb 1607 e bija Susana iu martua me mjekun e njohur londinez John Halla<\/strong>. M\u00eb 1608 Shekspirit i vdes e \u00ebma. Po at\u00eb vit, Shekspiri t\u00ebrhiqet nga Londra p\u00ebr t\u2019u kthyer n\u00eb qytetin e lindjes. M\u00eb 1612, n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjykat\u00eb t\u00eb Londr\u00ebs paraqitet si d\u00ebshmitar n\u00eb nj\u00eb kontest gjyq\u00ebsor. Po k\u00ebt\u00eb vit, i vdes i v\u00ebllai Zhilberti <\/strong>(Gilbert), nd\u00ebrsa pas nj\u00eb viti, edhe v\u00ebllai tjet\u00ebr, Rikardi<\/strong> (Richard). Po k\u00ebt\u00eb vit, pra m\u00eb 1612, shkat\u00ebrrohet nga nj\u00eb zjarr teatri Globe.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb 1616 iu martua e bija Judith<\/strong>, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb prill t\u00eb po atij viti – sipas kalendarit Julian<\/em>, n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn dat\u00eb kur edhe lindi – Shekspiri vdes. Vdiq n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 52-vje\u00e7are n\u00eb Stratford t\u00eb Avonit. U varros n\u00eb kish\u00ebn e Sh\u00ebn Trinit (Holy Trinity) n\u00eb af\u00ebrsi t\u00eb oltarit.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1623, mbi varrin e Bardit t\u00eb Avonit <\/strong>(Bard of Avon) u vendos busti p\u00ebrkujtimor me mbishkrimin latin:<\/p>\n

Ivdicio pylium, genio socratem, arte maronem, terra tegit, populus maeret, olympus habet <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

(P\u00ebr nga men\u00e7uria Nestor, p\u00ebr nga gjenialiteti Sokrat, p\u00ebr nga arti Virgjil. Dheu t\u00eb mbulon, populli t\u00eb vajton, Olimpi e ka).<\/em><\/p>\n

Gruaja e Shekspirit, Ana (Anne) vdiq n\u00eb vitin 1623, shtat vjet pas vdekjes s\u00eb tij. Po at\u00eb vit, pa drit\u00ebn n\u00eb Lond\u00ebr botimi i par\u00eb i t\u00eb gjitha veprave t\u00eb Shekspirit. Pasardh\u00ebsja e fundit e drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb e Shekspirit, mbesa Elzabeta <\/strong>(Elizabeth), bij\u00eb e Suzan\u00ebs dhe e Dr. Xhon Hallit, vdes n\u00eb vitin 1670. Me vdekjen e saj, fisi i Shekspirit u shua.<\/p>\n

Disa vepra Shekspiri ia ka dedikuar nj\u00eb t\u00eb riu biond p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin \u00ebsht\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb se i ngjaka Laur\u00ebs<\/strong> s\u00eb Petrark\u00ebs <\/strong>(Francesco Petrarca, 1304-1374). P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, disa biograf\u00eb kan\u00eb folur p\u00ebr homoseksualizmin<\/em><\/strong> e Shekspirit. K\u00ebta q\u00eb mendojn\u00eb k\u00ebshtu, thon\u00eb se epoka e<\/em><\/strong> renesanc\u00ebs<\/em><\/strong> kur ka jetuar Shekspiri, pask\u00ebsh qen\u00eb epok\u00eb e eksperimentimeve. Kjo e dh\u00ebn\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb d\u00ebshmuar me asnj\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Shekspiri \u00ebsht\u00eb dramaturgu m\u00eb i madh dhe personaliteti qendror i dramaturgjis\u00eb bot\u00ebrore. N\u00eb jet\u00ebn teatrore t\u00eb Londr\u00ebs merr pjes\u00eb: si dramaturg, si an\u00ebtar dhe si aksionar i shoqat\u00ebs s\u00eb artist\u00ebve. Thuhet se ka marr\u00eb pjes\u00eb edhe si aktor.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e veprave t\u00eb tij u shfaq\u00ebn sa qe gjall\u00eb. M\u00eb pak se gjysma e veprave t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb tij (botimi-kuarto)<\/em><\/strong>, iu botuan derisa ishte gjall\u00eb. N\u00eb vitin 1623, d.m.th. pas vdekjes s\u00eb poetit, doli v\u00ebllimi i par\u00eb i dramave t\u00eb tij, q\u00eb quhet botimi-folio<\/em><\/strong>. M\u00eb von\u00eb u shtrua \u00e7\u00ebshtja e kronologjis\u00eb s\u00eb opusit t\u00eb madh t\u00eb autorit si dhe \u00e7\u00ebshtja<\/em><\/strong> e autor\u00ebsis\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat p\u00ebr jet\u00ebn e Shekspirit jan\u00eb t\u00eb pakta. Sipas disa studiuesve, n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 13-vje\u00e7are ai e nd\u00ebrpret shkollimin. Studiuesit kan\u00eb shtruar pyetjen: Si \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb ket\u00eb krijuar vepra me vlera universale, nj\u00eb njeri i cili e ka nd\u00ebrprer\u00eb shkollimin n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 13 apo 14-vje\u00e7are?!<\/em> K\u00ebta studiues e kan\u00eb v\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb dyshim autor\u00ebsin\u00eb e Shekspirit p\u00ebr veprat q\u00eb\u00a0 njihen si t\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n

Shkrimtari gjerman G\u00ebte <\/strong>(Johann Wolfgang Goethe, 1749-1832) thot\u00eb: \u201cVepra letrare \u00ebsht\u00eb krijim i gjeniut<\/em>, ndaj nuk duhet dyshuar n\u00eb autor\u00ebsin\u00eb e Shekspirit p\u00ebr veprat e veta, ngase ai ishte gjeni\u201d. <\/em><\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim<\/strong>: Disa studiues kan\u00eb v\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb dyshim edhe ekzistimin e Homerit <\/strong>(shekulli VIII para K.) apo autor\u00ebsin\u00eb e tij ndaj ep\u00ebve \u201cIliada\u201d<\/em> dhe \u201cOdiseja\u201d<\/em>. Rrjedhimisht, u krijua ajo q\u00eb quhet \u201c\u00e7\u00ebshtje homerike\u201d<\/em><\/strong> q\u00eb fillon me shekullin III para K. e q\u00eb vazhdon deri n\u00eb dit\u00ebt tona. T\u00eb par\u00ebt q\u00eb u mor\u00ebn me \u201c\u00e7\u00ebshtjen homerike\u201d<\/em> ishin gramatikan\u00ebt aleksandrin\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Shekspiri ka shkruar 36 drama, dy poema narrative dhe p\u00ebrmbledhje ting\u00ebllimash (sonetesh). Dramaturg\u00ebt, sipas praktik\u00ebs teatrore t\u00eb asaj kohe, tekstet e veta ua shitnin shoqatave teatrore, si dor\u00ebshkrime. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, kronologjia e viteve t\u00eb krijimit t\u00eb veprave letrare t\u00eb Shekspirit, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar sakt\u00ebsisht.<\/p>\n

