{"id":59237,"date":"2020-08-26T10:05:32","date_gmt":"2020-08-26T08:05:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/?p=59237"},"modified":"2020-08-26T10:05:32","modified_gmt":"2020-08-26T08:05:32","slug":"johan-volfgang-fon-gete","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/johan-volfgang-fon-gete\/","title":{"rendered":"JOHAN VOLFGANG FON G\u00cbTE"},"content":{"rendered":"

Xhelal Zejneli<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ari mund ta blej\u00eb z\u00ebrin e turm\u00ebs, por s\u2019mund t\u00eb siguroj\u00eb as edhe nj\u00eb zem\u00ebr t\u00eb vetme (G\u00ebte)<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"Xhelal
Xhelal Zejneli<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Johan Volfgang fon G\u00ebte <\/strong>(Jonann Wolfgang von Goethe, Frankfurt-mbi-Majn, Perandoria e Shenjt\u00eb Romake, 28.08.1749 \u2013 Vaimar, Konfederata Gjermane, 22.03.1832) \u00ebsht\u00eb poet, romancier, dramaturg, administrues, dijetar, gjeolog, botanist, politikan dhe filozof gjerman. Ishte bir i nj\u00eb babai t\u00eb arsimuar. N\u00ebna, bij\u00eb e kryetarit t\u00eb at\u00ebhersh\u00ebm t\u00eb Frankfurtit, e lindi kur ishte 18 vje\u00e7e. G\u00ebte kishte nj\u00eb mot\u00ebr e cila quhej Kornelia.<\/p>\n

Shkruante tregime qysh si i vog\u00ebl. Ndoqi or\u00ebt e vall\u00ebzimit, t\u00eb kal\u00ebrimit dhe t\u00eb skerm\u00ebs (ndeshje me shpata). Dashurin\u00eb p\u00ebr teatrin e kukullave e trash\u00ebgoi prej s\u00eb \u00ebm\u00ebs. N\u00eb vitet 1765-1768 studioi drejt\u00ebsin\u00eb n\u00eb Lajpcig, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb vitet 1770-1771, n\u00eb Strasburg. N\u00eb vitet 1768-1770 tregoi interesim p\u00ebr mistik\u00ebn religjioze, p\u00ebr alkimin\u00eb, p\u00ebr astrologjin\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr filozofin\u00eb okulte. Krahas drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb m\u00ebsoi edhe kimin\u00eb, anatomin\u00eb dhe fizik\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

Gjat\u00eb jet\u00ebs, G\u00ebte ka qen\u00eb n\u00eb lidhje dashurie me disa femra. Si i ri, ka dashuruar vash\u00ebn e quajtur Fridrih Brion <\/strong>(Friedrich Brion), bij\u00eb e nj\u00eb pastori, prifti protestant. I pik\u00eblluar, u nda prej saj. Duke u bazuar n\u00eb p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebn e vet, G\u00ebte ka shkruar shum\u00eb p\u00ebr ndarjet e t\u00eb dashuruarve. D\u00ebshp\u00ebrimi n\u00eb dashuri e ka frym\u00ebzuar G\u00ebten p\u00ebr ta shkruar edhe \u201cFaustin\u201d<\/em>. P\u00ebrpos p\u00ebr \u00a0dashurit\u00eb e thyera, shkroi edhe p\u00ebr shkenc\u00eb dhe filozofi. N\u00eb vitin 1771 ishte avokat n\u00eb Frankfurt. Po at\u00eb vit botoi revist\u00ebn \u201cG\u00f6tz von Berlichingen\u201d<\/em>. N\u00eb vitin 1774 u fejua me Elizabet Sheneman<\/strong> (Elizabeth Sch\u00f6nemann, 1758-1817) t\u00eb cil\u00ebn n\u00eb poezit\u00eb e veta do ta quaj Lili<\/strong>. Ajo ishte inspirim i shum\u00eb poezive t\u00eb tij. Tani nga qyteti i lindjes largohet p\u00ebrgjithmon\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitet 1770-1771 n\u00eb Strasburg shoq\u00ebrohet me Johan Georg Herderin <\/strong>i cili kishte fituar fam\u00eb me shkrimet kritike. N\u00ebn ndikimin e tij, G\u00ebte fillon t\u00eb interesohet p\u00ebr poetin antik grek Homerin <\/strong>(shek. VIII para K.), p\u00ebr poezin\u00eb popullore, p\u00ebr Shekspirin <\/strong>dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn komb\u00ebtare gjermane. P\u00ebrfshihet n\u00eb l\u00ebvizjen Sturm und Drang. dhe boton revist\u00ebn letrare \u201cG\u00f6tz von Berlichingen\u201d<\/em>. N\u00eb vitin 1772, me t\u00eb par\u00eb se me pranin\u00eb e tij e prishte harmonin\u00eb midis mikut t\u00eb vet, avokatit dhe arkivistit gjerman Johan Kristian Kestner <\/strong>(Johann Georg Christian Kestner, 1741-1800) dhe t\u00eb fejuar\u00ebs s\u00eb tij Sharlot Buf<\/strong> (Scharlotte Buff, 1753-1828), largohet nga l\u00ebvizja. Si i ri, G\u00ebte kishte r\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb dashuri me Sharlot\u00ebn Buf, por ajo e kishte refuzuar dhe ishte martuar me Kestnerin.<\/p>\n

Ky episod, lajmi p\u00ebr vet\u00ebvrasjen e nj\u00eb t\u00eb njohuri t\u00eb tij i quajtur Jerusalim dhe sugjerimi q\u00eb t\u00eb mos shkonte m\u00eb n\u00eb sht\u00ebpin\u00eb e tregtarit Brentan, me gruan e t\u00eb cilit i binte nj\u00eb instrumenti muzikor, e motivuan p\u00ebr ta shkruar romanin \u201cVuajtjet e djaloshit Verter\u201d<\/em> t\u00eb botuar m\u00eb 1774. \u00a0Vepra i solli fam\u00eb bot\u00ebrore. Para k\u00ebtij romani e kishte botuar tragjedin\u00eb \u201cG\u00f6tz von Berlichingen\u201d<\/em> (G\u00ebci i<\/em> Berlihingenit, <\/em>1773)<\/em> t\u00eb shkruar sipas sh\u00ebmb\u00eblltyr\u00ebs s\u00eb Shekspirit<\/strong>. \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

U b\u00eb letrar i famsh\u00ebm qysh n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 25-vje\u00e7are. Nga n\u00ebntori i vitit 1775, pas suksesit t\u00eb romanit t\u00eb tij t\u00eb par\u00eb \u201cVuajtjet e djaloshit Verter\u201d<\/em>, G\u00ebte sillej n\u00eb krahin\u00ebn e Saksen-Vaimarit. N\u00eb vitin 1778, me ftes\u00eb t\u00eb Duk\u00ebs s\u00eb Madh t\u00eb Saks-Vaimar-Ajsenah-ut (Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach), Karl August <\/strong>(1757-1828), poeti tanim\u00eb i famsh\u00ebm, G\u00ebte, shkon n\u00eb Vaimar ku do t\u00eb kryej\u00eb nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb pun\u00ebsh politike. N\u00eb fillim u b\u00eb k\u00ebshilltar kryesor i duk\u00ebs. S\u00eb shpejti aty e sjell Herderin <\/strong>dhe Shilerin<\/strong>. Vaimari b\u00ebhet streh\u00eb shpirt\u00ebrore e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme e Gjermanis\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Aty njihet me Sharlot fon Shtajn <\/strong>(Charlotte Albertine Ernestine Amalia von Stein, 1742-1827) s\u00eb cil\u00ebs i kushtoi 1700 letra dhe nj\u00eb num\u00ebr poezish. N\u00eb Vaimar punoi n\u00eb vitet 1775-1786, d.m.th. plot nj\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb vjet. N\u00eb vitin 1782, n\u00eb saje t\u00eb duk\u00ebs s\u00eb k\u00ebsaj krahine, Karl August, G\u00ebte u b\u00eb pjes\u00ebtar i fisnik\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

