{"id":62393,"date":"2020-12-30T01:23:25","date_gmt":"2020-12-30T00:23:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/?p=62393"},"modified":"2020-12-30T01:23:25","modified_gmt":"2020-12-30T00:23:25","slug":"psikologjia-e-turmes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/psikologjia-e-turmes\/","title":{"rendered":"PSIKOLOGJIA E TURM\u00cbS"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Xhelal Xhelal Zejneli<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hoze Ortega y Gaset<\/strong> (Jose Ortega y Gasset<\/em>) \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i njohuri filozof spanjoll i shekullit XX. Ka l\u00ebn\u00eb pas vetes nj\u00eb opus tejet interesant. Me shkrimet e veta ka prekur nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh temash q\u00eb e preokupojn\u00eb njeriun modern. ka lindur n\u00eb vitin 1883. I ka p\u00ebrjetuar t\u00eb gjitha ngjarjet e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme q\u00eb e kan\u00eb karakterizuar bot\u00ebn moderne, ndaj veprat e tij jan\u00eb nj\u00eb kronik\u00eb mjaft interesante e problemeve dhe e dilemave t\u00eb k\u00ebtij qindvje\u00e7ari t\u00eb bujsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

Vepra e tij \u201cRevolta e turm\u00ebs\u201d<\/em><\/strong>, \u00ebsht\u00eb libri spanjoll m\u00eb i p\u00ebrkthyer i qindvje\u00e7arit XX. Doli nga shtypi n\u00eb vitin 1930 n\u00eb Madrid dhe sakaq shkaktoi reagime t\u00eb bujshme. Libri u shfaq n\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00e7ast historik tejet t\u00eb paq\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm, periudh\u00eb kjo e cila ende i ndjente pasojat e Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Madhe (1914-1918), nd\u00ebrsa problemet p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat ishte b\u00ebr\u00eb lufta, kishin mbetur t\u00eb pazgjidhura. N\u00eb fund t\u00eb viteve \u201920 dhe n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve \u201930 t\u00eb shekullit XX, ishin t\u00eb shumt\u00eb ata t\u00eb cil\u00ebt e ndjenin se stuhia e luft\u00ebs do t\u00eb sulet p\u00ebrs\u00ebri. kriza e madhe ekonomike e viteve 1929-1932 e cila e varf\u00ebroi nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb s\u00eb Evrop\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb ShBA-s\u00eb, ishte n\u00eb kulmin e vet. Bota e vjet\u00ebr e demokracis\u00eb liberale dhe e ekonomis\u00eb n\u00eb rritje, u shemb q\u00eb me krismat e para t\u00eb vitit 1914. Popujt nuk ia dol\u00ebn ta rikthejn\u00eb stabilitetin as prosperitetin e saj. N\u00eb Itali, n\u00eb BRSS dhe n\u00eb Gjermani erdh\u00ebn n\u00eb pushtet regjimet totalitare, fytyra e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb e t\u00eb cilave sapo kishte filluar t\u00eb shihet.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00e7ast historik t\u00eb till\u00eb, n\u00eb \u00e7astin e qet\u00ebsis\u00eb para shp\u00ebrthimit t\u00eb Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, Ortega y Gaset, n\u00eb \u201cRevolt\u00ebn e turm\u00ebs\u201d<\/em> p\u00ebrpiqet t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb analiz\u00ebn e njeriut q\u00eb ka sunduar n\u00eb dhjet\u00ebvje\u00e7ar\u00ebt e fundit, duke p\u00ebrshkruar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb profetike llojin e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb q\u00eb do ta krijoj\u00eb njeriu i till\u00eb.<\/em><\/strong> Nj\u00ebherazi, e sqaron me shpres\u00eb, se cilat jan\u00eb bazat e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb nga t\u00eb cilat bota \u00ebsht\u00eb larguar at\u00ebher\u00eb, aq shpejt dhe me aq vendosm\u00ebri. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Rrethanat historike q\u00eb i kan\u00eb prir\u00eb k\u00ebsaj revolte i kan\u00eb rr\u00ebnj\u00ebt n\u00eb shekullin paraprak. Gjysma e dyt\u00eb e shekullit XIX popujve t\u00eb hemisfer\u00ebs per\u00ebndimore u solli nj\u00eb p\u00ebrparim material t\u00eb papar\u00eb deri at\u00ebher\u00eb. I solli p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsim t\u00eb standardit t\u00eb jetes\u00ebs \u2013 q\u00eb nga sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsia deri te arsimimi, q\u00eb nga banimi deri te mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb udh\u00ebtuar dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb komunikuar. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, demokracit\u00eb liberale t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme, t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn e p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb vot\u00ebs dhe n\u00eb partit\u00eb e fuqishme t\u00eb elitave, midis programeve t\u00eb cilave zgjedh\u00ebsit kan\u00eb mundur t\u00eb zgjedhin, mund\u00ebsuan, qoft\u00eb sigurin\u00eb e pron\u00ebs, qoft\u00eb sigurin\u00eb e jet\u00ebs njer\u00ebzore. Baraspesha e forcave, e vendosur nd\u00ebrmjet shteteve kryesore t\u00eb Evrop\u00ebs, ishte garanci e paqes dhe e prosperitetit, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb deri n\u00eb shp\u00ebrthimin e Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Par\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore n\u00eb vitin 1914, dukej silur bota pandalsh\u00ebm p\u00ebrparonte kah nj\u00eb e ardhme e sigurt dhe e ndritshme e cila do t\u00eb jet\u00eb gjithnj\u00eb m\u00eb humane dhe m\u00eb e begatshme.<\/p>\n