Botimi i par\u00eb i shtypur i dramave t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhura t\u00eb Shekspirit, me gjithsej 35 tituj prej 36 sish, i ashtuquajturi botim<\/em><\/strong> i par\u00eb folio (First Folio)<\/em><\/strong>, u shfaq n\u00eb vitin 1623, d.m.th. pas vdekjes s\u00eb autorit. Pas shum\u00eb kund\u00ebrth\u00ebniesh, p\u00ebr p\u00ebrcaktimin e datave, sidomos t\u00eb dramave t\u00eb krijuara midis viteve 1585-1601 dhe 1605-1607, p\u00ebrfshi edhe ato t\u00eb krijuara pas vitit 1609, \u00ebsht\u00eb arritur nj\u00eb unitet mendimesh.<\/p>\n

Mosmarr\u00ebveshje t\u00eb konsiderueshme shkakton edhe sot klasifikimi i opusit dramatik<\/em> t\u00eb tij, sipas zhanreve<\/em>. Shum\u00eb drama t\u00eb tij kan\u00eb nj\u00eb shtresim strukturor t\u00eb theksuar dhe specifik si dhe polivalenc\u00eb ideore e tematike. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, ndarja e ngulitur n\u00eb komedi, n\u00eb drama historike, n\u00eb tragjedi dhe n\u00eb romanca<\/em>, ka sjell\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb ngat\u00ebrresa se dobi.\u00a0Mosmarr\u00ebveshjet rreth klasifikimit rezultojn\u00eb kryesisht prej supozimeve t\u00eb trash\u00ebguara mbi burimet letrare dhe kulturore t\u00eb dramaturgjis\u00eb s\u00eb Shekspirit, e cila me modelin klasik<\/em><\/strong> aristotelian<\/em><\/strong> pak ka t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt, madje kur \u00ebsht\u00eb fjala edhe p\u00ebr tragjedit\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb famshme t\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n

Teatri shekspirian i renesanc\u00ebs s\u00eb vonshme<\/em><\/strong> ushqehet nga shum\u00eb tradita t\u00eb tjera letrare, teatrore dhe kulturore, sikund\u00ebr jan\u00eb traditat antike, mesjetare dhe t\u00eb renesanc\u00ebs<\/em><\/strong>, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb edhe komedin\u00eb romake<\/em><\/strong> t\u00eb Plautit <\/strong>dhe t\u00eb Plutarkut<\/strong>, tragjedin\u00eb teatrale t\u00eb retorizuar dhe sensacionale e t\u00eb vrazhd\u00ebt t\u00eb Senek\u00ebs<\/strong>, mirakulat (dramat kishtare)<\/em> dhe moralizimet<\/em> mesjetare<\/em> me frym\u00ebzim religjioz, t\u00eb cilat deri n\u00eb shekullin XVI flasin qartas p\u00ebr gjurm\u00ebt e shkrirjes s\u00eb elementeve komike<\/em> dhe t\u00eb<\/em> fars\u00ebs<\/em>, me tem\u00ebn e madh\u00ebrishme<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim<\/strong>: Seneka <\/strong>(Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Kordov\u00eb, rreth viti 4 \u2013 Rom\u00eb, 64) \u00ebsht\u00eb filozof, tragjediograf dhe satirik romak; Plauti <\/strong>(Titus Maccius Plautus, midis 254 dhe 251 \u2013 184 para K.) \u00ebsht\u00eb komediografi m\u00eb i madh romak; Plutarku <\/strong>(Plutarkhos, 46 \u2013 pas viti 120) \u00ebsht\u00eb shkrimtar grek. Studioi filozofin\u00eb n\u00eb Akademin\u00eb e Platonit<\/em><\/strong>. Q\u00ebndroi disa her\u00eb n\u00eb Rom\u00eb n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimin diplomatik t\u00eb qytetit t\u00eb vet. Me ligj\u00ebratat nga etika<\/em> dhe p\u00ebr bindjet politike romanofile<\/em>, fitoi mb\u00ebshtetjen e perandor\u00ebve Trajanit <\/strong>dhe t\u00eb Hadrianit<\/strong>. P\u00ebr pun\u00ebn e b\u00ebr\u00eb, u pranua n\u00eb kolegjin e klerik\u00ebve t\u00eb delfit<\/em><\/strong>. \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

*\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim<\/strong>: Trajani <\/strong>(Marcus Ulpius Traiaus, Italica, Spanj\u00eb, 18.9.53 \u2013 Selinus, 8.8. 117) \u00ebsht\u00eb perandor romak; mbret\u00ebroi prej 27.1.98 deri m\u00eb 8.8.117; Hadriani <\/strong>(Publius Aelius Hadrianus Augustus, lindi n\u00eb Hispania Baetica, 24.1.76 \u2013 vdiq n\u00eb Baieae, Itali, 10.7.138), \u00ebsht\u00eb perandor romak i cili mbret\u00ebroi n\u00eb vitet 117-138.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Shekspiri hoqi dor\u00eb nga parimi klasik<\/em> i<\/em><\/strong> tri nj\u00ebsive<\/em><\/strong>. K\u00ebshtu veproi edhe n\u00eb tragjedin\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb famshme t\u00eb tij, \u201cHamleti\u201d<\/em><\/strong>. Dramat e tij kan\u00eb nj\u00eb thurje t\u00eb shum\u00ebfisht\u00eb. N\u00eb to tragjikja dhe komikja, fantastikja dhe realja g\u00ebrshetohen. Me loj\u00ebrat gjuh\u00ebsore virtuoze, dramat b\u00ebhen m\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuara. T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto duhet kuptuar si zgjedhje poetike e q\u00ebllimshme q\u00eb p\u00ebrputhet me pik\u00ebpamjet dhe me preokupimet tematike t\u00eb autorit.<\/p>\n