Si oficer i ushtris\u00eb s\u00eb Prusis\u00eb, G\u00ebte mori pjes\u00eb n\u00eb betej\u00ebn e Valmit. N\u00eb vitet e m\u00ebvonshme njohu Napoleonin <\/strong>dhe u dekorua me Urdhrin e Legjionit t\u00eb Nderit. N\u00eb vitin 1806, ndon\u00ebse i fejuar, G\u00ebte u martua me Kristiana Vulpius<\/strong> (Johanna Christiana Sophie Vulpius, 1765-1816). Ajo ka qen\u00eb e martuar dhe ka pasur pes\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00eb. Me k\u00ebt\u00eb grua e cila vdiq n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 51-vje\u00e7are, G\u00ebte kishte nj\u00eb djal\u00eb, q\u00eb quhej Karl<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

G\u00ebte ishte pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebs i hersh\u00ebm i l\u00ebvizjes letrare Sturm und Drang <\/em><\/strong>(Stuhi dhe Vrull)<\/em>. Gjat\u00eb dhjet\u00eb viteve t\u00eb tij t\u00eb para n\u00eb Vaimar, G\u00ebte ishte an\u00ebtar i K\u00ebshillit shtet\u00ebror t\u00eb duk\u00ebs, ishte an\u00ebtar i Komisionit p\u00ebr \u00e7\u00ebshtje t\u00eb luft\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb qarkullimit rrugor, mbik\u00ebqyri rihapjen e minier\u00ebs s\u00eb argjendit n\u00eb Ilmenau, zbatoi nj\u00eb varg reformash administrative n\u00eb Universitetin e Jen\u00ebs, dha ndihmes\u00eb n\u00eb planifikimin e Parkut botanik t\u00eb Vaimarit dhe n\u00eb rind\u00ebrtimin e pallatit t\u00eb duk\u00ebs, \u00a0q\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1998 u p\u00ebrfshin\u00eb n\u00eb list\u00ebn e thesarit bot\u00ebror t\u00eb UNESKO-s.<\/p>\n

G\u00ebte \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga personalitetet kryesore t\u00eb let\u00ebrsis\u00eb gjermane, t\u00eb<\/em><\/strong> neoklasicizmit <\/em><\/strong>dhe t\u00eb<\/strong> romantizmit<\/strong><\/em> evropian. Ushtroi ndikim t\u00eb madh mbi shum\u00eb shkrimtar\u00eb dhe mendimtar\u00eb t\u00eb shek. XIX. Dha ndihmes\u00eb t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb shkenc\u00eb, n\u00eb fizik\u00eb dhe n\u00eb biologji. Si shkrimtar, \u00ebsht\u00eb cituar shpesh, nd\u00ebrsa frazat e tij jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb pjes\u00eb e pandar\u00eb e gjuh\u00ebs gjermane. Me veprat e veta ndikoi q\u00eb let\u00ebrsia gjermane dhe evropiane, neoklasicizmin<\/em><\/strong> ta z\u00ebvend\u00ebsojn\u00eb me romantizmin<\/em><\/strong>. E shtriu ndikimin e vet n\u00eb mbar\u00eb Evrop\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb shekullin XX, prej veprave t\u00eb tij lind\u00ebn shum\u00eb vepra muzikore dhe pjes\u00eb dramaturgjike. Prej poezive t\u00eb tij krijuan vepra muzikore kompozitor\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj, si: kompozitor\u00ebt gjerman\u00eb Robert Shuman<\/strong> (Robert Schumann, 1810-1856) dhe Johanes Brams<\/strong> (Johannes Brahms, 1833-1897) si dhe kompozitor\u00ebt austriak\u00eb Franc Shubert<\/strong> (Franz Schubert, 1797-1828), Hugo Volf<\/strong> (Hugo Wolf, 1860-1903) dhe Johan Shtraus<\/strong> (Johann Strauss,1825-1899).<\/p>\n

G\u00ebte mb\u00ebshteti mendimin e shkrimtar\u00ebve t\u00eb rinj t\u00eb at\u00ebhersh\u00ebm se let\u00ebrsia gjermane ka nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr ndryshime t\u00eb caktuara. Konsideronte se shum\u00eb poet\u00eb, n\u00eb t\u00eb shkruar t\u00eb poezis\u00eb, jan\u00eb tep\u00ebr rigoroz\u00eb. K\u00ebrkonte liri dhe kreativitet m\u00eb t\u00eb madh n\u00eb let\u00ebrsi. I ndihmoi Herderit<\/strong> p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbledhur poezi popullore. Q\u00eb t\u00eb dy besonin se poezia vjen nga zemra<\/em> dhe ajo duhej t\u00eb bazohej n\u00eb ndjenjat dhe n\u00eb p\u00ebrvojat e poetit dhe jo n\u00eb iden\u00eb e vjetruar sesi duhej t\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb poezi e mir\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim<\/strong>: Sturm und Drang<\/strong> \u00ebsht\u00eb periudh\u00eb apo l\u00ebvizje letrare n\u00eb Gjermani e viteve 1767-1785. Emrin e mori sipas dram\u00ebs \u201cSturm und Drang\u201d<\/em> (Stuhi dhe Vrull, 1776)<\/em> t\u00eb dramaturgut e romancierit gjerman Fridrih Maksimilian Klinger <\/strong>(Friedrich Maximilian Klinger, Frankfurt-mbi-Majn, 1752 \u2013 Dorpat, Rusi, 1831). Kjo l\u00ebvizje letrare ngrihet kund\u00ebr klasicizmit, iluminizmit<\/em><\/strong> dhe racionalizmit <\/em><\/strong>t\u00eb tep\u00ebrt. K\u00ebrkon m\u00eb shum\u00eb ndjenja dhe bot\u00ebn e imagjinat\u00ebs. Arti \u00ebsht\u00eb vep\u00ebr e gjenive<\/em>. Kjo koh\u00eb quhet edhe epok\u00eb e gjenive<\/em><\/strong>. N\u00eb bot\u00ebn materiale t\u00eb detyrimeve dhe t\u00eb rendit ligjor, kjo kategori e njer\u00ebzve e kishin v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb jetojn\u00eb t\u00eb lir\u00eb. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye fati i tyre pashmangsh\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb tragjik. Heroi i romanit \u201cVuajtjet e djaloshit Verter\u201d <\/em>t\u00eb G\u00ebtes<\/strong> ka fund tragjik. Pajtimi i tij me shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i pamundur.<\/p>\n

Form\u00eb letrare kryesore e k\u00ebsaj l\u00ebvizjeje letrare, krahas poezis\u00eb lirike<\/em> ishte edhe drama<\/em>. Drama e shprehte m\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrs\u00ebdrejti konfliktin e pazgjidhur midis gjeniut t\u00eb pafrenuesh\u00ebm dhe rendit bot\u00ebror ekzistues. P. sh. dramat \u201cDie R\u00e4uber\u201d(Cubat, <\/em>1782)<\/em> dhe \u201cWilhelm Tell\u201d (Vilhelm Teli, <\/em>1804)<\/em> t\u00eb Fridrih Shilerit<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Punimi shkencor i par\u00eb i G\u00ebtes \u201cMetamorfoza e bim\u00ebve\u201d<\/em> u botua pas kthimit t\u00eb tij nga nj\u00eb q\u00ebndrim n\u00eb Itali n\u00eb vitin 1788. M\u00eb 1791 ishte drejtor i teatrit n\u00eb Vaimar, nd\u00ebrsa m\u00eb 1794 lidhi miq\u00ebsi me poetin gjerman, dramaturg, p\u00ebrkthyes, botues dhe kryeredaktor reviste Fridrih Shiler <\/strong>(Friedrich Schiller, 1759-1805). Shileri ishte mjek ushtarak dhe profesor n\u00eb Universitetin e Jen\u00ebs, nj\u00eb nga p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesit m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj t\u00eb romantizmit<\/em><\/strong> gjerman. P\u00ebrktheu n\u00eb gjermanisht Shekspirin <\/strong>(William Shakespeare, 1564-1616), dramaturgun francez Zhan Rasin <\/strong>(Jean Racine, 1639-1699) etj. G\u00ebteja i shfaqi dramat e Shilerit si premier\u00eb deri n\u00eb vdekjen e tij m\u00eb 1805. Gjat\u00eb k\u00ebsaj periudhe botoi romanin \u201cVitet e arsimimit t\u00eb Vilhelm Maisterit\u201d, <\/em>1795-96)<\/em> dhe vargjet epike \u201cHermani dhe Dorotea\u201d, 1797)<\/em>. M\u00eb 1808 botoi pjes\u00ebn e par\u00eb t\u00eb tragjedis\u00eb \u201cFausti\u201d<\/em> me tematik\u00ebn e s\u00eb cil\u00ebs ishte preokupuar mbi 30 vjet.<\/p>\n