Por, baraspesha e forcave u \u00e7rregullua dhe plasi Lufta e Madhe. Sasia e barbaris\u00eb dhe e gjakderdhjes q\u00eb pasoi d\u00ebshmoi se sa e holl\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shtresa qytet\u00ebruese e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb e cila l\u00ebvdohej se \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e p\u00ebrparuara n\u00eb bot\u00eb. U shemb\u00ebn perandorit\u00eb e vjetra, Austro-Hungareze, Gjermane dhe Osmane. rendet shoq\u00ebrore t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme rr\u00ebnuan. Shtetet u varf\u00ebruan. Sisteme e vlerave u trondit\u00ebn deri n\u00eb themel. N\u00eb Rusi filloi revolucioni e cila i q\u00ebronte llogarit\u00eb me kapitalizmin, me religjionin dhe me borgjezin\u00eb, duke i rr\u00ebnuar shtyllat themelore t\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb vjet\u00ebr. Evropiani mbeti i \u00e7orientuar dhe pa udh\u00ebheqje.<\/p>\n

Kjo ishte nj\u00eb aren\u00eb bot\u00ebrore p\u00ebr paraqitjen e nj\u00eb dukurie t\u00eb re, dukurie t\u00eb cil\u00ebn Ortega y Gaset e quan njeri i turm\u00ebs<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Papritmas, n\u00eb qend\u00ebr t\u00eb qytet\u00ebrimit t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr u shfaq njeriu primitiv. N\u00ebp\u00ebr shkolla, t\u00eb cilat kishin qen\u00eb tejet krenare p\u00ebr shekullin e kaluar, turmave mund t\u2019ia m\u00ebsonin vet\u00ebm\u00a0 teknik\u00ebn e jet\u00ebs bashk\u00ebkohore, por nuk ia dol\u00ebn t\u2019ua m\u00ebsojn\u00eb. Mor\u00ebn instrumente p\u00ebr nj\u00eb jet\u00eb intensive, por jo edhe ndjenj\u00ebn p\u00ebr detyra t\u00eb m\u00ebdha historike. <\/em><\/strong>Vazhdimisht prisheshin duke u krenuar me fuqin\u00eb e mediumeve bashk\u00ebkohore, por shpirti i tyre nuk u pasurua<\/em><\/strong>. Prandaj turmat nuk d\u00ebshirojn\u00eb t\u00eb ken\u00eb asnj\u00eb lidhje me shpirtin.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ortega y Gaset thot\u00eb se me turm\u00ebn<\/em><\/strong> nuk n\u00ebnkupton asnj\u00eb klas\u00eb t\u00eb posa\u00e7me n\u00eb shoq\u00ebri, por p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kategori t\u00eb posa\u00e7me psikologjike dhe sociologjike t\u00eb njeriut, pjes\u00ebtar\u00ebt e s\u00eb cil\u00ebs rekrutohen nga t\u00eb gjitha klasat e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb. Njeriu i turm\u00ebs <\/strong>\u00ebsht\u00eb njeri n\u00eb jet\u00ebn e t\u00eb cilit nuk ka projekte dhe i cili i jepet rrym\u00ebs, shkon me rrjedh\u00ebn. Ai nuk krijon asgj\u00eb, edhe pse autorizimet e tij jan\u00eb tejet t\u00eb m\u00ebdha. Ai lejon ekspansionin e lir\u00eb t\u00eb orekseve t\u00eb tij jet\u00ebsore dhe posedon mosmir\u00ebnjohje radikale ndaj \u00e7do gj\u00ebje q\u00eb e ka leht\u00ebsuar ekzistimin e tij<\/em><\/strong>. Q\u00eb t\u00eb dy tiparet e krijojn\u00eb psikologjin\u00eb e njohur t\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebs s\u00eb lazdruar.\u00a0 .<\/p>\n

Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb njeri pa ndonj\u00eb prirje apo kompetenc\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb. \u00cbsht\u00eb njeri mesatar, i prir\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsi t\u00eb im\u00ebta dhe p\u00ebr jet\u00eb private t\u00eb qet\u00eb. Shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz i p\u00ebrkasin k\u00ebtij lloji t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve dhe k\u00ebtu s\u2019ka asgj\u00eb t\u00eb keqe. Paramendoni nj\u00eb njeri modest i cili pyet n\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i talentuar p\u00ebr di\u00e7ka, n\u00eb shquhet n\u00eb ndonj\u00eb l\u00ebm\u00eb dhe vjen n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundim se nuk shquhet n\u00eb asnj\u00eb fush\u00eb. Ai njeri do t\u00eb ndjehet mesatar dhe i r\u00ebndomt\u00eb, i patalentuar, por nuk do t\u00eb ndjehet pjes\u00eb \u201ce turm\u00ebs\u201d.<\/p>\n

Me revolt\u00ebn e turm\u00ebs, Ortega n\u00ebnkupton dukurin\u00eb kur njeriu i till\u00eb fillon t\u00eb mohoj \u00e7do autoritet dhe pushon t\u2019i n\u00ebnshtrohet \u00e7do instance t\u00eb lart\u00eb, qofshin at\u00eb pushteti, institucioni fetar, kodeksi moral apo di\u00e7ka tjet\u00ebr; kur turmat si shumic\u00eb, pushojn\u00eb t\u2019i d\u00ebgjojn\u00eb pakicat prej t\u00eb cil\u00ebve dikur kan\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb udh\u00ebhequr dhe t\u00eb orientuar. Njeriu i turm\u00ebs<\/strong> p\u00ebrnj\u00ebher\u00eb paraqitet sikur \u00e7do gj\u00eb e di m\u00eb s\u00eb miri, i ka idet\u00eb e veta, nd\u00ebrsa jet\u00ebn e vet ka vendosur ta orientojn\u00eb kah p\u00ebrvet\u00ebsimi i nj\u00eb sasie sa m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe pasurie, p\u00ebr vete dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb af\u00ebrmit e vet.<\/p>\n

Turmat n\u00eb sken\u00eb <\/strong>\u2013 Problemin themelor t\u00eb shoq\u00ebrive t\u00eb at\u00ebhershme Ortega i sheh n\u00eb faktin se turma t\u00eb m\u00ebdha njer\u00ebzish t\u00eb cil\u00ebt m\u00eb par\u00eb me p\u00ebrul\u00ebsi e kishin z\u00ebn\u00eb vendin e vet n\u00eb shoq\u00ebri, p\u00ebrnj\u00ebher\u00eb kan\u00eb dal\u00eb n\u00eb sken\u00ebn e jet\u00ebs kulturore dhe politike. N\u00ebn ndikimin e pasioneve dhe t\u00eb ndjenjave t\u00eb tyre t\u00eb pakontrolluara, turma e pakontrolluar prej ndokujt dhe e aft\u00eb vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrruar dhe p\u00ebr lin\u00e7im, bie n\u00eb duart e udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsve demagog\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebt e keqp\u00ebrdorin forc\u00ebn e madhe t\u00eb saj. <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u00ebr karakteristikat e turm\u00ebs, Ortega thot\u00eb: \u201cTurmave u intereson vet\u00ebm mir\u00ebqenia<\/strong><\/em> dhe ato jan\u00eb mosmir\u00ebnjoh\u00ebse ndaj faktor\u00ebve t\u00eb asaj mir\u00ebqenieje. N\u00eb p\u00ebrpar\u00ebsit\u00eb e qytet\u00ebrimit nuk v\u00ebrejn\u00eb ndonj\u00eb arritje apo konstruksion me vler\u00eb t\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb mbahen vet\u00ebm me p\u00ebrpjekje dhe v\u00ebmendje t\u00eb madhe. Turmat besojn\u00eb se roli i tyre ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn e vendosur t\u00eb tyre, sikur ato jan\u00eb t\u00eb drejta t\u00eb lindura, t\u00eb patjet\u00ebrsueshme.<\/p>\n

Turma e re, lirin\u00eb e plot\u00eb jet\u00ebsore e konsideron si nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb natyrshme dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar e cila nuk ka kurrfar\u00eb shkaqesh t\u00eb posa\u00e7me. Asgj\u00eb nuk e nxit p\u00ebr t\u2019i pranuar kufijt\u00eb e vet apo mund\u00ebsit\u00eb e veta, e m\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb edhe t\u2019i ket\u00eb parasysh edhe instancat e tjera, sidomos ato superiore.<\/p>\n