Shekspiri krijoi n\u00eb koh\u00ebn e ndryshimit t\u00eb theksuar t\u00eb koncepteve, q\u00eb karakterizohet me dilemat etike dhe njoh\u00ebse. N\u00eb poetik\u00ebn dramaturgjike t\u00eb Shekspirit t\u00eb periudh\u00ebs s\u00eb post-renesanc\u00ebs, t\u00eb manirizmit <\/em><\/strong>dhe barokut<\/em><\/strong>, gjendja e till\u00eb pasqyrohet n\u00eb prosedet\u00eb ingjenioze t\u00eb kund\u00ebrv\u00ebnies dhe t\u00eb amalgamave t\u00eb \u00e7uditshme t\u00eb konvencioneve t\u00eb larg\u00ebta stilistike, tematike dhe t\u00eb zhanrit, me synimin e rishqyrtimit t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb trash\u00ebguara t\u00eb vlerave dhe t\u00eb hierarkive absolute t\u00eb tyre. N\u00eb drama, kjo rezultoi me nj\u00eb polifoni t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, me studimin policentrik t\u00eb vlerave dhe me shum\u00ebsin\u00eb kuptimore.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb veprat e tij, t\u00eb v\u00ebshtruara n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, v\u00ebrehet qartas konsekuenca e preokupimeve ideore dhe tematike t\u00eb autorit. Nj\u00ebherazi, t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn pjes\u00ebrisht, sqarohet sekreti: P\u00ebrse veprat e tij jan\u00eb t\u00ebrheq\u00ebse dhe interpretohen pareshtur n\u00eb p\u00ebrmasa universale?!<\/p>\n

Veprat e para dramatike t\u00eb Shekspirit, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb komedia \u201cZem\u00ebrakja e zbutur\u201d <\/em>dhe \u201cMundim i kot\u00eb dashurie\u201d, <\/em>drama historike nga jeta e mbret\u00ebrve anglez\u00eb si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb pjesa e par\u00eb e \u201cHenriku VI\u201d <\/em>dhe \u201cRikardi III\u201d <\/em>apo tragjedia e famshme m\u00eb e hershme e autorit \u201cRome dhe Zhylieta\u201d, <\/em>edhe pse mb\u00ebshtetjen n\u00eb konvencionet e asaj kohe, d\u00ebshmojn\u00eb qart\u00eb p\u00ebr temat mbizot\u00ebruese t\u00eb autorit dhe p\u00ebr problematik\u00ebn, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn, me lidhje m\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuara dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb pavarura do ta zhvilloj\u00eb n\u00eb veprat e veta m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb \u201cZem\u00ebraken e zbutur\u201d <\/em>dhe n\u00eb \u201cMundim i kot\u00eb dashurie\u201d<\/em> kemi nj\u00eb kritik\u00eb t\u00eb but\u00eb plot humor t\u00eb dob\u00ebsive njer\u00ebzore, t\u00eb lidhur ngusht\u00eb me shkaqet e \u00e7rregullimit t\u00eb rendit shoq\u00ebror dhe me mund\u00ebsit\u00eb e rim\u00ebk\u00ebmbjes s\u00eb fisnik\u00ebruar t\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb ashtuquajturat \u201ckomedi t\u00eb arta\u201d<\/em><\/strong>, si p\u00ebr shembull \u201cShum\u00eb zhurm\u00eb p\u00ebr asgj\u00eb\u201d, \u201cTre mbret\u00ebrve\u201d <\/em>dhe m\u00eb e mira prej tyre \u201c\u00cbndrra e nj\u00eb nate vere\u201d <\/em>tem\u00ebn e vijuese e zhvillojn\u00eb shk\u00eblqyesh\u00ebm, duke sjell\u00eb mjedise imagjinare krahasuese, kryesisht pastorale, si vende t\u00eb zgjidhjes s\u00eb konflikteve t\u00eb shkaktuara nga pengesat, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb normat shoq\u00ebrore rigoroze dhe rrethanat e paparashikuara me t\u00eb cilat ballafaqohen t\u00eb rinjt\u00eb e dashuruar.<\/p>\n

Dramat historike t\u00eb hershme paralajm\u00ebrojn\u00eb problematik\u00ebn e posedimit ligjor dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrvet\u00ebsimit kund\u00ebrligjor t\u00eb pushtetit, me pasoja afatgjata t\u00eb shp\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb pushtetit p\u00ebr fatin e kombit dhe t\u00eb shtetit.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Shekspiri i tha Evrop\u00ebs: \u201cVdekjen do t\u2019ua sjell n\u00eb sken\u00eb\u201d! <\/em><\/strong>E kumtuar shkall\u00eb-shkall\u00eb, kjo problematik\u00eb mbetet p\u00ebrher\u00eb n\u00eb qend\u00ebr t\u00eb interesimit t\u00eb Shekspirit, duke i form\u00ebsuar mjediset e dramave n\u00eb t\u00eb ashtuquajturat komedi t\u00eb err\u00ebta<\/em><\/strong>, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb \u201cTroila dhe Kresida\u201d<\/em> si dhe n\u00eb tragjedit\u00eb e tij kryesore: \u201cHamleti\u201d<\/em><\/strong>, \u201cOtello\u201d<\/strong>, \u201cMbreti Lir\u201d <\/strong><\/em>dhe \u201cMakbethi\u201d<\/em><\/strong>. \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim<\/strong>: Disa nga tragjedit\u00eb kryesore t\u00eb Shekspirit i shqip\u00ebroi Fan Noli <\/strong>(Theofan Stlian Noli, 1882-1965): \u201cOtello\u201d<\/em>, botuar m\u00eb 1916, nd\u00ebrsa \u201cMakbethi\u201d, \u201cHamleti\u201d <\/em>dhe Jul Qesari\u201d<\/em> u botuan n\u00eb Bruksel n\u00eb vitin 1926.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 * \u00a0\u00a0*<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eb to, duke theksuar n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb subtilitetit, karakterizimin psikologjik t\u00eb personazheve t\u00eb dramave, Shekspiri p\u00ebrqendrohet n\u00eb pasqyrimin e rr\u00ebnimit tragjik t\u00eb \u00a0shoq\u00ebris\u00eb dhe t\u00eb njeriut, t\u00eb shkaktuar nga dob\u00ebsia e karakterit t\u00eb individit t\u00eb pushtetsh\u00ebm: Pavendosm\u00ebria e hiperintelektualizuar e Hamletit, xhelozia irracionale e Otellos, sundimi arbitrar dhe pakujdesia e Lirit, ambicia e tepruar e Makbethit.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb shtresimit t\u00eb struktur\u00ebs formale dhe tematike, t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlidhur me virtuozitetin gjuh\u00ebsor t\u00eb pakap\u00ebrcyesh\u00ebm, k\u00ebto tragjedi jan\u00eb studime t\u00eb mir\u00ebfillta t\u00eb karakterit, t\u00eb moralit dhe t\u00eb sjelljes njer\u00ebzore.<\/p>\n