Konverzacionet e G\u00ebtes<\/strong> dhe veprimet e p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebta q\u00eb nd\u00ebrmori prej vitit 1790 e m\u00eb pas me Shilerin, <\/strong>me filozofin gjerman Johan Gotlib Fihte <\/strong>(Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 1762-1814), <\/strong>me shkrimtarin e filozofin gjerman Johan Gotfrid fon Herder <\/strong>(Johann Gottfried Herder, 1744-1803), me natyralistin, gjeografin dhe eksploruesin gjerman, v\u00eblla m\u00eb i vog\u00ebl i Vilhelm fon Humboltit, Aleksand\u00ebr fon Humbolt <\/strong>(Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt, 1769-1859), me filozofin gjerman, gjuh\u00ebtar, burr\u00eb shteti, bashk\u00ebthemelues i Universitetit t\u00eb Berlinit Vilhelm fon Humbolt <\/strong>(Wilhelm von Humboldt, 1767-1835), me poetin gjerman, kritik letrar dhe p\u00ebrkthyes i Shekspirit August fon Shlegel <\/strong>(August Wilhelm Schlegel, 1767-1845), me poetin gjerman, kritik letrar, filozof, gjuh\u00ebtar, indolog, v\u00eblla i August Shlegelit, Fridrih fon Shlegel <\/strong>(Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel, 1772-1829) – n\u00eb vitet n\u00eb vijim u quajt\u00ebn klasiciz\u00ebm i Vaimarit<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Filozofi dhe eseisti gjerman Artur Shopenhauer <\/strong>(Arthur Schopenhauer,1788-1860) romanin \u201cVitet e arsimimit t\u00eb Vilhelm Maisterit\u201d<\/em> t\u00eb G\u00ebtes e konsideron si nj\u00eb prej kat\u00ebr romaneve m\u00eb t\u00eb mira t\u00eb shkruara ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb, bashk\u00eb me romanin \u201cThe Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman\u201d<\/em> (Jeta dhe mendimet e Tristram Shendit, xhent\u00eblmenit, <\/em>1-2, 1759, 3-4, 1760, 5-6, 1761, 7-8, 1765, 9, 1767)<\/em> t\u00eb romancierit anglez Lorens St\u00ebrn <\/strong>(Laurence Sterne, 1713-1768), me romanin epistolar \u201cJulie ou<\/em> La Nouvelle H\u00e9lo\u00efse\u201d (Julia ose Heloiza e re, <\/em>1761)<\/em> t\u00eb shkrimtarit e filozofit francez Zhan-Zhak Ruso<\/strong> (Jean-Jacques Ruosseau, 1712-1778) dhe me romanin \u201cDon Kishoti\u201d <\/em>(Pjesa I, 1605 dhe Pjesa II 1615) t\u00eb shkrimtarit spanjoll Miguel de Servantes <\/strong>(Migel de Cervantes Saavedra, 1547-1616).<\/p>\n

Eseisti dhe poeti amerikan Raelf U\u00ebldou Em\u00ebrs\u00ebn <\/strong>(Ralpf Woldo Emerson, 1803-1882), n\u00eb librin \u201cRepresentative Men\u201d<\/em> (Personalitete t\u00eb shquara, <\/em>1850)<\/em> e ka zgjedhur G\u00ebten <\/strong>si nj\u00ebrin prej gjasht\u00eb njer\u00ebzve m\u00eb t\u00eb shquar, bashk\u00eb me Platonin <\/strong>(427-347 para K.), me shkrimtarin, dijetarin, filozofin dhe teologun suedez Emanuel Sved\u00ebnborj <\/strong>(Emanuel Swedenborg, Stokholm, 1688 \u2013 Lond\u00ebr, 1772), me prozatorin dhe filozofin francez Mishel d\u00eb Montenj <\/strong>(Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, 1533-1592), me perandorin dhe prij\u00ebsin ushtarak francez Napoleon Bonapart\u00ebn <\/strong>(Napoleone di Buonaparte, 1769-1821) dhe me Shekspirin <\/strong>(William Shakespeare, 1564-1616).<\/p>\n

Komentet dhe observimet e G\u00ebtes p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb baz\u00ebn e disa punimeve biografike. M\u00eb i njohur prej tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb \u201cGespr\u00e4che mit Goethe in den letzten Jahren seines Lebens, 1823-1832\u201d (Biseda me G\u00ebten, <\/em>Lajpcig 1836)<\/em> i poetit gjerman Johan Peter Ekerman <\/strong>(Johann Peter Eckermann, 1792-1854).<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Krijimtaria letrare e G\u00ebtes i takon periudh\u00ebs s\u00eb<\/em><\/strong> romantizmit<\/em><\/strong> dhe t\u00eb<\/em><\/strong> neoklasicizmit<\/em><\/strong>. E para vep\u00ebr e G\u00ebtes para se t\u00eb kishte vajtur n\u00eb Vaimar, tragjedia \u201cG\u00ebci i Berlihingenit\u201d <\/em>(1773), nj\u00ebherazi \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo q\u00eb i solli fam\u00eb. N\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet nj\u00eb teme nga Gjermania e shekullit XVI t\u00ebrheq nj\u00eb paralele historike me konfliktet politike nd\u00ebrmjet qytetaris\u00eb dhe oborreve t\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb tij. Me k\u00ebt\u00eb dram\u00eb G\u00ebte doli n\u00eb krye t\u00eb grupit t\u00eb poet\u00ebve t\u00eb rinj.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb romanin epistolar (n\u00eb form\u00eb letrash) \u201cVuajtjet e djaloshit Verter\u201d<\/em>(1774) q\u00eb i dha fam\u00eb bot\u00ebrore, kemi t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb me nj\u00eb rr\u00ebfim thell\u00ebsisht personal. Verteri i ri dashurohet me pasion te nj\u00eb grua e martuar q\u00eb n\u00eb fund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundoj\u00eb me vet\u00ebvrasje. L\u00ebnd\u00ebn e k\u00ebsaj vepre G\u00ebte e mori nga jeta e vet. Heroi i vepr\u00ebs rr\u00ebfen me holl\u00ebsi p\u00ebr gjendjen shpirt\u00ebrore dhe p\u00ebr vuajtjet q\u00eb ia shkakton dashuria. B\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr pak\u00ebnaq\u00ebsin\u00eb pasive dhe sentimentale t\u00eb heroit t\u00eb koh\u00ebs, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb tejet emocional dhe i ndjesh\u00ebm. Ai ik nga bota por nuk mund t\u2019u ik\u00eb prangave q\u00eb ia imponon shoq\u00ebria. Largohet prej njer\u00ebzve dhe gjen strehim n\u00eb natyr\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Ky nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb roman epistolar dashurie, sipas shembullit t\u00eb Semjuel Ri\u00e7\u00ebrdsonit<\/strong>. Heroi rr\u00ebfen edhe p\u00ebr p\u00ebrjetimin e jet\u00ebs n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, p\u00ebr entuziazmin dhe ankthet e bot\u00ebs psikike t\u00eb tij. Jeta p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn \u00ebnd\u00ebrron Verteri \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb kund\u00ebrshti t\u00eb plot\u00eb me realitetin q\u00eb e rrethon. Ai ndjen hidh\u00ebrim p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb konvencioneve t\u00eb prapambetura t\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb q\u00eb e frenojn\u00eb zhvillimin e lir\u00eb t\u00eb individit dhe t\u00eb shpirtit njer\u00ebzor. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb prej romaneve m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb dashuris\u00eb n\u00eb let\u00ebrsin\u00eb bot\u00ebrore. Madh\u00ebshtia e k\u00ebsaj vepre q\u00ebndron n\u00eb faktin se kemi t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb me rr\u00ebfimin melankolik, emocional dhe lirik t\u00eb disponimeve shpirt\u00ebrore m\u00eb t\u00eb fshehta dhe t\u00eb dhimbjeve shpirt\u00ebrore m\u00eb intime. Para k\u00ebsaj vepre, p\u00ebr nj\u00eb gj\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb ditur, nd\u00ebrsa koha ka d\u00ebshmuar se edhe pas k\u00ebsaj vepre, nj\u00eb gj\u00eb e till\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb d\u00ebgjuar.<\/p>\n

