{"id":64001,"date":"2021-02-04T07:59:32","date_gmt":"2021-02-04T06:59:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fjala.info\/?p=64001"},"modified":"2021-02-04T07:59:32","modified_gmt":"2021-02-04T06:59:32","slug":"anton-pavlovic-cehovi-drama-impresioniste","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/anton-pavlovic-cehovi-drama-impresioniste\/","title":{"rendered":"ANTON PAVLOVI\u00c7 \u00c7EHOVI \u2013 DRAMA IMPRESIONISTE"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Xhelal Xhelal Zejneli<\/strong><\/p>\n

Anton Pavlovi\u00e7 \u00c7ehovi<\/strong> \u00ebsht\u00eb novelist dhe dramaturg rus. Lindi n\u00eb Tanganrog, Rusi, m\u00eb 29 janar 1860. Vdiq n\u00eb Badenweiler t\u00eb Gjermanis\u00eb, m\u00eb 15 korrik 1904. Njihej me pseudonimin Antosha \u00c7ehonte. Me profesion ishte mjek dhe letrar. Nga llojet letrare q\u00eb i krijoi jan\u00eb dramat dhe tregimet e shkurtra. I p\u00ebrket periudh\u00ebs letrare t\u00eb modernizmit <\/strong>dhe t\u00eb realizmit<\/strong>. Veprat kryesore t\u00eb tij jan\u00eb dramat \u201cTri motrat\u201d, \u201cXhaxha Vanja\u201d, \u201cKopshti i vishnjave\u201d, \u201cPul\u00ebbardha\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Prind\u00ebr t\u00eb \u00c7ehovit jan\u00eb Pavel Jegorovi\u00e7 dhe Eugjenia Jakovlevna Morozova. Babi ishte tregtar. \u00c7ehovi ishte f\u00ebmija i tret\u00eb prej gjasht\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebve. N\u00eb periudh\u00ebn e viteve 1876-1879 \u00c7ehovi ndoqi shkoll\u00ebn fillore dhe at\u00eb t\u00eb mesme n\u00eb Tanganarog. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koh\u00eb, shpesh shkonte n\u00eb teat\u00ebr, botonte tekste dhe redaktonte gazet\u00ebn e shkoll\u00ebs. N\u00eb vitin 1876, babi i \u00c7ehovit bankroton dhe bashk\u00eb me familjen shp\u00ebrngulet n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb, por \u00c7ehovi mbetet n\u00eb Tanganrog. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb koh\u00eb \u00c7ehovi shkruan dram\u00ebn e par\u00eb t\u00eb vet \u201cPa baba\u201d<\/em>. Kjo dram\u00eb. sot e k\u00ebsaj dite nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb gjetur. N\u00eb vitin 1879 \u00c7ehovi e kryen shkoll\u00ebn e mesme dhe shkon n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb. N\u00eb Universitetin e Mosk\u00ebs regjistrohet n\u00eb Fakultetin e Mjek\u00ebsis\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1884 mori titullin e mjekut t\u00eb rrethit. P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb moskryerjes s\u00eb punimit t\u00eb diplom\u00ebs, kurr\u00eb s\u2019arriti ta marr\u00eb titullin e mjekut. N\u00eb vitet \u201970 t\u00eb shekullit XIX, filloi t\u00eb merret me let\u00ebrsi, por jo rregullisht. Shkruante humoreska t\u00eb shkurtra dhe parodi, pa ndonj\u00eb q\u00ebllim artistik serioz. Botonte me pseudonime. M\u00eb s\u00eb shpeshti me pseudonimin Antosha \u00c7ehonte. N\u00eb vitin 1890 udh\u00ebtoi p\u00ebr n\u00eb Sahalin. Nga ky udh\u00ebtim rezultoi libri publicistik \u201cIshulli Sahalin\u201d<\/em> (Ostrov Sahalin, <\/em>1893-94)<\/em>. K\u00ebtu arriti t\u00eb njoh\u00eb kushtet mjek\u00ebsore, ekonomike dhe shoq\u00ebrore t\u00eb veriu t\u00eb Rusis\u00eb. N\u00eb vitin 1898, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb tuberkulozit, u shp\u00ebrngul n\u00eb Jalt\u00eb. N\u00eb vitin 1901 u martua me aktoren e Teatrit t\u00eb Artit t\u00eb Mosk\u00ebs (MHT), Olga Knipper<\/strong>. N\u00eb vitin 1904 vajti p\u00ebr mjekim n\u00eb Gjermani, ku edhe vdiq.<\/p>\n