Njeriu i thjesht\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb besoj\u00eb se \u00ebsht\u00eb i jasht\u00ebzakonsh\u00ebm, por njeriu i thjesht\u00eb do t\u00eb shpall\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb mesatar apo q\u00eb mesatarja t\u00eb njihet si nj\u00eb e drejt\u00eb. Ka \u201cide\u201d tejet t\u00eb sigurta lidhur me at\u00eb q\u00eb ndodh apo q\u00eb t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb n\u00eb gjith\u00ebsi. Prandaj ai e ka humbur kuptimin e t\u00eb d\u00ebgjuarit. E p\u00ebrse t\u00eb d\u00ebgjoj\u00eb kur posedon p\u00ebrgjigje p\u00ebr \u00e7do gj\u00eb? Nuk ekziston asnj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje n\u00eb jet\u00ebn publike n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ai, i verb\u00ebt dhe i shurdh\u00ebt, nuk e imponon \u201cmendimin\u201d e vet\u201d.<\/p>\n

Njeriu-turm\u00eb <\/strong>nuk pranon debat. Ai instinktivisht refuzon t\u00eb pranoj\u00eb ndonj\u00eb instanc\u00eb, objektivisht m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb. Prandaj n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb, koh\u00ebt e fundit konsiderohet moderne \u201ct\u00eb nd\u00ebrpres\u00ebsh debatin\u201d dhe shikohet me sy t\u00eb keq \u00e7do form\u00eb e jet\u00ebs s\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt q\u00eb do t\u00eb n\u00ebnkuptonte respektimin e rregullave objektive, q\u00eb nga biseda, deri te shkenca dhe kuvendi i t\u00eb zgjedhurve t\u00eb popullit. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, refuzohet bashk\u00ebjetesa e kultur\u00ebs q\u00eb u n\u00ebnshtrohet normave dhe pranohet kthimi n\u00eb jet\u00ebn barbare. Suprimohen t\u00eb gjitha formalitetet e rregullta dhe sipas parimit \u2018t\u00eb aksionit t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb\u201d, imponohet ajo q\u00eb d\u00ebshirohet,<\/p>\n

Qytet\u00ebrimi, n\u00eb radh\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb vullnet p\u00ebr jet\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt. Po qe se njeriu nuk i p\u00ebrfill t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt, ai \u00ebsht\u00eb barbar dhe i paqytet\u00ebruar. Barbaria \u00ebsht\u00eb prirje p\u00ebr ndarje. Prandaj, \u00e7do epok\u00eb barbare ka qen\u00eb epok\u00eb e vetmis\u00eb njer\u00ebzore, e imt\u00ebsimit. N\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb kan\u00eb lindur grupet e vogla, t\u00eb ndara dhe armiq\u00ebsore.<\/p>\n

Faji i elitave<\/strong> \u2013 <\/strong>Ortega i hulumton arsyet e gjendjes s\u00eb krijuar. N\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb till\u00eb kan\u00eb ndikuar kushtet historike dhe materiale t\u00eb theksuara. Por, ai i faj\u00ebson edhe elitat p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat thot\u00eb se kan\u00eb pushuar t\u00eb jen\u00eb shembull i jet\u00ebs kulturore dhe fisnike. Elitat kan\u00eb pushuar t\u00eb punojn\u00eb p\u00ebr kap\u00ebrcimin e kufizimeve t\u00eb veta dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsojn\u00eb karakteret e veta. Si rrjedhoj\u00eb e nj\u00eb materializmi n\u00eb rritje, pakica udh\u00ebheq\u00ebse e at\u00ebhershme filloi t\u2019i p\u00ebrkushtohet industris\u00eb, tregtis\u00eb dhe krijimit t\u00eb profitit. Lind epoka e dekadenc\u00ebs s\u00eb aristokracis\u00eb<\/em><\/strong> e cila heq dor\u00eb nga roli udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs, duke i l\u00ebn\u00eb turmat jasht\u00eb kontrollit.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aristokrati i mir\u00ebfillt\u00eb, pjes\u00ebtar i pakic\u00ebs kreative, \u00ebsht\u00eb ai i cili k\u00ebrkon shum\u00eb nga vetja dhe kurr\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i k\u00ebnaqur me at\u00eb q\u00eb ka arritur. \u00cbsht\u00eb ai i cili me d\u00ebshir\u00ebn e vet merr p\u00ebrsip\u00ebr detyra t\u00eb r\u00ebnda dhe vazhdimisht \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebrkim t\u00eb vendit t\u00eb pun\u00ebs ku do t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbente m\u00eb s\u00eb miri. Vet\u00eb fjala \u201caristokraci\u201d vjen nga greqishtja aristos<\/em> q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb \u201cm\u00eb i miri\u201d<\/em> dhe krateo \u2013 \u201csundoj\u201d<\/em>. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, kemi t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb me sundimin e m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00ebve, e m\u00eb t\u00eb aft\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