Duke paraqitur nj\u00eb tragjedi dashurie, G\u00ebte i ka pasqyruar t\u00eb gjitha problemet e m\u00ebdha t\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb vet n\u00eb luft\u00ebn p\u00ebr zhvillimin e personalitetit. Synimi i Verterit p\u00ebr zhvillimin e lir\u00eb t\u00eb personalitetit, duke qen\u00eb n\u00eb kund\u00ebrshti t\u00eb dhimbshme me konvencionet shoq\u00ebrore, do ta \u00e7oj\u00eb t\u00eb riun drejt vdekjes. Ky roman aq shum\u00eb ka ndikuar te t\u00eb rinjt\u00eb saq\u00eb periudh\u00ebn e popullaritetit t\u00eb tij e kan\u00eb quajtur \u201cethet e Verterit\u201d<\/em><\/strong>. P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb rritjes s\u00eb numrit t\u00eb vet\u00ebvrasjeve, n\u00eb Itali dhe n\u00eb Danimark\u00eb libri ishte ndaluar nj\u00eb koh\u00eb. Tema e k\u00ebsaj proze lirike e shprehu ndjenj\u00ebn jet\u00ebsore t\u00eb shum\u00eb brezave n\u00eb mbar\u00eb Evrop\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim<\/strong>: Semjuel Ri\u00e7\u00ebrdsoni <\/strong>(Samuel Richardson, 1689-1761) \u00ebsht\u00eb prozator anglez, me arsimim modest. Q\u00eb n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 13-vje\u00e7are fitonte para duke shkruar letra dashurie p\u00ebr t\u00eb dashuruarit. \u00cbsht\u00eb autor i romanit n\u00eb shtat\u00eb v\u00ebllime \u201cClarissa: or, The History of a Young Lady\u201d (Klarisa ose rr\u00ebfim p\u00ebr zonj\u00ebn e re, <\/em>1748-49)<\/em>. Romanin nisi ta shkruaj\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1744. Fati i Verterit t\u00eb G\u00ebtes \u00ebsht\u00eb po ai i Klaris\u00ebs s\u00eb Ri\u00e7\u00ebrdsonit<\/strong>. Ajo dy her\u00eb refuzon t\u00eb martohet kund\u00ebr vullnetit t\u00eb saj. Duke mos mundur ta p\u00ebrballoj\u00eb situat\u00ebn me t\u00eb cil\u00ebn \u00ebsht\u00eb ballafaquar, vdes.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1786 G\u00ebte e pa se detyra e k\u00ebshilltarit nuk i mund\u00ebsonte koh\u00eb t\u00eb duhur p\u00ebr t\u00eb shkruar, ndaj shkoi n\u00eb Itali<\/strong> ku q\u00ebndroi 18 muaj (1786-1788). Atje u b\u00eb drejtues i teatrit t\u00eb duk\u00ebs. Lexonte histori arti dhe poet\u00ebt e lasht\u00ebsis\u00eb. Me t\u2019u kthyer nga Italia shkoi n\u00eb Vajmar. Pas nj\u00eb kohe t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr u rikthye n\u00eb Apenine. Atje vendosi lidhje t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb me dramaturgun dhe poetin gjerman Fridrih Shiler <\/strong>(Friedrich Schiller, 1759-1805). Gjat\u00eb krijimit t\u00eb veprave letrare ndihmonin nj\u00ebri-tjetrin. Miq\u00ebsia midis tyre zgjati deri n\u00eb vdekjen e Shilerit m\u00eb 1805.<\/p>\n

Q\u00eb prej vitit 1794 iu p\u00ebrkushtua vet\u00ebm shkrimeve. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb periudh\u00eb lindi romani \u201cWilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre\u201d <\/em>(Vitet e arsimimit t\u00eb Vilhelm Maisterit, <\/em>1796)<\/em>. Nj\u00eb roman i k\u00ebtill\u00eb n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn gjermane em\u00ebrtohet si \u201cbuldungsroman\u201d <\/em>q\u00eb ka kuptimin \u201croman arsimor\u201d<\/em>. Heronj t\u00eb veprave t\u00eb tij t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj periudhe jan\u00eb njer\u00ebzit e thjesht\u00eb dhe jo gjenit\u00eb, si m\u00eb par\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vep\u00ebr pasqyron aventurat e nj\u00eb t\u00eb riu t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkuar nga pasioni p\u00ebr teatrin. Romani jep pasqyr\u00ebn reale t\u00eb jet\u00ebs shoq\u00ebrore n\u00eb shekullin XVIII. Si hero, Vilhelm Maisteri \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb variacion i posa\u00e7\u00ebm i Verterit. Ky roman \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00ebherazi edhe realizim i nj\u00eb programi estetik<\/em><\/strong>. G\u00ebte shkruan thukt\u00eb, me nj\u00eb pasuri t\u00eb madhe shprehjesh, por rr\u00ebfimi intensiv i drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb gjithnj\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr ngarkohet me didaktik\u00eb<\/em>: i t\u00ebr\u00eb entuziazmi p\u00ebr teat\u00ebr nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb ve\u00e7se lajthitje<\/em>. Si model i romanit zhvillimor<\/em>, kjo vep\u00ebr ndikoi duksh\u00ebm n\u00eb zhvillimin e k\u00ebtij zhanri n\u00eb let\u00ebrsin\u00eb gjermane.<\/p>\n

\u201cNga jeta ime: fakte dhe fiksion\u201d<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb pseudo-autobiografia e G\u00ebtes n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn shkruan p\u00ebr q\u00ebndrimin e vet n\u00eb Itali. M\u00eb von\u00eb shkroi vepr\u00ebn \u201cZgjedhje sipas ngjashm\u00ebris\u00eb\u201d<\/em>. Tani shkruante edhe punime dhe shqyrtime shkencore p\u00ebr artin gjerman. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koh\u00eb e p\u00ebrfundoi dram\u00ebn \u201cEgmontin\u201d<\/em> (1788). E shkroi n\u00eb vargje dram\u00ebn \u201cIfigjenin\u00eb n\u00eb Taurid\u00eb\u201d<\/em> (Iphigenie auf Tauris, <\/em>1787) <\/em>dhe e filloi n\u00eb vargje dram\u00ebn \u201cTorkuato Taso\u201d (Torquato Tasso, <\/em>1790)<\/em>. \u201cEgmonti\u201d<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb dram\u00eb me tem\u00eb historike nga revolucioni holandez. K\u00ebtu ende jeton patosi i stilit i qytetarit protestues. N\u00eb \u201cIfigjenia n\u00eb Taurid\u00eb\u201d<\/em> G\u00ebte i kthehet lasht\u00ebsis\u00eb greke, p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht renesanc\u00ebs italiane, p\u00ebr t\u2019i paraqitur n\u00eb petkun klasik problemet e m\u00ebdha njer\u00ebzore, pozit\u00ebn e njeriut t\u00eb mb\u00ebrthyer midis pasioneve burimore dhe disiplin\u00ebn shoq\u00ebrore.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb kap\u00ebrcyell t\u00eb faz\u00ebs s\u00eb vonshme t\u00eb krijimtaris\u00eb vjen romani \u201cDie Wahlverwandtschaften\u201d (Shpirtra t\u00eb ngjashme, <\/em>1809)<\/em>. K\u00ebtu jep pasqyr\u00ebn shoq\u00ebrore-psikologjike t\u00eb problemeve erotike dhe martesore. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb tragjedi intime e thurur me motive simbolike. N\u00eb vepr\u00ebn \u201cZgjedhje sipas ngjashm\u00ebris\u00eb\u201d<\/em> G\u00ebte k\u00ebrkon t\u00eb hiqet dor\u00eb nga \u00e7do gj\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shqisore<\/em>. Madje edhe m\u00ebkati i b\u00ebr\u00eb gjat\u00eb t\u00eb menduarit shpie n\u00eb katastrof\u00eb. Romani \u00ebsht\u00eb eksperiment, nj\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekje psiko-kimike<\/em>.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1821 e shkroi vazhdimin e Vilhelm Maisterit<\/em> me titull \u201cWilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre\u201d (<\/em>Udh\u00ebtimet e Vilhelm Maisterit, <\/em>1821, 1829)<\/em> me n\u00ebntitullin \u201cAta q\u00eb heqin dor\u00eb\u201d<\/em>. Libri p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet prej disa pjes\u00ebve t\u00eb shkruara si tregime t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta. N\u00eb t\u00eb flitet p\u00ebr raportin midis heroit kryesor dhe shoq\u00ebris\u00eb. Pjesa kryesore e romanit i kushtohet utopis\u00eb s\u00eb edukimit q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar si Provinc\u00eb pedagogjike<\/em>. Ndon\u00ebse flet p\u00ebr disiplin\u00ebn dhe sintez\u00ebn, p\u00ebr nga kompozicioni romani \u00ebsht\u00eb tej mase i lir\u00eb: pjes\u00eb t\u00eb radhitura lirsh\u00ebm, novela dhe tregime tanim\u00eb t\u00eb botuara apo t\u00eb destinuara p\u00ebr p\u00ebrmbledhje t\u00eb tjera, maksima dhe refleksione, si dhe ndonj\u00eb poezi. \u00a0Romani \u201cUdh\u00ebtimet e Vilhelm Maisterit\u201d<\/em> dhe \u201cFausiti\u201d<\/em> (II-1832) jan\u00eb vazhdime dhe p\u00ebrfundime t\u00eb veprave m\u00eb t\u00eb hershme.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb jet\u00ebs ia kushtoi krijimit t\u00eb \u201cFaustit\u201d<\/em>.<\/strong> Versionin e par\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj tragjedie e shkroi n\u00eb rini. Tematika bazohet n\u00eb karakterin legjendar t\u00eb njeriut me emrin Faust. Alkimisti i prir\u00eb nga interesat vetjak\u00eb, ia shet shpirtin djallit. G\u00ebte ia doli t\u00eb kap\u00ebrcej\u00eb hendekun midis rr\u00ebfimit t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr dhe pik\u00ebpamjeve bashk\u00ebkohore t\u00eb njeriut n\u00eb k\u00ebrkim t\u00eb k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsive. \u201cFaustin\u201d<\/em> e shkroi n\u00eb periudh\u00ebn prej vdekjes s\u00eb Shilerit (1805) deri n\u00eb vdekjen e vet (1832). \u00cbsht\u00eb dram\u00eb madh\u00ebshtore, me tematika e s\u00eb cil\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb preokupuar mbi tridhjet\u00eb vjet.<\/p>\n