Ndon\u00ebse pohonte se mjek\u00ebsin\u00eb e ka grua, nd\u00ebrsa let\u00ebrsin\u00eb \u2013 dashnore dhe p\u00ebrkund\u00ebr faktit se jet\u00ebn profesionale t\u00eb vet m\u00eb shpesh ia kushtonte pik\u00ebrisht mjekimit, megjith\u00ebk\u00ebt\u00eb, n\u00eb mjek\u00ebsi mbeti i njohur m\u00eb tep\u00ebr si i s\u00ebmur\u00eb<\/em>, nd\u00ebrsa fam\u00eb bot\u00ebrore i solli teatri.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tregimet e para i botoi p\u00ebr t\u00eb mundur t\u00eb mbahet gjat\u00eb studimeve t\u00eb mjek\u00ebsis\u00eb. U shfaq n\u00eb let\u00ebrsi me humoreska t\u00eb shkurtra, me shprehje dhe karakterizime t\u00eb thuk\u00ebta (koncize). M\u00eb pas kaloi n\u00eb novela dhe n\u00eb tregime, ku humori i tij pik\u00ebllues, dal\u00ebngadal\u00eb u shnd\u00ebrrua n\u00eb rezignim dhe d\u00ebshp\u00ebrim. T\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn tematik\u00eb e p\u00ebrpunoi edhe n\u00eb drama, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat nuk ka as thurje tradicionale dhe as zgjidhje. Nuk ka as heronj t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb dhe as pasione t\u00eb forta. N\u00eb to, me elemente lirike \u00ebsht\u00eb theksuar sugjestioni i atmosfer\u00ebs n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn zhvillohet jeta e heronjve t\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tregimtari francez Gi d\u00eb Mopasan <\/strong>(Guy de Maupassant, 1850-1893) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb prej p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesve m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb natyralizmit evropian<\/strong>, n\u00ebn ndikimin e fuqish\u00ebm t\u00eb tregimtarit dhe romancierit francez, Gystav Flober <\/strong>(Gustav Flaubert, 1821-1880). Mopasani \u00ebsht\u00eb themelues dhe mjesht\u00ebr i novel\u00ebs natyraliste<\/em><\/strong>. Ka shkruar rreth 300 novela, gjasht\u00eb romane dhe\u00a0\u00a0 vepra t\u00eb tjera. Vdiq n\u00eb spitalin psikiatrik. Disa elemente t\u00eb s\u00ebmundjes s\u00eb tij (gjendje psikopatike t\u00eb frik\u00ebs) u manifestuan edhe n\u00eb veprat e fundit t\u00eb tij (\u201cFrika\u201d, \u201cHalucinacioni\u201d<\/em> etj. Esteti dhe shkrimtari italian Benedeto Kro\u00e7e <\/strong>(Benedetto Croce, 1866-1952) e quan Mopasanin poet i lindur, p\u00ebr arsye se, n\u00eb aspektin e prosedes\u00eb krijuese, l\u00eb n\u00eb vep\u00ebr nj\u00eb past\u00ebrti t\u00eb kulluar<\/em><\/strong>. Sipas Mopasanit, \u201carti \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb e zgjedhur dhe ekspresive\u201d<\/strong><\/em>. Benedeto Kro\u00e7e ishte nx\u00ebn\u00ebs i kritikut dhe historianit italian t\u00eb let\u00ebrsis\u00eb Fran\u00e7esko De Sanktis<\/strong> (Francesco De Sanctis, 1817-1883).<\/p>\n