Fisnik\u00ebria p\u00ebr Orteg\u00ebn \u00ebsht\u00eb sinonim i jet\u00ebs t\u00eb kaluar n\u00eb pun\u00eb, gjithmon\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar asisoj q\u00eb ta tejkaloj\u00eb veten. Fisnik\u00ebri do t\u00eb thot\u00eb t\u00eb shnd\u00ebrrohesh nga ajo q\u00eb je tani, n\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb shfaqet si detyrim dhe k\u00ebrkes\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Fisniku \u00ebsht\u00eb i njohur, e njeh t\u00ebr\u00eb bota. Ai ka fam\u00eb dhe dallohet nga turma anonime. Arsye e fam\u00ebs s\u00eb tij \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekja e madhe. Ai i p\u00ebrgjigjet fisnikes, t\u00eb guximshmes dhe t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyer\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb shquarin, njeriun e elit\u00ebs e determinon nevoja intime q\u00eb normave t\u2019u drejtohet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb pavarur, jasht\u00eb vetvetes, t\u2019u drejtohet superior\u00ebve, n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim t\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebve vihet me d\u00ebshir\u00eb. N\u00eb kund\u00ebrshti me at\u00eb q\u00eb besohet, n\u00eb rob\u00ebri esenciale jeton i shquari dhe jo njeriu i turm\u00ebs. t\u00eb shquarit, nuk i p\u00eblqen jeta po qe se nuk i sh\u00ebrben asaj q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb transcendentale. Prandaj, nevoj\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbyer nuk e p\u00ebrjeton si opresion. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb jet\u00eb p\u00ebrplot disiplin\u00eb, jet\u00eb fisnike. Fisnik\u00ebria p\u00ebrkufizohet sipas k\u00ebrkesave t\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb, sipas detyrimeve ndaj shoq\u00ebris\u00eb dhe jo sipas t\u00eb drejtave. Fisnik\u00ebria \u00ebsht\u00eb obligim (Noblesse oblige)<\/em><\/strong>. \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jeta kreative n\u00ebnkupton nj\u00eb regjim higjiene t\u00eb lart\u00eb, dekori t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyer, shtytjesh t\u00eb vazhdueshme q\u00eb e sfidojn\u00eb vet\u00ebdijen e dinjitetit. Jeta kreative \u00ebsht\u00eb energjike dhe nj\u00eb jet\u00eb e till\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i mundur vet\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00ebr\u00ebn prej k\u00ebtyre dy situatave: ose kur njeriu sundon ose kur ndodhet n\u00eb nj\u00eb bot\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn sundon ndokush t\u00eb cilit ia pranojm\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha t\u00eb drejtat p\u00ebr at\u00eb funksion.\u00a0 K\u00ebshtu sepse roli themelor i elitave gjithmon\u00eb ka qen\u00eb, ose \u00ebsht\u00eb dashur t\u00eb kishte qen\u00eb, t\u00eb jen\u00eb shembull.<\/p>\n

Jeta e njeriut, p\u00ebr natyra e vet, patjet\u00ebr t\u00eb orientohet ndaj nj\u00eb gj\u00ebje, veprimi t\u00eb famsh\u00ebm apo p\u00ebrul\u00ebs, fatit t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyesh\u00ebm apo t\u00eb r\u00ebndomt\u00eb, ngase t\u00eb jetosh do t\u00eb thot\u00eb t\u00eb kesh nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar, t\u00eb ushtrosh nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb, e po qe se i shmangemi detyrimit p\u00ebr t\u2019ia kushtuar jet\u00ebn nj\u00eb gj\u00ebje, at\u00ebher\u00eb ne i ikim atij. I liruar nga vetvetja, \u00e7do jet\u00eb mbetet n\u00eb dor\u00eb t\u00eb vetvetes, e zbraz\u00ebt dhe nuk ka \u00e7\u2019t\u00eb punoj\u00eb. Egoizmi \u00ebsht\u00eb labirint. T\u00eb jetosh, do t\u00eb thot\u00eb t\u00eb ngas\u00ebsh pas nj\u00eb gj\u00ebje, t\u00eb shkosh kah q\u00ebllimi. Q\u00ebllimi nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb ecja ime, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb jeta ime. Q\u00ebllimi \u00ebsht\u00eb di\u00e7ka drejt s\u00eb cil\u00ebs e orientoj jet\u00ebn. Prandaj, jasht\u00eb saj, q\u00ebllimi \u00ebsht\u00eb larg. Po qe se vendosi q\u00eb me egoiz\u00ebm t\u00eb ec vet\u00eb n\u00eb jet\u00ebn time, nuk do t\u00eb p\u00ebrparoj\u00eb, askund nuk do t\u00eb mb\u00ebrrij; do t\u00eb rrotullohen dhe do t\u00eb sillem po n\u00eb at\u00eb vend. ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb labirint q\u00eb nuk sjell asgj\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Ortega y Gaset si ideal thekson jet\u00ebn fisnike, jet\u00ebn e aksionit dhe t\u00eb kreativitetit. Duke qen\u00eb se p\u00ebr nj\u00eb jet\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb aft\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i vog\u00ebl i njer\u00ebzve, \u00ebsht\u00eb e domosdoshme q\u00eb pakicat e tilla sociale t\u00eb qeverisin n\u00eb shoq\u00ebri. Pa pakica t\u00eb tilla kreative, pjes\u00ebs tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb i mungon orientimi dhe q\u00ebllimi, drejt t\u00eb cilit do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb synonte. Jeta shnd\u00ebrrohet n\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrditshm\u00ebri shterpe, q\u00eb vazhdimisht p\u00ebrs\u00ebritet. P\u00ebr Orteg\u00ebn, shoq\u00ebria e sh\u00ebndosh\u00eb, p\u00ebr nga nd\u00ebrtimi politik, \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb aristokrate. Shoq\u00ebria e till\u00eb duhet t\u00eb rregullohet sipas parimeve t\u00eb caktuara q\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb t\u00eb mundur ekzistimin e pushtetit si dhe t\u00eb atyre t\u00eb cil\u00ebt qeverisen, me p\u00eblqimin e tyre dhe duke respektuar projektin e caktuar q\u00eb e prodhon pushteti.<\/p>\n