Pjesa e par\u00eb doli m\u00eb 1808, nd\u00ebrsa e dyta – m\u00eb 1832. L\u00ebnda e goj\u00ebdh\u00ebnave mesjetare dhe t\u00eb epok\u00ebs s\u00eb renesanc\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb shkrir\u00eb me motivet bashk\u00ebkohore (tragjedia e Margarit\u00ebs n\u00eb dashuri), duke marr\u00eb nj\u00eb shtrirje t\u00eb gjer\u00eb historike. Fausti \u00ebsht\u00eb personazhi simbolik m\u00eb markant i historis\u00eb s\u00eb kultur\u00ebs evropiane t\u00eb koh\u00ebs m\u00eb t\u00eb re<\/em><\/strong>. N\u00eb aventurat e tij, n\u00eb takimin me Mefiston<\/strong>, cinikun djall\u00ebzor \u00ebsht\u00eb pasqyruar madh\u00ebshtia dhe vuajtja e njeriut t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb ri dhe synimi i tij p\u00ebr ta njohur bot\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb versionin burimor t\u00eb \u201cFaustit\u201d <\/em>G\u00ebte b\u00ebri disa ndryshime. P\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb ndryshime ndikoi edhe Shileri<\/strong> i cili i jepte k\u00ebshilla gjat\u00eb t\u00eb shkruarit t\u00eb tragjedis\u00eb. Pjesa e dyt\u00eb e \u201cFaustit\u201d<\/em><\/strong> \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb rikapitulim madh\u00ebshtor i nj\u00eb numri t\u00eb madh motivesh dhe modelesh stili t\u00eb let\u00ebrsis\u00eb evropiane, q\u00eb nga lasht\u00ebsia deri n\u00eb koh\u00ebn moderne. Tani kultura poetike virtuoze dhe simbolika e nd\u00ebrlikuar, her\u00eb-her\u00eb hermetike, e z\u00ebvend\u00ebsojn\u00eb narracionin e drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb t\u00eb G\u00ebtes s\u00eb ri.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim<\/strong>: Fausti <\/strong>\u00ebsht\u00eb personazhi kryesor i tragjedis\u00eb \u201cFausti\u201d<\/em> t\u00eb G\u00ebtes. \u00cbsht\u00eb simbol i synimit t\u00eb pandalsh\u00ebm t\u00eb njeriut p\u00ebr dituri dhe p\u00ebr zbulimin e kuptimit t\u00eb jet\u00ebs<\/em><\/strong>, p\u00ebr k\u00ebrkimin e fatit, sikund\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb zhvilluar dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb manifestuar n\u00eb epok\u00ebn e renesanc\u00ebs, p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb ngritjes s\u00eb klas\u00ebs borgjeze. \u00cbsht\u00eb i njohur betimi i Faustit para mashtruesit t\u00eb tij Mefistos*<\/sup><\/strong>, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin ia premton shpirtin e vet n\u00eb \u00e7astin kur t\u00eb ndjehet fatlum: \u201cA do t\u00eb vij\u00eb ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb \u00e7asti q\u00eb t\u2019i them atij: Ndalu! At\u00ebher\u00eb me gjith\u00eb d\u00ebshir\u00eb do t\u00eb b\u00ebhem preja jote, at\u00ebher\u00eb lidhm\u00eb me pranga\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim: Mefistofeles <\/strong>(armik i drit\u00ebs) \u00ebsht\u00eb figur\u00eb e mitologjis\u00eb hebraike-krishtere, qenie q\u00eb nuk i beson t\u00eb mir\u00ebs, shpirt i keq, shpirt i mohimit, shoq\u00ebrues i Faustit. Fjala p\u00ebrdoret edhe si Mefisto; mefistofelike \u2013 djall\u00ebzore, cinike, e neveritshme, inferrnale, satanike, demonike, sotonike.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eb dhjet\u00ebvje\u00e7ar\u00ebt e par\u00eb t\u00eb qindvje\u00e7arit XIX syt\u00eb e Evrop\u00ebs s\u00eb kulturuar ishin t\u00eb drejtuar kah Vaimari i G\u00ebtes, si p\u00ebrgjigje p\u00ebr interesimin e gjall\u00eb t\u00eb poetit p\u00ebr d\u00ebshmit\u00eb letrare t\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb popujve, p\u00ebr \u201clet\u00ebrsin\u00eb bot\u00ebrore\u201d. Kjo lidhje e nd\u00ebrsjell\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga p\u00ebrmendoret e p\u00ebrhershme t\u00eb G\u00ebtes. Veprat e G\u00ebtes, sapo botoheshin ndikonin me t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb let\u00ebrsi dhe n\u00eb art.<\/p>\n