Krahas Mopasanit<\/strong>, \u00c7ehovi konsiderohet novelisti m\u00eb i madh i realizmit evropian<\/em><\/strong>, nd\u00ebrsa me dramat e veta ka ushtruar dhe vazhdon t\u00eb ushtroj\u00eb ndikim t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm mbi teatrin evropian. N\u00eb fillim, \u00c7ehovi shkruante tregime vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfitime financiare, por me rritjen e ambicieve t\u00eb tij, ai solli risi formale q\u00eb ndikuan n\u00eb evolucionin e tregimit modern t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr.<\/p>\n

Gjat\u00eb studimeve, n\u00eb revistat studentore boton artikuj anonim\u00eb. Shpejt e zgjedh edhe pseudonimin Antosha \u00c7ehonte. Me k\u00ebt\u00eb pseudonim shkruan n\u00eb revistat Peterburgajska gazeta, Nova vremja, Oskolki <\/em>dhe Ruskaja mysl<\/em>. N\u00eb vitet 188 dhe 1887, shkruan me pseudonimet Mjeku q\u00eb i ka humbur pacient\u00ebt e vet, V\u00ebllai i v\u00ebllait tim, Njeriu pa…<\/em> etj.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1881 \u00c7ehovi shkruan dram\u00ebn e cila m\u00eb von\u00eb do t\u00eb njihet me titullin \u201cPlatonov\u201d<\/em>. Kjo dram\u00eb do t\u00eb shfaqet n\u00eb vitin 1923, gati nj\u00ebzet vjet pas vdekjes s\u00eb autorit. \u00c7ehovi studioi mjek\u00ebsin\u00eb dhe ishte mjek i rrethit. Titullin e mjekut nuk e mori p\u00ebr arse se nuk e kreu punimin e diplom\u00ebs. Pun\u00ebn praktike e fillon n\u00eb \u00c7ekin. Po at\u00eb vit boton p\u00ebrmbledhjen me tregime \u201cP\u00ebrralla t\u00eb Melpomen\u00ebs\u201d<\/em>. N\u00eb dhjetor 1881 i shfaqen simptomat e tuberkulozit<\/em><\/strong>. N\u00eb vitin 1884 e shkruan dram\u00ebn me nj\u00eb akt \u201cN\u00eb rrug\u00ebn kryesore\u201d<\/em>. Veprimi i k\u00ebsaj pjese zhvillohet n\u00eb tavern\u00ebn q\u00eb ndodhet n\u00eb rrug\u00ebn kryesore. Teksti u ndalua nga censura dhe u vler\u00ebsua si i pap\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u2019u shfaqur. P\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb u botua n\u00eb vitin 1914, me rastin e 10-vjetorit t\u00eb vdekjes s\u00eb \u00c7ehovit. Nj\u00eb vit m\u00eb von\u00eb, \u00c7ehovi udh\u00ebtoi p\u00ebr n\u00eb San-Pet\u00ebrburg. K\u00ebtu njihet me botuesin Aleksej Suvorin dhe me piktorin Isak Levitan.<\/p>\n

Midis tyre lind nj\u00eb miq\u00ebsi e af\u00ebrt. Shpejt pas njoftimit, fillon t\u00eb shkruaj\u00eb dhe t\u00eb botoj\u00eb tekste n\u00eb gazet\u00ebn e Suvorinit Novo vrijeme<\/em> (Koha e Re)<\/em>. N\u00eb prill t\u00eb vitit 1890, \u00c7ehovi niset n\u00eb udh\u00ebtim p\u00ebr n\u00eb Siberi dhe arrin n\u00eb ishullin Sahalin. Duke qen\u00eb mjek, k\u00ebtu hulumton jet\u00ebn n\u00eb kampet e nd\u00ebshkimit. Pas k\u00ebsaj, lundron n\u00ebp\u00ebr Paq\u00ebsor dhe n\u00ebp\u00ebr Oqeanin Indian. Ky udh\u00ebtim zgjati deri n\u00eb tetor t\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtit vit. Udh\u00ebtimet n\u00eb jet\u00ebn e \u00c7ehovit kan\u00eb qen\u00eb konstante, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1891 niset p\u00ebr n\u00eb Evrop\u00ebn Per\u00ebndimore. Po k\u00ebt\u00eb vit, i botohet novela \u201cDyluftimi\u201d<\/em> dhe \u201cGruaja nga fshati\u201d<\/em>. Blen nj\u00eb pron\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl n\u00eb Melihov\u00eb t\u00eb rrethit t\u00eb Serpuhovskit ku shp\u00ebrngulet me familjen.