Me \u201cpushtetin\u201d <\/em>nuk n\u00ebnkuptohet si par\u00ebsore forca materiale, e shoq\u00ebruar nga forca fizike. Ky raport i q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm dhe normal nd\u00ebrmjet njer\u00ebzve q\u00eb quhet pushtet, kurr\u00eb nuk mb\u00ebshtetet n\u00eb forc\u00eb. Pushteti \u00ebsht\u00eb zbatim normal i autoritetit dhe gjithmon\u00eb bazohet n\u00eb mendimin publik. Madje edhe ata q\u00eb d\u00ebshirojn\u00eb t\u00eb sundojn\u00eb me ndihm\u00ebn e jeni\u00e7er\u00ebve, varen nga mendimi i tyre si dhe nga mendimi q\u00eb kan\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt p\u00ebr ta. \u00cbsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb se me ndihm\u00ebn e jeni\u00e7er\u00ebve nuk mund t\u00eb sundohet. T\u00eb qeveris\u00ebsh, nuk do t\u00eb thot\u00eb t\u00eb rr\u00ebmbesh pushtetin, por ta zbatosh at\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb qet\u00eb. Pushtet do t\u00eb thot\u00eb ep\u00ebrsi e nj\u00eb mendimi, p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht e nj\u00eb fryme mbi tjetr\u00ebn. Po qe se shumica e njer\u00ebzve nuk kan\u00eb mendim, fryma patjet\u00ebr ta ket\u00eb pushtetin, ngase pa nj\u00eb forc\u00eb shpirt\u00ebrore, pa nj\u00eb sundimtar, njer\u00ebzimi hyn n\u00eb kaos.<\/p>\n

Ortega vjen n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundim se evropianit m\u00eb s\u00eb shumti i mungon objektivi, misioni t\u00eb cilin do t\u00eb duhej ta send\u00ebrtonte, t\u00eb cilit do t\u00eb mund t\u2019ia kushtonte jet\u00ebn p\u00ebr ta fisnik\u00ebruar at\u00eb, p\u00ebr ta nxjerr\u00eb nga rruga plot gropa hipnotizuese e jet\u00ebs, e njeriut t\u00eb turm\u00ebs<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

At\u00eb projekt ai e sheh n\u00eb bashkimin e rrethit kulturor evropian, duke konsideruar se kufijt\u00eb e shteteve komb\u00ebtare, q\u00eb prej koh\u00ebsh, m\u00eb tep\u00ebr paraqesin penges\u00eb, sesa garanci sigurie. Ortega me t\u00eb madhe u angazhua p\u00ebr iden\u00eb e Evrop\u00ebs s\u00eb bashkuar, duke e konsideruar at\u00eb si nj\u00eb projekt drejt t\u00eb cilit do t\u00eb duhej t\u00eb orientoheshin elitat, si nj\u00eb objektiv drejt t\u00eb cilit do t\u00eb mund t\u2019i shpinin turmat e \u00e7orientuara, duke ua dh\u00ebn\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri ndjenj\u00ebn e kuptimit dhe t\u00eb veprimit.<\/p>\n