Stili klasicist i k\u00ebsaj faze krijuese, ka edhe r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi shoq\u00ebrore historike. Nj\u00eb stil i till\u00eb ka lindur nga bindja se kultura estetike<\/em><\/strong> e nd\u00ebrtuar me kujdes do ta kompensoj\u00eb krejt at\u00eb q\u00eb realiteti politik i asaj kohe nuk ka mundur ta jap\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>. Pra, p\u00ebrkushtimi i G\u00ebtes artit dhe dijes \u00ebsht\u00eb shenj\u00eb e nj\u00eb rezignimi<\/em><\/strong>. K\u00ebt\u00eb e pranon edhe ai kur n\u00eb epigramet satirike \u201cXenien\u201d <\/em>(1796) t\u00eb krijuara bashk\u00eb me Shilerin<\/strong>, u sugjeron gjerman\u00ebve: Meq\u00eb nuk keni mundur t\u00eb arrini unitet politik dhe komb\u00ebtar, at\u00ebher\u00eb<\/em><\/strong> ju mbetet q\u00eb njer\u00ebzoren<\/em><\/strong> ta kultivoni n\u00eb mendjet tuaja dhe n\u00eb jet\u00ebn tuaj praktike<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u201cR\u00f6mische Elegien\u201d (Elegji romake, <\/em>1795)<\/em> jan\u00eb shembuj t\u00eb poezis\u00eb erotike dhe refleksive t\u00eb thurura me p\u00ebrjetimin intim t\u00eb lasht\u00ebsis\u00eb klasike, n\u00ebn diellin e jugut. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb faz\u00eb G\u00ebte shkroi epin satirik nga mbret\u00ebria e kafsh\u00ebve \u201cReineke Fuchs\u201d (Dhelpra Reineke, <\/em>1794)<\/em> si dhe epin \u201cHermann und Dorothea\u201d (Hermani dhe Dorotea, <\/em>1797)<\/em> q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb pasqyrim epik i jet\u00ebs qytetare n\u00eb periudh\u00ebn e Revolucionit francez, n\u00eb petkun klasik. Me k\u00ebt\u00eb vep\u00ebr thekson r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e familjes, t\u00eb pun\u00ebs s\u00eb p\u00ebrditshme dhe t\u00eb paqes<\/em>, si n\u00eb \u201cElegjit\u00eb romake\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Ciklin e poezive<\/em><\/strong> e p\u00ebrfshiu n\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhjen \u201cWest-\u00f6stlicher Divan\u201d (Divani per\u00ebndimor-lindor, <\/em>1819)<\/em>. K\u00ebtu urt\u00ebsia jet\u00ebsore dhe entuziazmi dashuror nd\u00ebrthuren n\u00eb vargjet lirike t\u00eb zdritshme, t\u00eb frym\u00ebzuara nga poezia orientale. Prej vitit 1810 e deri n\u00eb fund t\u00eb jet\u00ebs G\u00ebte punon me nd\u00ebrprerje n\u00eb shkrimet autobiografike<\/em>. Prej tyre m\u00eb t\u00eb njohur jan\u00eb \u201dAus meinem Leben. Dichtung und Wahrhait\u201d (Nga jeta ime. Poezia dhe realiteti, <\/em>1811, 1812, 1814, 1833)<\/em>. N\u00eb to e paraqet jet\u00ebn e vet deri n\u00eb vajtjen n\u00eb Vaimar (Weimar), duke e p\u00ebrshkuar l\u00ebnd\u00ebn autentike me evokimin artistik t\u00eb s\u00eb kaluar\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Nd\u00ebr tekstet e pleq\u00ebris\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrmenden shkrimet me aforizma \u201cMaksima dhe refleksione\u201d<\/em> t\u00eb botuara pas vdekjes. Aty e shohim thelbin e p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebs s\u00eb madhe jet\u00ebsore dhe intelektuale t\u00eb tij, gj\u00eb q\u00eb mund t\u00eb shihet edhe n\u00eb \u201cBiseda me G\u00ebten\u201d<\/em> t\u00eb Ekermanit.<\/p>\n