Dramat e vonshme t\u00eb Shekspirit, t\u00eb ashtuquajturat romanca<\/em>, m\u00eb e famshme nd\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat \u00ebsht\u00eb \u201cStuhia\u201d<\/em>, p\u00ebr dallim nga dramat paraprake, paraqesin kthes\u00eb zhanri<\/em> (p. sh. prania e karakterit t\u00eb mbinatyrsh\u00ebm, karakterizimi bardh\u00eb – e zi m\u00eb i theksuar, zgjidhjet melodramatike t\u00eb hareshme etj.). N\u00eb to ende v\u00ebrehet preokupimi i thell\u00eb i autorit me shkaqet e konfliktit shoq\u00ebror dhe koncepti shekullar p\u00ebr pandryshueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e natyr\u00ebs njer\u00ebzore t\u00eb brisht\u00eb.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrmbledhja me 154 ting\u00ebllima,<\/em> \u201cTing\u00ebllima\u201d, <\/em>(1609) \u00ebsht\u00eb shpallur poezi dashurie m\u00eb madh\u00ebshtore dhe m\u00eb misterioze e let\u00ebrsis\u00eb bot\u00ebrore. Duke p\u00ebrdorur form\u00ebn lirike t\u00eb ngulitur t\u00eb ting\u00ebllim\u00ebs dhe duke i ndryshuar konvencionet e saj, Shekspiri arrin po at\u00eb shum\u00ebsi kuptimore pregnante (t\u00eb ngjeshur mir\u00eb) dhe konkret\u00ebsin\u00eb q\u00eb buron nga p\u00ebrvoja, me t\u00eb cil\u00ebn karakterizohen edhe dramat e famshme t\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Skena teatrore n\u00eb koh\u00ebn e Shekspirit ka qen\u00eb tejet e varf\u00ebr. Dekori nuk ka qen\u00eb realist, por vet\u00ebm ka aluduar apo ka simbolizuar nj\u00eb mjedis t\u00eb caktuar. Kjo rrethan\u00eb ka ndikuar duksh\u00ebm edhe n\u00eb krijimtarin\u00eb e Shekspirit, p\u00ebr arsye se m\u00eb tep\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb theksuar dialogu<\/em> dhe konflikti dramatik<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Krijimtaria letrare – <\/strong>Shekspiri e filloi veprimtarin\u00eb letrare t\u00eb vet me t\u00eb ashtuquajturat drama mbret\u00ebrore<\/em><\/strong>, me p\u00ebrmbajtje nga historia angleze<\/em>. Tetralogjia e par\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga: \u201cHenriku VI\u201d<\/em> n\u00eb tri pjes\u00eb; \u201cRikardi III\u201d<\/em>; \u201cRikardi II\u201d<\/em>; \u201cHenriku IV\u201d; \u201cHenriku V<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Drama nga historia angleze<\/em><\/strong> jan\u00eb: \u201cMbreti Gjon\u201d<\/em> dhe \u201cHenriku VIII\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Temat nga historia romake<\/em><\/strong> shtjellohen n\u00eb tragjedit\u00eb: \u201cTit Androniku\u201d<\/em>; \u201cJul Cezari\u201d; \u201cAntoni dhe Kleopatra\u201d<\/em> dhe \u201cKoriolani\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Tragjedit\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb njohura<\/strong>, nj\u00ebherazi jan\u00eb edhe veprat m\u00eb t\u00eb fuqishme t\u00eb Shekspirit: \u201cHamleti\u201d<\/em>; \u201cOtello\u201d<\/em>; \u201cMbreti Lir\u201d<\/em>; \u201cMakbethi\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Drama<\/em><\/strong> \u201cTregtari i Venedikut\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Komedit\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>: \u201cGrat\u00eb e hareshme t\u00eb Vindsorskut\u201d; \u201cKomedia e lajthitjeve\u201d; \u201cZem\u00ebrakja e zbutur\u201d; \u201c\u00cbndrra e nj\u00eb nate vere\u201d; \u201cShum\u00eb zhurm\u00eb p\u00ebr asgj\u00eb\u201d; \u201cVeproni si t\u00eb doni\u201d; \u201cTre mbret\u00ebrve\u201d <\/em>apo \u201cSi t\u00eb doni\u201d; \u201cTroilo dhe Kresida\u201d; \u201cVepr\u00ebn e zbukuron fundi\u201d; \u201cMas\u00eb p\u00ebr mas\u00ebn\u201d <\/em>etj.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrmbledhja<\/em><\/strong> \u201cTing\u00ebllima\u201d<\/em>, nj\u00eb prej m\u00eb t\u00eb bukurave t\u00eb let\u00ebrsis\u00eb angleze dhe bot\u00ebrore.<\/p>\n

Shekspiri ka shkruar nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh veprash. Autor\u00ebsia e \u00e7do drame q\u00eb thuhet se \u00ebsht\u00eb i tij, nuk mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb sigurt. Supozohet se ka shkruar 34 drama, 154 ting\u00ebllima dhe disa poezi. Krijimtaria e tij ndahet n\u00eb disa kategori:<\/p>\n