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitet 1892-1893 p\u00ebrhapet epidemia e koler\u00ebs<\/em><\/strong>. Si nj\u00eb prej personave kryesor\u00eb t\u00eb komisionit sanitar t\u00eb krahin\u00ebs, \u00c7ehovi i mjekon falas fshatar\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb varf\u00ebr dhe lufton kund\u00ebr uris\u00eb. Boton nj\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb tregime, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb edhe tregimet \u201cGruaja ime\u201d, \u201cKarkaleci\u201d<\/em>. Boton edhe pjes\u00ebn me nj\u00eb akt \u201cJubileu\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1893 e fillon nj\u00eb aventur\u00eb dashurie me Lika Mizinova, me t\u00eb cil\u00ebn nuk do t\u00eb kuror\u00ebzohet. Ajo do t\u2019i sh\u00ebrbej\u00eb si inspirim p\u00ebr personazhin e Nin\u00ebs n\u00eb dram\u00ebn \u201cPul\u00ebbardha\u201d<\/em>. Shkruan vepr\u00ebn \u201cIshulli Sahalin\u201d<\/em>. I botohen tekstet \u201cTregim anonim\u201d<\/em> dhe \u201cVologja i madh dhe Vologja i vog\u00ebl\u201d<\/em>. N\u00eb vitin 1894 gjendja sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore i p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsohet, ndaj udh\u00ebton p\u00ebr n\u00eb Itali dhe n\u00eb Paris. Boton veprat \u201cStudenti\u201d, \u201cM\u00ebsuesi i let\u00ebrsis\u00eb\u201d, \u201cMurgu i zi\u201d <\/em>dhe \u201cN\u00eb verim\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1897, aktori, regjisori dhe teatrologu rus Konstantin Sergejevi\u00e7 Stanislavski<\/strong> (1863-1938) dhe regjisori rus dhe sovjetik, shkrimtari, pedagogu, dramaturgu, producenti e drejtuesi i teatrit Vladimir Nemirovi\u00e7 Dan\u00e7enko<\/strong> (Ozurgeti, Gjeorgji, 1858 \u2013 Mosk\u00eb, 1943) themeluan Teatrin e Artit n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb (Moskovskij huduzhestvennyj teatar \u2013 MHT). Ky teat\u00ebr\u00a0\u00a0 do t\u00eb ket\u00eb ndikim t\u00eb madh n\u00eb pun\u00ebn e m\u00ebtejme t\u00eb \u00c7ehovin. \u00c7ehovit i vdes babai, nd\u00ebrsa vet\u00eb ai, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb sulmit t\u00eb par\u00eb akut t\u00eb tuberkulozit t\u00eb mushk\u00ebrive, shtrihet n\u00eb spital. N\u00eb shtator niset p\u00ebr mjekim p\u00ebr n\u00eb Franc\u00eb. I botohen dramat \u201cXhaxha Vanja\u201d, \u201cIvanovi\u201d, \u201cPul\u00ebbardha\u201d<\/em> dhe pjes\u00ebt me nj\u00eb akt dhe tregimet \u201cFshatar\u00ebt\u201d, \u201cN\u00eb sht\u00ebpi\u201d, \u201cNjeri pa asnj\u00eb m\u00ebrzi\u201d (<\/em>\u0427\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438)<\/em>. <\/em>N\u00eb maj t\u00eb vitit 1898, \u00c7ehovi kthehet nga bota e jashtme. Nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar jeton n\u00eb Jalt\u00eb. K\u00ebtu p\u00ebrjeton sulmin e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb tuberkulozit.