E sotmja dhe revolta e turmave <\/strong>– Kur sot, nga nj\u00eb distanc\u00eb historike prej 80 vitesh, e lexojm\u00eb vepr\u00ebn \u201cRevolta e turmave\u201d <\/em>t\u00eb Ortega y Gaset dhe i analizojm\u00eb idet\u00eb themelore t\u00eb saj, vijm\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundim se shum\u00eb mendime t\u00eb tij edhe sot mund t\u00eb gjejn\u00eb zbatim. Njeriu i turm\u00ebs ka sunduar n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha shtetet. Pushteti q\u00eb i sh\u00ebrben \u00ebsht\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht i atill\u00eb si\u00e7 e ka p\u00ebrshkruar Ortega \u2013 pa nj\u00eb vizion, pa nj\u00eb q\u00ebllim, me nj\u00eb synim p\u00ebr t\u00eb qeverisur prej sot deri nes\u00ebr, duke i k\u00ebnaqur interesat e turm\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Me kalimin e koh\u00ebs, turma pushoi t\u2019u besonte diktator\u00ebve t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm. N\u00eb periudh\u00ebn kur filloi t\u00eb luaj\u00eb rolin kryesor n\u00eb sken\u00ebn bot\u00ebrore, turma i solli n\u00eb pushtet Vlladimir Ili\u00e7 Leninin, Benito Musolinin dhe Adolf Hitlerin.<\/p>\n

Tani turma m\u00eb tep\u00ebr i adhuron ata t\u00eb cil\u00ebt i premtojn\u00eb pasuri materiale dhe t\u00eb drejta t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, pa ia ngarkuar asaj detyrat dhe detyrimet ndaj bashk\u00ebsis\u00eb. Midis atyre q\u00eb qeverisin dhe atyre q\u00eb qeverisen, tanim\u00eb nuk ka dallim.<\/p>\n

Edhe pse kjo vep\u00ebr e Orteg\u00ebs p\u00ebr nga tema q\u00eb shtjellon kryesisht \u00ebsht\u00eb vep\u00ebr sociologjike, megjith\u00ebk\u00ebt\u00eb mund t\u00eb konstatojm\u00eb se zgjidhja e k\u00ebsaj situate gri, \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb duart e individit<\/em><\/strong>. Ortega ia prezanton lexuesit struktur\u00ebn dhe psikologjin\u00eb e njeriut t\u00eb turm\u00ebs p\u00ebr ta paralajm\u00ebruar p\u00ebr rrezikun se edhe vet\u00eb ai i dor\u00ebzohet procesit t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm q\u00eb e shnd\u00ebrron n\u00eb njeri t\u00eb till\u00eb. Duke marr\u00eb parasysh faktin se ai gjithmon\u00eb ka synuar p\u00ebr ta p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb dhe jet\u00ebn e p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt, Ortega mendonte se emancipimi i individit, bashk\u00ebngjitja e tij idealit t\u00eb jet\u00ebs fisnike, \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebsi i nj\u00eb bote m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb.<\/p>\n

* \u00a0* \u00a0*<\/strong><\/p>\n

Shum\u00eb lider\u00eb t\u00eb vendeve t\u00eb Ballkanit jan\u00eb produkt i turmave. Klasat politike t\u00eb vendeve t\u00eb Ballkanit jan\u00eb produkte turmash. Lider\u00ebt e dal\u00eb prej turmave dhe klasat politike t\u00eb dala prej turmave kurr\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb krijojn\u00eb sistem demokratik t\u00eb mir\u00ebfillt\u00eb dhe shtet ligjor. Qeverisja\u00a0 e tyre nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb as socialiste dhe as kapitaliste, po gjysm\u00ebbarbare.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jose Ortega y Gasset lindi n\u00eb Madrid m\u00eb 9 maj 1883. Babai Jose Ortega Munilla dhe n\u00ebna Dolores Gasset Chinchilla, posedonin nj\u00eb sht\u00ebpi botuese dhe botonin gazeta, gj\u00eb q\u00eb do t\u00eb ndikoj\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm mbi Orteg\u00ebn i cili gjat\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb tij ka botuar fejtone dhe ese. Edhe vet\u00eb ai boton gazet\u00ebn \u201cRevista de Occidente\u201d. <\/em>Shkollimin e filloi n\u00eb kolegjin jezuit n\u00eb Malag\u00eb p\u00ebr ta vazhduar n\u00eb Instituto de Malaga<\/em>, ku kreu filozofin\u00eb, let\u00ebrsin\u00eb dhe drejt\u00ebsin\u00eb. Diplom\u00ebn universitare nga filozofia dhe let\u00ebrsia e mori n\u00eb Universitetin Complutense<\/em> n\u00eb Madrid, ku edhe doktoroi filozofin\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1904. Tri her\u00eb q\u00ebndroi p\u00ebr ngritje profesionale n\u00eb Gjermani, n\u00eb Mek\u00ebn filozofike t\u00eb at\u00ebhershme, n\u00eb universitetet e Lajpcigut dhe t\u00eb Marburgut. N\u00eb vitin 1910 u b\u00eb shef katedre p\u00ebr metafizik\u00eb n\u00eb universitetin e Madridit.<\/p>\n