– dramat e hershme, kryesisht komedit\u00eb dhe dramat me p\u00ebrmbajtje nga e kaluara angleze dhe antike, si dhe p\u00ebrpjekjet e para p\u00ebr krijimin e tragjedive;
\n– koha e pjekuris\u00eb ku b\u00ebjn\u00eb pjes\u00eb tragjedit\u00eb e m\u00ebdha;
\n– periudha e vonshme e krijimtaris\u00eb, ku b\u00ebjn\u00eb pjes\u00eb \u201ckomedit\u00eb e err\u00ebta\u201d <\/em>apo dramat \u00a0problemore <\/em>dhe \u201cromancat\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrpos opusit dramatik, Shekspiri \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe autor poemash apo poezish. P\u00ebrmbledhja e tij me poezi dashurie<\/em><\/strong> konsiderohet si m\u00eb e mira n\u00eb let\u00ebrsin\u00eb angleze dhe bot\u00ebrore.<\/p>\n

Dramat e hershme<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 Karakteristik\u00eb e krijimtaris\u00eb s\u00eb hershme t\u00eb Shekspirit jan\u00eb: humori<\/em> ngacmues i epok\u00ebs<\/em><\/strong> s\u00eb<\/em><\/strong> renesanc\u00ebs<\/em><\/strong>, shpeshher\u00eb i thurur me paturp\u00ebsit\u00eb e shfaqura n\u00eb farsat mesjetare<\/em>, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb veti kryesore e komedive; gjuha<\/em> e pasur n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn retorika<\/em> e lart\u00eb<\/em> p\u00ebrzihet \u00a0me shprehjet vulgare<\/em>, p\u00ebrqendrimi n\u00eb tem\u00ebn e pushtetit<\/em> dhe t\u00eb makinacioneve politike<\/em> (dramat historike) ose n\u00eb ngat\u00ebrresat q\u00eb shfaqen n\u00eb dashuri dhe n\u00eb zgjidhjen e tyre (komedit\u00eb).<\/p>\n

Shekspiri ka krijuar qindra fjal\u00eb. Krejt opusi i tij ka rreth 30.000 fjal\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme, nd\u00ebrsa opusi i dramaturgut francez Zhan Rasin <\/strong>(Jean Racine, 1639-1699) ka rreth 4.000 fjal\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb periudh\u00eb q\u00eb zgjat\u00eb p\u00ebraf\u00ebrsisht deri n\u00eb vitin 1600, Shekspiri realizoi disa nga dramat q\u00eb p\u00ebr publikun ishin m\u00eb t\u00eb adhuruara, si: \u201cRomeo dhe Zhylieta\u201d<\/em>, burlesk\u00eb q\u00eb shnd\u00ebrrohet n\u00eb tragjedi, tejet e popullarizuar p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb motivit t\u00eb dashnor\u00ebve adoleshent\u00eb t\u00eb pafat; \u201cTregtari i Venedikut\u201d<\/em>, pjes\u00eb hibride n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn autori oscilon nd\u00ebrmjet pasqyrimit karikues t\u00eb fajdexhiut \u00e7ifut dhe dimensionit tragjik q\u00eb e merr gjat\u00eb veprimit tregtari i Venedikut Shylock, p\u00ebrkund\u00ebr vullnetit t\u00eb shkrimtarit; \u201cHenriku IV\u201d<\/em> n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ka paraqitur nj\u00ebrin nga personazhet e paharruara t\u00eb let\u00ebrsis\u00eb bot\u00ebrore, vitalistin tok\u00ebsor dhe realist Falstaff. Ky ishte njeri me shpirt dhe men\u00e7uri shndrit\u00ebse, mish\u00ebrim i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb i begatis\u00eb s\u00eb jet\u00ebs n\u00eb koh\u00ebn e renesanc\u00ebs; \u201cRikardi III\u201d<\/em>, paraardh\u00ebs i tragjedive t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, hero-kriminel apo antihero q\u00eb fascinon me bravurat politike makiaveliste dhe personale.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb periudh\u00eb, shkrimtari i vuri bazat e tragjedive t\u00eb veta t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, nd\u00ebrsa me haren\u00eb, vitalitetin e erosit josh\u00ebs dhe k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsin\u00eb himnizuese n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ngre lart rinin\u00eb, sh\u00ebndetin dhe lirin\u00eb, krijoi komedi renesance me vlera t\u00eb p\u00ebrhershme.<\/p>\n

Periudha e pjekuris\u00eb<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 N\u00eb kap\u00ebrcyell t\u00eb shekullit XVII fillon \u201cperiudha tragjike\u201d e krijimtaris\u00eb s\u00eb Shekspirit. Duke i p\u00ebrthithur dhe duke i tejkaluar ndikimet fillestare t\u00eb veta, poetin anglez Xhefri \u00c7au\u00e7\u00ebr <\/strong>(Geoffrey Chaucer, 1340 – 25.10.1400) dhe dramaturgun anglez, i cili vdiq dhunsh\u00ebm Kristofer Marlo <\/strong>(Christopher Marlowe, 1564-1593), Shekspiri solli realizime unike me t\u00eb cilat e rilindi let\u00ebrsin\u00eb evropiane dhe bot\u00ebrore, efektet e t\u00eb cilave i pan\u00eb vet\u00ebm brezat e ardhsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

Duke qen\u00eb se dramat e ardhshme paraqesin disi lindjen shpirt\u00ebrore t\u00eb njeriut modern t\u00eb Per\u00ebndimit, duhet par\u00eb konceptin e autorit p\u00ebr bot\u00ebn q\u00eb shk\u00eblqen n\u00ebp\u00ebr ato vepra. P\u00ebr aft\u00ebsin\u00eb e tij, gati t\u00eb mbinatyrshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar personalitete me aur\u00eb tragjike p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb thuhet se jan\u00eb \u201cm\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha se jeta\u201d; p\u00ebr prirjen p\u00ebr t\u00eb pasqyruar gjendje t\u00eb disociacionit psikik; p\u00ebr prirjen p\u00ebr t\u00eb paraqitur ndarjet, obsesionin dhe pasionet e shfrenuara, q\u00eb nga xhelozia deri n\u00eb makut\u00ebrin\u00eb p\u00ebr pushtet; p\u00ebr p\u00ebrqendrimin n\u00eb kozmosin njer\u00ebzor pa interpretime teologjike dhe spiritual\u00eb – gjeniu i Shekspirit shpesh \u00ebsht\u00eb karakterizuar si neopaganik<\/em> dhe kuazishamanik<\/em>.\u00a0 E t\u00ebr\u00eb kjo flet p\u00ebr bot\u00ebkuptimin shekullar<\/em> t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm dhe antidogmatik<\/em> t\u00eb natyr\u00ebs s\u00eb shkrimtarit.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim<\/strong>: Shamanizmi <\/em>\u00ebsht\u00eb form\u00eb spiritiste-magjike e religjionit te disa popuj primitiv.<\/p>\n