Zhvillimi shpirt\u00ebror i G\u00ebtes m\u00eb s\u00eb miri v\u00ebrehet n\u00eb lirik\u00eb<\/em>. Poezia e tij e k\u00ebsaj kohe \u00ebsht\u00eb e nj\u00eb ritmi t\u00eb lir\u00eb. Pas k\u00ebsaj faze b\u00ebhet poet i harmonis\u00eb<\/em>. Natyra n\u00eb k\u00ebto poezi tregon rendin dhe harmonin\u00eb, shnd\u00ebrrohet n\u00eb poezi idesh. T\u00eb tilla jan\u00eb \u201cK\u00ebnga e nat\u00ebs e udh\u00ebtarit\u201d<\/em>, \u201cHyjnore\u201d<\/em> dhe \u201cT\u00eb k\u00ebnduarit e shpirtrave mbi uj\u00ebra\u201d<\/em>. N\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet poezis\u00eb v\u00eb n\u00eb dukje veprimin e forcave natyrore, shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb forta se lloji njer\u00ebzor, ndaj arsyeja nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u2019i p\u00ebrkufizoj\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Nga poezit\u00eb religjioze t\u00eb frym\u00ebzuara nga poeti gjerman Fridrih Gotlib<\/strong> Klopshtok <\/strong>(Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, 1724-1803), n\u00ebp\u00ebr poezit\u00eb anakreontike*<\/sup><\/em><\/strong> t\u00eb frym\u00ebzuara nga tregimtari gjerman Kristof Martin Vilant <\/strong>(Christoph Martin Wieland, 1733-1813) deri te ndikimi i Herderit<\/strong> burim i entuziazmit poetik b\u00ebhet natyra<\/em> n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn G\u00ebte sheh personifikimin e liris\u00eb krijuese dhe t\u00eb forc\u00ebs themelore (\u201cMir\u00ebseardhja dhe ndarja\u201d)<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim<\/strong>: Poezia anakreontike e ka marr\u00eb emrin nga poeti antik grek Anakreonti <\/strong>(mesi i shek. VI para K.) i cili trajtonte motive dashurie dhe vere.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eb \u201cBiseda me G\u00ebten\u201d<\/em> t\u00eb Ekermanit<\/strong> G\u00ebte thot\u00eb se nuk e ka dashur iluminizmin<\/em><\/strong>, p\u00ebr arsye se vet\u00eb ai m\u00eb tep\u00ebr ka qen\u00eb njeri i zemr\u00ebs<\/em> sesa i arsyes<\/em>. P\u00ebr G\u00ebten romantik\u00ebt<\/em><\/strong> kan\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb huaj ngase n\u00eb thelb ai ka qen\u00eb realist<\/em><\/strong>. Nga t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bashk\u00ebkoh\u00ebsit e vet m\u00eb s\u00eb shumti e ka \u00e7muar poetin anglez t\u00eb epok\u00ebs s\u00eb romantizmit Xhorxh Gordon Bajronin <\/strong>(George Gordon Byron, 1788-1824). I dukej sikur Bajroni m\u00eb tep\u00ebr i p\u00ebrket klasikes<\/em><\/strong> se romantizmit<\/em><\/strong>. G\u00ebte m\u00eb s\u00eb shumti e \u00e7mon poezin\u00eb dhe artin klasik, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb romantiz\u00ebm sheh di\u00e7ka jo t\u00eb sh\u00ebndosh\u00eb, joorganike.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00ebte u b\u00eb spinozist<\/strong>: Zoti \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb natyr\u00eb. N\u00eb natyr\u00eb ka dy elemente: forca dhe materia. \u00a0Forca \u00ebsht\u00eb Zoti. Prandaj duhet dashur t\u00ebr\u00eb forc\u00ebn natyrore. M\u00eb von\u00eb, ky koncept filozofik merr nuanca t\u00eb tjera dhe G\u00ebte si motiv poetik i merr per\u00ebndit\u00eb antike greke, si personifikim t\u00eb forcave natyrore dhe rebelohet kund\u00ebr tyre. Motiv i poezis\u00eb \u201cPrometeu\u201d<\/em>, e cila nj\u00ebherazi \u00ebsht\u00eb patetike, plot luft\u00eb dhe entuziaz\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim<\/strong>: Baruh d\u00eb Spinoza <\/strong>(Baruch de Spinoza, 1632-1677) \u00ebsht\u00eb filozof holandez, me prejardhje portugeze, i bashk\u00ebsis\u00eb \u00e7ifute<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koh\u00eb G\u00ebten e preokupojn\u00eb idet\u00eb e mendjeve t\u00eb m\u00ebdha apo t\u00eb figurave mitologjike: historiani dhe politikani romak Cezari <\/strong>(Gaius Iulius Caesar, 100-44 para K.), Fausti, Prometeu*<\/sup>, Muhamedi \u2013 <\/strong>simbole t\u00eb gjenive q\u00eb e udh\u00ebheqin njer\u00ebzimin. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb faz\u00eb (Sturm und Drang) shfaqen ritmet, vargjet e lira, secili me num\u00ebr tjet\u00ebr rrokjesh, saq\u00eb kan\u00eb mundur t\u00eb shkruhen n\u00eb proz\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim<\/strong>: N\u00eb mitologjin\u00eb antike greke Prometeu<\/strong> ishte nj\u00eb prej titan\u00ebve. Sipas mitit, vodhi nga qielli zjarr dhe i m\u00ebsoi njer\u00ebzit sesi ta shfryt\u00ebzojn\u00eb at\u00eb, duke rr\u00ebnuar k\u00ebsisoj besimin te forca e per\u00ebndive. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u00eb Vaimar pushon rebelimi dhe shfaqet nj\u00eb G\u00ebte i qet\u00eb, poet i harmonis\u00eb<\/em> i cili n\u00eb natyr\u00eb<\/em> sheh forc\u00ebn am\u00eb t\u00eb njer\u00ebzimit. Natyra tanim\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e lemerishme, me plot forca armiq\u00ebsore, demonike, por \u00ebsht\u00eb e endur me harmoni dhe rend, nd\u00ebrsa forcat hyjnore anojn\u00eb kah njeriu (\u201cK\u00ebng\u00eb nate e udh\u00ebtarit\u201d, \u201cT\u00eb k\u00ebnduarit e shpirtrave mbi uj\u00ebra\u201d)<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Sa m\u00eb ideore b\u00ebhet poezia e G\u00ebtes, aq m\u00eb tep\u00ebr sillet rreth ides\u00eb s\u00eb humanes (\u201cHyjnore\u201d)<\/em>. D\u00ebshira e madhe p\u00ebr Italin\u00eb shihet n\u00eb vepr\u00ebn \u201cMignon\u201d (Minjon)<\/em>. Pas q\u00ebndrimit atje, poezia e tij b\u00ebhet shqisore<\/em> aq sa edhe ideore<\/em>. G\u00ebte qysh kur ishte n\u00eb l\u00ebvizjen Sturm und Drang shkruante balada<\/em>. U p\u00ebrsos duke b\u00ebr\u00eb gar\u00eb me Shilerin, i cili gjithmon\u00eb niset nga ideja etike<\/em><\/strong>, nd\u00ebrsa G\u00ebte ka koncepte m\u00eb t\u00eb lira.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr Shilerin kantist*<\/sup><\/strong>, balada<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb ide p\u00ebr<\/em> dram\u00eb<\/em>, nd\u00ebrsa te G\u00ebteja spinozist<\/strong> m\u00eb par\u00eb v\u00ebrehet veprimi i forcave natyrore t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb forta se njeriu, ndaj arsyeja nuk mund t\u2019i sqaroj\u00eb dhe t\u2019i p\u00ebrkufizoj\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim<\/strong>: Imanuel Kanti <\/strong>(Immanuel Kant, 1724-1804) \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues i filozofis\u00eb klasike idealiste gjermane. Me punimet e veta n\u00eb epistemiologji, n\u00eb metafizik\u00eb, n\u00eb etik\u00eb dhe n\u00eb estetik\u00eb konsiderohet si nj\u00eb nga p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesit m\u00eb me ndikim n\u00eb historin\u00eb e filozofis\u00eb per\u00ebndimore.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u00ebrpos ndihmes\u00ebs n\u00eb let\u00ebrsi, r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi ka edhe puna shkencore e G\u00ebtes. N\u00eb biologji<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb e njohur teoria e kushteve t\u00eb metamorfoz\u00ebs s\u00eb bim\u00ebve. Zbuloi ashtin e mes\u00ebm t\u00eb nofull\u00ebs s\u00eb njeriut. U interesua p\u00ebr bujq\u00ebsin\u00eb duke studiuar problemet e ujitjes. U mor me gjeologji, me anatomi p\u00ebr arsye se ligj\u00ebronte n\u00eb akademin\u00eb e artit figurativ, me morfologji dhe optik\u00eb. Vep\u00ebr e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme e tij n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e shkenc\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb \u201cTeoria e ngjyrave\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00ebte ka qen\u00eb njeri i mendimit t\u00eb lir\u00eb i cili besonte se njeriu mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb i krishter\u00eb n\u00eb zem\u00ebr, pa shkuar n\u00ebp\u00ebr kisha krishtere. Disa m\u00ebsime religjioze i mohonte prerazi. B\u00ebnte dallim t\u00eb qart\u00eb midis Krishtit dhe parimeve t\u00eb teologjis\u00eb krishtere. Kritikonte historin\u00eb e kish\u00ebs si nj\u00eb \u201crr\u00ebmuj\u00eb<\/em> lajthitjesh dhe dhune\u201d<\/em>. Q\u00ebndrimi i tij ndaj fes\u00eb s\u00eb krishter\u00eb dhe kish\u00ebs mjaft ka ndryshuar dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb interpretuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrmas\u00eb akoma m\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb. Lidhur me krishterimin<\/em><\/strong>, Krishtin<\/strong>, teologun, poetin dhe p\u00ebrkthyesin gjerman Martin Luterin <\/strong>(Martin Luther, 1483-1546) dhe reformat protestante<\/em><\/strong> sekretari i tij Ekerman<\/strong> e ka portretizuar G\u00ebten si nj\u00eb entuziast i cili e ka quajtur krishterimin \u201creligjion ultimat\u201d.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eb nj\u00eb rast e ka p\u00ebrshkruar veten si njeri q\u00eb \u201cnuk \u00ebsht\u00eb antikrishter, as jokrishter, por prerazi nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i krishter\u00eb\u201d. N\u00eb \u201cEpigramin venecian 66\u201d, <\/em>G\u00ebte e rendit simbolin e kryqit midis kat\u00ebr gj\u00ebrave q\u00eb m\u00eb s\u00eb shumti nuk i p\u00eblqejn\u00eb. Sipas filozofit dhe poetit gjerman Fridrih Ni\u00e7e <\/strong>(Friedrich Nietzsche, 1844-1900) G\u00ebte ka poseduar \u201cnj\u00ebfar\u00eb forme t\u00eb fatalizmit pothuajse t\u00eb haresh\u00ebm dhe konfidencial\u201d<\/em> i cili ka pasur \u201cfe e cila vet\u00ebm n\u00eb totalitetin e \u00e7do gj\u00ebje e shp\u00ebton veten dhe duket mir\u00eb dhe i arsyesh\u00ebm\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

I lindur n\u00eb nj\u00eb familje luterane<\/em><\/strong>, feja e hershme e G\u00ebtes ka qen\u00eb e tronditur nga ngjarjet si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00ebrmeti n\u00eb Lisbon\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1755 si dhe lufta shtat\u00ebvje\u00e7are. Perspektiva shpirt\u00ebrore e m\u00ebvonshme e tij p\u00ebrfshin elemente t\u00eb panteizmit<\/em><\/strong> n\u00ebn ndikimin e fuqish\u00ebm t\u00eb Spinoz\u00ebs<\/strong>, t\u00eb humanizmit<\/em> dhe elementeve t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb<\/em> ezoterizmit<\/em> per\u00ebndimor<\/em> q\u00eb shihet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb m\u00eb piktoreske n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb \u201cFaustit\u201d<\/em>. Nj\u00eb vit para vdekjes, n\u00eb letr\u00ebn Sjulpiz Buaserit<\/strong>, G\u00ebte thot\u00eb se i duket sikur gjat\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb jet\u00ebs ka synuar t\u00eb b\u00ebhet nj\u00eb prej hipsistarian\u00ebve <\/em>t\u00eb nj\u00eb sekti t\u00eb lasht\u00eb hebraik-pagan<\/em> t\u00eb rajonit t\u00eb Detit t\u00eb Zi.<\/p>\n