Disa her\u00eb udh\u00ebtoi n\u00eb Argjentin\u00eb ku mbajti ligj\u00ebrata tejet t\u00eb vizituara. Aty, mendimi filozofik i tij la nj\u00eb gjurm\u00eb t\u00eb thell\u00eb. Gjat\u00eb trazirave n\u00eb Universitetin e Madridit n\u00eb vitin 1929, i mb\u00ebshteti student\u00ebt dhe hoqi dor\u00eb nga katedra dhe vendi i profesorit n\u00eb universitet. At\u00ebher\u00eb e mbajti kolegjin legjendar me em\u00ebrtimin \u201c\u00c7\u2019\u00ebsht\u00eb filozofia?\u201d <\/em><\/strong>n\u00eb kinemat\u00eb dhe n\u00eb teatrot e Madridit. Interesimi ishte i jasht\u00ebzakonsh\u00ebm. Qytetar\u00ebt rendnin pas ligj\u00ebratave filozofike t\u00eb tij, kacafyteshin p\u00ebr bileta, gj\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kuriozitet historik i llojit t\u00eb vet. N\u00eb vitin 1931 e pranoi pozit\u00ebn e p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesit t\u00eb provinc\u00ebs Leon n\u00eb Kuvendin konstitutiv t\u00eb Republik\u00ebs s\u00eb Dyt\u00eb t\u00eb Spanj\u00ebs, por shpejt u d\u00ebshp\u00ebrua me politik\u00ebn dhe u largua.<\/p>\n

Me shp\u00ebrthimin e Luft\u00ebs civile, u larguar nga Spanja. Shkoi n\u00eb Paris dhe mbajti nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb ligj\u00ebratash t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb mbar\u00eb Evrop\u00ebn. U shoq\u00ebrua me intelektual\u00ebt m\u00eb n\u00eb z\u00eb t\u00eb koh\u00ebs. Ka mesi i vitit 1939 e vazhdoi emigrimin e vet n\u00eb Buenos-Aires n\u00eb Argjentin\u00eb, p\u00ebr t\u2019u kthyer n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1942. U vendos n\u00eb Lisbon\u00eb. M\u00eb 1948 u kthye n\u00eb Madrid ku e themeloi Institutin e Shkencave Humanitare<\/em> n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin ligj\u00ebroi edhe vet\u00eb. Vdiq n\u00eb Madrid n\u00eb vitin 1955 n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 72 vje\u00e7are. Epitafet ia shkruan mendimtar\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj t\u00eb asaj kohe, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe filozofi ekzistencialist gjerman Martin Hajdeger<\/strong> (Martin Heidegger, 1889-1976). Ka botuar nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh esesh, librash dhe traktatesh n\u00eb tem\u00eb nga metodat filozofike, nga sociologjia, historia etj. P\u00ebrpos \u201cRevolt\u00ebs s\u00eb turmave\u201d, <\/em>vepra t\u00eb tjera m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb tij jan\u00eb: \u00c7\u2019\u00ebsht\u00eb filozofia?, Meditime p\u00ebr Kishotin, Studime p\u00ebr dashurin\u00eb, Dehumanizimi i artit<\/em>, etj.<\/p>\n

Veprat e tij jan\u00eb t\u00ebrheq\u00ebse edhe p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb gjall\u00ebris\u00eb intelektuale, freskis\u00eb s\u00eb stilit, bukuris\u00eb s\u00eb shprehjes dhe ekzistimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb sistemi t\u00eb vlerave t\u00eb cilit gjithmon\u00eb i mbeti besnik.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Xhelal Zejneli Hoze Ortega y Gaset (Jose Ortega y Gasset) \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i njohuri filozof spanjoll i shekullit XX. Ka l\u00ebn\u00eb pas vetes nj\u00eb opus tejet interesant. Me shkrimet e veta ka prekur nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh temash q\u00eb e preokupojn\u00eb njeriun modern. ka lindur n\u00eb vitin 1883. I ka p\u00ebrjetuar t\u00eb gjitha ngjarjet e […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":62394,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,4,35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-62393","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-artikuj","category-histori","category-kulture"],"yoast_head":"\nPSIKOLOGJIA E TURM\u00cbS - FJALA e LIR\u00cb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/psikologjia-e-turmes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PSIKOLOGJIA E TURM\u00cbS - FJALA e LIR\u00cb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Xhelal Zejneli Hoze Ortega y Gaset (Jose Ortega y Gasset) \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i njohuri filozof spanjoll i shekullit XX. Ka l\u00ebn\u00eb pas vetes nj\u00eb opus tejet interesant. Me shkrimet e veta ka prekur nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh temash q\u00eb e preokupojn\u00eb njeriun modern. ka lindur n\u00eb vitin 1883. 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