Por, leximi i m\u00ebvonsh\u00ebm i dramave t\u00eb tij si dhe zbulimet nga biografia e Bardit, q\u00eb jan\u00eb grumbulluar n\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 100 vitet e fundit, nuk l\u00ebn\u00eb vend p\u00ebr t\u00eb dyshuar se Shekspiri ka qen\u00eb katolik, madje jo vet\u00ebm formalisht, ndon\u00ebse jo edhe dramaturg katolik. Shpirti i babait t\u00eb Hamletit n\u00eb purgator, sakramenti i martes\u00ebs, referencat subtile t\u00eb ikonografis\u00eb s\u00eb kultur\u00ebs katolike q\u00eb shtrihen n\u00ebp\u00ebr t\u00ebr\u00eb opusin e Shekspirit – e b\u00ebn t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuar vepr\u00ebn e tij.<\/p>\n

Shekspiri ka absorbuar edhe skepticizmin<\/em><\/strong> edhe prometeizmin<\/em><\/strong> edhe humanizmin<\/em> e antik\u00ebs s\u00eb rilindur<\/em><\/strong>. Ka absorbuar edhe motivet mesjetare t\u00eb vjetrimit dhe t\u00eb neveris\u00eb s\u00eb korporealitetit, si dhe ekspresionin e intensifikuar t\u00eb manirizmit<\/em><\/strong>, q\u00eb paralajm\u00ebroi nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb t\u00eb re dilemash dhe rishqyrtimesh.<\/p>\n

Origjinaliteti i Shekspirit q\u00ebndron n\u00eb radh\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb llojllojshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e invencionit t\u00eb tij: askush para tij nuk e ka b\u00ebr\u00eb paraqitjen aq fascinuese t\u00eb individualizmit, as q\u00eb ka dh\u00ebn\u00eb pasqyr\u00ebn m\u00eb bind\u00ebse t\u00eb unit t\u00eb ndryshuesh\u00ebm dhe n\u00eb rritje; askush nuk ka dh\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr aq t\u00eb madh skenash t\u00eb paharrueshme t\u00eb seksualitetit<\/em> dhe t\u00eb dashuris\u00eb, <\/em>t\u00eb pasioneve q\u00eb qarkullojn\u00eb n\u00eb baz\u00ebn e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb njer\u00ebzore, t\u00eb familjes; askush nuk i ka paraqitur parath\u00ebn\u00ebsit e nihilizmit<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>si\u00e7 jan\u00eb: Edmundi te \u201cMbreti Lir\u201d,<\/em> Jago n\u00eb \u201cOtello\u201d<\/em> dhe personazhi m\u00eb karizmatik i let\u00ebrsis\u00eb bot\u00ebrore, Hamleti.<\/p>\n

Tema qendrore t\u00eb Shekspirit, p\u00ebrpos k\u00ebtyre q\u00eb u theksuan, jan\u00eb: forca shkat\u00ebrruese e koh\u00ebs; <\/em>q\u00ebndrimi ambivalent ndaj dashuris\u00eb fizike dhe seksualitetit, q\u00eb shtrihet prej lart\u00ebsimit deri n\u00eb mohimin total; verbimi dhe vet\u00ebmashtrimi si veti thelb\u00ebsore e jet\u00ebs njer\u00ebzore; mungesa e Zotit apo e \u00e7far\u00ebdo parimi transcendental n\u00eb \u201ctheatrum mundi\u201d<\/em><\/strong> t\u00eb tij; paq\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebria dhe zhg\u00ebnjimi, si i fatit ashtu edhe i njer\u00ebzve \u2013 ndaj t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve dhe vetvetes.<\/p>\n

Origjinaliteti m\u00eb i madh i Shekspirit q\u00ebndron n\u00eb zbulimin e mutabilitetit <\/em>(ndryshueshm\u00ebris\u00eb) t\u00eb individualitetit njer\u00ebzore si dhe n\u00eb apoteoz\u00ebn e misterit q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb strofull e fshehur e ekzistenc\u00ebs njer\u00ebzore. Personazhet e tij nuk mund t\u00eb analizohen nga k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrime\u00a0 psikologjike dhe sociale, as t\u00eb shpjegohen me interpretime teologjike apo spiritiste. Duke q\u00ebndruar deri n\u00eb fund poet dhe jo analizues apo filozof, Shekspiri mbetet mitograf<\/em><\/strong> universal i shqet\u00ebsimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrhersh\u00ebm t\u00eb fatit njer\u00ebzor q\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshihet n\u00eb asnj\u00eb shabllon.<\/p>\n

Nd\u00ebr tragjedit\u00eb e m\u00ebdha dallohen: \u201cHamleti\u201d<\/em><\/strong>, vep\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn e ka p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar disa her\u00eb. Me paraqitjen e intelektualit si nj\u00eb hero karizmatik, me morin\u00eb e temave n\u00eb tekst dhe n\u00eb n\u00ebntekst, kjo vep\u00ebr p\u00ebrb\u00ebn nj\u00eb prej bazave t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs shpirt\u00ebrore t\u00eb Per\u00ebndimit; \u201cOtello\u201d<\/em><\/strong> n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn luft\u00ebtarin xheloz t\u00eb p\u00ebrmasave heroike e ka verbuar Sotona, i personifikuar si Jago; \u201cAntoni dhe Kleopatra\u201d<\/em><\/strong>, me arketipin e gruas fatale<\/em> Kleopatr\u00ebs, e cila ia ka shkuar modelit t\u00eb vet historik; \u201cMakbethi\u201d<\/em><\/strong> n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin mbizot\u00ebrojn\u00eb heroi-kriminel, mbreti Makbeth dhe gruaja e tij edhe m\u00eb e paharrueshme, zonja Makbeth (lady Macbeth); \u201cMbreti Lir\u201d<\/em><\/strong>, vep\u00ebr me tendosje t\u00eb skajshme, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn \u00ebsht\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb se me disa vepra t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb korpusit per\u00ebndimor, q\u00eb nga Platoni <\/strong>e Bibla <\/strong>deri te Dostojevski <\/strong>e Prusti<\/strong>, shpall bot\u00ebrisht fillimin dhe fundin e karakterit dhe t\u00eb fatit njer\u00ebzor.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb periudh\u00ebn e vonshme t\u00eb krijimtaris\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>, bashk\u00eb me majat tragjike t\u00eb sip\u00ebrth\u00ebna, b\u00ebjn\u00eb pjes\u00eb edhe t\u00eb ashtuquajturat komedi t\u00eb err\u00ebta <\/em><\/strong>apo dramat problemore<\/em> (\u201cproblem plays\u201d)<\/em><\/strong>. Midis tyre dallohen \u201cTroilo dhe Kresida\u201d<\/em> dhe \u201cMas\u00eb p\u00ebr mas\u00ebn\u201d<\/em>. N\u00eb k\u00ebto drama nuk ka katarz\u00eb tragjike, as personazhe t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, t\u00eb paharrueshme. Toni mbizot\u00ebrues \u00ebsht\u00eb cinizmi<\/em> dhe neveria nga luhatja dhe posht\u00ebrsia njer\u00ebzore, nga format trupore t\u00eb ekzistimit, nga makinacionet politike dhe nga kompromiset n\u00eb jet\u00ebn shoq\u00ebrore n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi. Plot ironi ther\u00ebse, k\u00ebto drama n\u00eb nj\u00ebfar\u00eb m\u00ebnyre jan\u00eb pararend\u00ebse e vizur\u00ebs ekzistencialiste<\/em><\/strong> q\u00eb mbizot\u00ebroi n\u00eb shekullin XX.<\/p>\n