Ata kan\u00eb respektuar, si t\u00eb af\u00ebrt me Per\u00ebndin\u00eb, at\u00eb q\u00eb e kan\u00eb njohur si m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrkryer<\/em>. Ai po ashtu ka pasur afinitet p\u00ebr hebrenjt\u00eb dhe n\u00eb nj\u00eb rast shkruan: \u201cEnergjia \u00ebsht\u00eb baza e \u00e7do gj\u00ebje. \u00c7do hebre, pavar\u00ebsisht sa \u00ebsht\u00eb i par\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm, merr pjes\u00eb n\u00eb ndonj\u00eb synim t\u00eb prer\u00eb dhe t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb q\u00eb shpie drejt q\u00ebllimit. Ata jan\u00eb njer\u00ebzit m\u00eb t\u00eb amshuesh\u00ebm n\u00eb bot\u00eb\u201d<\/em>. \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0N\u00eb politik\u00eb<\/em><\/strong> G\u00ebte kishte pik\u00ebpamje konservatore. Idet\u00eb e G\u00ebtes lidhur me politik\u00ebn bazoheshin n\u00eb idet\u00eb e shekullit XVIII. Gjat\u00eb Revolucionit francez (1789) ai konsideronte se entuziazmi i student\u00ebve dhe i profesor\u00ebve paraqet perversion t\u00eb energjive t\u00eb tyre<\/em><\/strong>. G\u00ebte mbeti skeptik p\u00ebr aft\u00ebsin\u00eb e masave p\u00ebr t\u00eb qeverisur<\/em><\/strong>. Po k\u00ebshtu, ai nuk iu kund\u00ebrvu Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb koalicionit t\u00eb gjasht\u00eb (1813-1815) q\u00eb e kan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb shtetet gjermane kund\u00ebr Napoleonit. Mbeti i rezervuar lidhur me p\u00ebrpjekjet patriotike q\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb Gjermanis\u00eb t\u00eb bashkohen n\u00eb nj\u00eb komb<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Shkruante poezi fetare, poezi anakreontike, poezi t\u00eb frym\u00ebzuara nga natyra n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn G\u00ebte shihte pasqyr\u00ebn e liris\u00eb krijuese. Nj\u00eb poezi e till\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb \u201cMir\u00ebseardhja dhe ndarja\u201d<\/em>. G\u00ebte ka qen\u00eb njeri i arsyes<\/em> dhe jo zemr\u00ebs<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Prej G\u00ebtes \u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebrkuar t\u00eb shkruaj\u00eb poezi q\u00eb zgjojn\u00eb ndjenja nacionaliste, por ai gjithmon\u00eb ka refuzuar. N\u00eb dit\u00ebt e pleq\u00ebris\u00eb q\u00ebndrimin e vet ia ka sqaruar Ekermanit<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u201cSi kam mundur t\u00eb shkruaj poezi urrejtjeje kur nuk kam ndjer\u00eb urrejtje? Dhe, t\u00eb mbetet mes nesh, un\u00eb kurr\u00eb nuk i kam urryer francez\u00ebt, ndon\u00ebse i jam fal\u00ebnderuar Zotit kur na \u00e7liroi prej tyre. Si kam mundur un\u00eb, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin t\u00eb vetmet gj\u00ebra t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme jan\u00eb qytet\u00ebrimi (kultura) dhe barbarizmi, t\u00eb urrej nj\u00eb komb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebr m\u00eb t\u00eb kulturuarit e bot\u00ebs, n\u00eb saje t\u00eb t\u00eb cilit e kam krijuar nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb kultur\u00ebs sime? <\/em><\/p>\n

Sidoqoft\u00eb, puna e urrejtjes midis kombeve \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje e \u00e7uditshme. Gjithmon\u00eb do t\u00eb hasni se urrejtja \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e fort\u00eb dhe m\u00eb barbare n\u00eb nj\u00eb qytet\u00ebrim t\u00eb niveleve m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebta. Sipas nj\u00eb pik\u00ebpamjeje t\u00eb re urrejtja zhduket plot\u00ebsisht kur njeriu q\u00ebndron, si t\u00eb thuash, p\u00ebrmbi kombet, nd\u00ebrsa mir\u00ebqenien dhe vuajtjen e popujve fqinj i p\u00ebrjeton si t\u00eb ishin t\u00eb popullit t\u00eb vet\u201d. <\/em><\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 72-vje\u00e7are u dashurua n\u00eb nj\u00eb vajz\u00eb 17-vje\u00e7are t\u00eb quajtur Urlika Levectov<\/strong>. Ajo e refuzoi. Nj\u00eb muaj para se t\u00eb vdiste e kishte p\u00ebrfunduar pjes\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb \u201cFaustit\u201d<\/em> q\u00eb u botua pas vdekjes s\u00eb tij. Karrier\u00ebn e filloi si shkrimtar klasik<\/em><\/strong>, p\u00ebr ta p\u00ebrfunduar si romantik<\/em><\/strong>. Asnj\u00eb para tij nuk ndikoi aq shum\u00eb n\u00eb let\u00ebrsin\u00eb dhe n\u00eb artin e asaj kohe. I frikohej vdekjes por jo edhe vdekjes s\u00eb vet, ngaq\u00eb besonte se shpirti \u00ebsht\u00eb i pavdeksh\u00ebm<\/em><\/strong>. Vdiq n\u00eb Vaimar n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 83-vje\u00e7are, nga pika n\u00eb zem\u00ebr. P\u00ebr nder t\u00eb k\u00ebtij letrari t\u00eb madh, n\u00eb Frankfurt ndahet \u201c\u00c7mimi i G\u00ebtes\u201d. Prej vitit 1932 Universiteti i Frankfurtit e mban emrin e tij.<\/p>\n

Krijimet letrare dhe shkencore<\/strong><\/p>\n

Romanet<\/strong>: Vuajtjet e djaloshit Verter<\/em><\/strong> (1774); Udh\u00ebtimet e Vilhelm Maisterit<\/em><\/strong> (1821); Vitet e arsimimit t\u00eb Vilhelm Maisterit<\/em> (1796); Zgjedhja sipas ngjashm\u00ebris\u00eb;<\/em><\/p>\n

Dramat<\/strong>: Ka shkruar mbi 100 drama. G\u00ebci i Berlihingenit<\/em><\/strong> (1773), e para dram\u00eb gjermane me motiv komb\u00ebtar, origjinale p\u00ebr nga forma, me etik\u00eb jet\u00ebsore dhe realitet historik; Ifigjenia n\u00eb Taurid\u00eb<\/em><\/a>,<\/u> Egmonti <\/em>(1788); Torkuato Taso<\/em> (1789); Fausti<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>I (1808); Fausti<\/em><\/strong>, II (1832);<\/p>\n

Poezit\u00eb: <\/strong>Prometeu;<\/em> Mbreti i logut t\u00eb zanave<\/em>; \u00a0Elegji romake <\/em>(1795);<\/strong> Dhelpra Reineke<\/em>;<\/em><\/strong> Vitet e m\u00ebsimit t\u00eb magjistaris\u00eb<\/em>; Hermani dhe Dorotea <\/em>(1797);<\/p>\n

Veprat shkencore<\/strong>: Metamorfoza e bim\u00ebve<\/em> (1790); Teoria e njgyrave<\/em> (1810); Udh\u00ebtim n\u00ebp\u00ebr Itali<\/em>;<\/em> Pun\u00eb pas vdekjes;<\/em> Biseda t\u00eb G\u00ebtes;<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Xhelal Zejneli Ari mund ta blej\u00eb z\u00ebrin e turm\u00ebs, por s\u2019mund t\u00eb siguroj\u00eb as edhe nj\u00eb zem\u00ebr t\u00eb vetme (G\u00ebte) Johan Volfgang fon G\u00ebte (Jonann Wolfgang von Goethe, Frankfurt-mbi-Majn, Perandoria e Shenjt\u00eb Romake, 28.08.1749 \u2013 Vaimar, Konfederata Gjermane, 22.03.1832) \u00ebsht\u00eb poet, romancier, dramaturg, administrues, dijetar, gjeolog, botanist, politikan dhe filozof gjerman. Ishte bir i nj\u00eb […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":44795,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,4,35,8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-59237","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-artikuj","category-histori","category-kulture","category-letersi"],"yoast_head":"\nJOHAN VOLFGANG FON G\u00cbTE - FJALA e LIR\u00cb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/johan-volfgang-fon-gete\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"JOHAN VOLFGANG FON G\u00cbTE - FJALA e LIR\u00cb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Xhelal Zejneli Ari mund ta blej\u00eb z\u00ebrin e turm\u00ebs, por s\u2019mund t\u00eb siguroj\u00eb as edhe nj\u00eb zem\u00ebr t\u00eb vetme (G\u00ebte) Johan Volfgang fon G\u00ebte (Jonann Wolfgang von Goethe, Frankfurt-mbi-Majn, Perandoria e Shenjt\u00eb Romake, 28.08.1749 \u2013 Vaimar, Konfederata Gjermane, 22.03.1832) \u00ebsht\u00eb poet, romancier, dramaturg, administrues, dijetar, gjeolog, botanist, politikan dhe filozof gjerman. 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