Opusin e dramave t\u00eb veta, Shekspiri e p\u00ebrfundoi n\u00eb frym\u00ebn e qet\u00ebsimit<\/em>. Dramat e tij t\u00eb fundit \u201cCimbelin\u201d<\/em>, \u201cTregim dimri\u201d<\/em> dhe \u201cStuhia\u201d<\/em> jan\u00eb vler\u00ebsuar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyra t\u00eb ndryshme. Duhet th\u00ebn\u00eb se, n\u00eb pik\u00ebpamje kronologjike, drama t\u00eb fundit t\u00eb tij jan\u00eb \u201cHenriku VII\u201d<\/em> dhe \u201cDy fisnik\u00ebt\u201d. <\/em>Por, sipas studiuesve k\u00ebto s\u2019jan\u00eb ve\u00e7se arnime n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat Shekspiri \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb prej autor\u00ebve. R\u00ebndom, si vepra t\u00eb fundit t\u00eb tij merren \u201cromancat\u201d e vonshme. N\u00eb k\u00ebto drama, t\u00eb quajtura romanca<\/em> (q\u00eb nuk ka lidhje me kuptimin shqip t\u00eb k\u00ebtij termi), flitet p\u00ebr bot\u00ebn e fantazmave <\/em>t\u00eb banuar nga shpirtrat dhe ku ndodhin ngjarje t\u00eb pazakonshme. Thurjet dhe konfliktet, potencialisht t\u00eb natyr\u00ebs tragjike, zgjidhen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb \u00e7uditshme dhe p\u00ebrrallore. Personazhet nuk kan\u00eb dimension realist. M\u00eb tep\u00ebr u ngjajn\u00eb personazheve t\u00eb p\u00ebrrallave dhe t\u00eb rr\u00ebfenjave popullore.<\/p>\n

Fundi i krijimtaris\u00eb<\/em> s\u00eb Shekspirit \u00ebsht\u00eb interpretuar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyra t\u00eb ndryshme: sipas disa studiuesve, autori \u00ebsht\u00eb rezignuar dhe e ka shterur energjin\u00eb krijuese, ndaj p\u00ebrdor zgjidhje t\u00eb lehta dhe happyend<\/em><\/strong>-in <\/em>e form\u00ebs p\u00ebrrallore. Nuk i ka mbetur forc\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u2019u ballafaquar me realitetin jet\u00ebsor. Sipas studiuesve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb, romancat<\/em> (dramat) e tij t\u00eb fundit flasin p\u00ebr nj\u00eb urti, t\u00eb shprehur n\u00eb t\u00eb per\u00ebnduar t\u00eb jet\u00ebs. Edhe pse Shekspiri vdiq n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 52-vje\u00e7are, duket sikur \u00ebsht\u00eb ngir\u00eb prej \u00e7do gj\u00ebje, ndaj tani ka nevoj\u00eb t\u00eb prehet.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb veprat e m\u00ebvonshme k\u00ebt\u00eb e ka shprehur shum\u00eb her\u00eb. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, pas nj\u00eb pune t\u00eb rr\u00ebmbyeshme dhe t\u00eb pafrenueshme, pas komikes dhe optimizmit t\u00eb veprave t\u00eb hershme, pasoi periudha e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb e tragjikes n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn shkrimtari eci buz\u00eb gremin\u00ebs s\u00eb \u00e7menduris\u00eb (tragjedit\u00eb e m\u00ebdha). Krahas tyre apo disi m\u00eb von\u00eb, vijn\u00eb pjes\u00ebt problemore<\/em> neverit\u00ebse ironike kund\u00ebr-ekzistencialiste<\/em>. Kjo do t\u2019i ndihmoj\u00eb q\u00eb fundin e jet\u00ebs ta pret\u00eb n\u00eb raporte pajtim dhe faljeje, n\u00eb pasqyrimin vizionar t\u00eb jet\u00ebs si nj\u00eb \u00ebnd\u00ebrr (vargjet e famshme nga \u201cStuhia\u201d<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Sidoqoft\u00eb, dramat e fundit t\u00eb shkrimtarit kan\u00eb mbetur p\u00ebrgjithmon\u00eb n\u00eb kujtes\u00ebn e publikut, duke ia p\u00ebrcaktuar let\u00ebrsis\u00eb angleze dhe amerikane, edhe bazat e tradit\u00ebs s\u00eb veprave p\u00ebrrallore- surreale.<\/p>\n

Ndikimet<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 Shekspiri \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb prej shkrimtar\u00ebve bot\u00ebror\u00eb imagjinativ<\/em><\/strong> m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj. \u00cbsht\u00eb autor q\u00eb b\u00ebn pjes\u00eb n\u00eb elit\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb t\u00eb shkrimtar\u00ebve m\u00eb t\u00eb shquar. Ai nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm autor i nj\u00eb elite t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb dhe t\u00eb arsimuar. Mbase \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i popullarizuari shkrimtar bot\u00ebror. Veprat e tij paraqesin kthes\u00eb n\u00eb teatrot e bot\u00ebs. Ato kan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb jehon\u00eb t\u00eb madhe edhe n\u00eb arte t\u00eb tjera: n\u00eb muzik\u00eb, n\u00eb artin figurativ dhe n\u00eb film. Bardi i Avonit ka ushtruar ndikim t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonsh\u00ebm n\u00eb let\u00ebrsin\u00eb bot\u00ebrore. Mbase edhe m\u00eb tej do t\u00eb g\u00ebzoj\u00eb popullaritet dhe simpati, si te publiku laik, ashtu edhe nd\u00ebr ekspert\u00eb dhe nd\u00ebr shkrimtar\u00eb, p\u00ebr arsye se:<\/p>\n

– koncepti i tij mbi jet\u00ebn dhe shpirti i lir\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb prangosur nga dogmat e koh\u00ebs;
\n– t\u00eb pasqyruarit e llojllojsh\u00ebm t\u00eb p\u00ebrjetimeve njer\u00ebzore shtrihen prej tragjedis\u00eb deri n\u00eb komedi, prej pesimizmit deri n\u00eb optimiz\u00ebm, prej ekzistencializmit natyralist deri n\u00eb romanc\u00ebn vizionare t\u00eb fantazis\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Veprat<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tragjedit\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>: Romeo dhe Xhulieta (Romeo and Juliet, 1593), Tit Androniku (Titus Andronicus, 1594), Jul Cezari (Julius Caesar, 1599), Troilo dhe Kresida (Troilus and Cressida, 1601-1602), Hamleti (Hamlet, 1602), Otello (Othello, 1604), Mbreti Lir (King Lear, 1605), Makbethi (Macbeth, 1606), Antoni dhe Kleopatra (Antony and Cleoptra, 1607), Koriolani (Coriolanus, 1608), Timoni i Athin\u00ebs (Timon of Athens, 1608, Cimbelin (Cymbeline, 1610).<\/em><\/p>\n

Komedit\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>: Mundim i kot\u00eb dashuri (Love\u2019s Labour\u2019s Lost, 1590), Dy fisnik\u00eb nga Verona (The Two Gentlemen of Verona, 1591), Komedi lajthitjesh (The Comedy of Errors, 1593-1594), \u00cbndrra e nj\u00eb nate vere (A Midsummer Night\u2019s Dream, 1594), Tregtari i Venedikut (The Merchant of Venecie, 1595), Zem\u00ebrakja e zbutur (The tamina of the Shrew, 1596), Shum\u00eb zhurm\u00eb p\u00ebr asgj\u00eb (Much Ado About Nothing, 1599), Gra t\u00eb hareshme (The Merry Wives of Windsor, 1599), Tre mbret\u00ebrve apo si t\u00eb doni (Twelfth Night, or What You Will, 1599-1600), Si t\u2019ju vij\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb (As You Like It, 1600), \u00c7do gj\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb mir\u00eb kur p\u00ebrfundon ir\u00eb (All\u2019s Well That Ends Well, 1602-1604), Mas\u00eb p\u00ebr mas\u00ebn (Measure for measure, 1604), Perikli (Pericles, Prince of Tyre, 1608), Rr\u00ebfim dimri (The Winter\u2019s Tale, 1610), Stuhia (The tempest, 1611), Dy kush\u00ebrinj fisnik\u00eb (Two Noble Kinsmen, 1634).<\/em><\/p>\n

Dramat historike<\/em><\/strong>: Henriku VI (Henry VI, 1591), Rikardi III (Richard III, 1593), Tikardi II (Richard II, 1594), Mbreti Gjon (King John, 1594), Henriku IV (Henry IV, 1596-1597), Henriku V (Henry V, 1599), Henriku VIII (Henry VIII, 1612).<\/em><\/p>\n

Poezit\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>: Venera dhe Adonisi (Venus and Adonis, 1593), P\u00ebrdhunimi i Likrecies (The Rape of Lucrece, 1594), Pelegrini i pasionuar (The Passionate Pilgrim, 1599), Feniksi dhe breshka (The Phoenix and the Turtle, 1601), V\u00ebrejtja e dashnorit (A Lover\u2019s Complaint, 1609), Ting\u00ebllima (Shakespeare\u2019s Sonnets, 1609). <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Xhelal Zejneli Uillj\u00ebm Shekspiri (William Shakespeare, Stratford-upon-Avon, \u00ebsht\u00eb pag\u00ebzuar m\u00eb 26.3.1564 \u2013 Stratford-upon-Avon, 23.3.1616) \u00ebsht\u00eb dramaturg dhe poet anglez, aktor teatri dhe regjisor. P\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht konsiderohet si m\u00eb i madhi shkrimtar anglez dhe si m\u00eb famshmi dhe m\u00eb i shfaquri dramaturg bot\u00ebror. Veprat i jan\u00eb p\u00ebrkthyer n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha gjuh\u00ebt e bot\u00ebs. Pothuajse p\u00ebr asnj\u00eb shkrimtar […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":58584,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,4,35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-58583","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-artikuj","category-histori","category-kulture"],"yoast_head":"\nUILLJ\u00cbM SHEKSPIRI - FJALA e LIR\u00cb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/uilljem-shekspiri\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"UILLJ\u00cbM SHEKSPIRI - FJALA e LIR\u00cb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Xhelal Zejneli Uillj\u00ebm Shekspiri (William Shakespeare, Stratford-upon-Avon, \u00ebsht\u00eb pag\u00ebzuar m\u00eb 26.3.1564 \u2013 Stratford-upon-Avon, 23.3.1616) \u00ebsht\u00eb dramaturg dhe poet anglez, aktor teatri dhe regjisor. P\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht konsiderohet si m\u00eb i madhi shkrimtar anglez dhe si m\u00eb famshmi dhe m\u00eb i shfaquri dramaturg bot\u00ebror. Veprat i jan\u00eb p\u00ebrkthyer n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha gjuh\u00ebt e bot\u00ebs. 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P\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht konsiderohet si m\u00eb i madhi shkrimtar anglez dhe si m\u00eb famshmi dhe m\u00eb i shfaquri dramaturg bot\u00ebror. Veprat i jan\u00eb p\u00ebrkthyer n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha gjuh\u00ebt e bot\u00ebs. 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