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb gjitha t\u00eb drejtat autoriale t\u00eb pun\u00ebs s\u00eb vet, \u00c7ehovi ia shet p\u00ebr 75.000 rubla botuesit A. F. Marks. Vlera e sotme e k\u00ebsaj shume do t\u00eb ishte rreth 80.000 dollar\u00eb. Tani fillon t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatis\u00eb p\u00ebr shtyp veprat e p\u00ebrmbledhura t\u00eb veta. Po k\u00ebt\u00eb vit, p\u00ebr pun\u00ebn n\u00eb arsim, iu dha \u201cUrdhri i Sh\u00ebn Stanislavit\u201d. <\/em>Shkruan dhe boton tekstet \u201cMe sh\u00ebrbim\u201d, \u201cZonja me qenin e vog\u00ebl\u201d <\/em>etj. <\/em>N\u00eb at\u00eb ver\u00eb, e shet pron\u00ebn n\u00eb Melihov\u00eb dhe nd\u00ebrton sht\u00ebpi n\u00eb Jalt\u00eb.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb 25 maj 1901 \u00c7ehovi u martua me aktoren Olga Leonardovna Knipper <\/strong>(1868-1959), e cila e luajti Mash\u00ebn te \u201cTri motrat\u201d. <\/em>N\u00eb vitin 1902 \u00c7ehovi boton \u201cPeshkopi\u201d<\/em>. Veprat e p\u00ebrmbledhura i botohen n\u00eb nj\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb v\u00ebllime. N\u00eb vitin 1903, krijuesi artistik boton tregimin e tij t\u00eb fundit \u201cFejesa\u201d<\/em>. Del botimi i dyt\u00eb i veprave t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhura n\u00eb gjasht\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb v\u00ebllime. N\u00eb qershor, censor\u00ebt e ndalojn\u00eb shfaqjen e dramave t\u00eb \u00c7ehovit n\u00eb teatrot me buxhet t\u00eb vog\u00ebl p\u00ebr klas\u00ebn pun\u00ebtore, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb shtator e p\u00ebrfundon dram\u00ebn \u201cKopshti i vishnjave\u201d <\/em>dhe nis t\u00eb shkoj\u00eb n\u00eb prova n\u00eb MHT (Teatri i Artit n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb). Pas k\u00ebsaj, \u00c7ehovit i p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsohet gjendja sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore. N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb qershorit t\u00eb viti 1904, \u00c7ehovi me gruan e vet Olga Knipper, niset p\u00ebr mjekim n\u00eb Gjermani. Vdes m\u00eb 15 korrik t\u00eb atij viti n\u00eb Badenweiler. U varros m\u00eb 22 korrik 1904 n\u00eb varrezat Novo-devi\u00e7i n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 * \u00a0\u00a0*<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7ehovin e quajn\u00eb nism\u00ebtar t\u00eb realizmit psikologjik<\/strong>. N\u00eb dramat e tij nuk kemi konflikt dramatik tipik. \u00c7do gj\u00eb q\u00eb ndodh n\u00eb dram\u00eb rezulton prej gjendjeve psikologjike, prej ndjenjave dhe konflikteve t\u00eb brendshme t\u00eb personazheve. N\u00eb dramat e veta, \u00c7ehovi ngul k\u00ebmb\u00eb po ashtu p\u00ebr rrjedhjen e koh\u00ebs, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb prej mekanizmave t\u00eb ngjarjes n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ndodhin ndryshime. N\u00eb dramat e \u00c7ehovit, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb tejet t\u00eb detajuar jan\u00eb sh\u00ebnuar didaskalit\u00eb* <\/em>dhe jan\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar vendet e veprimit, gj\u00eb q\u00eb kontribuon p\u00ebr t\u2019i kuptuar personazhet dhe gjendjet psikologjike t\u00eb tyre. Dramat e \u00c7ehovit ende jan\u00eb tejet t\u00eb popullarizuara n\u00eb repertor\u00ebt e shum\u00eb teatrove. N\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb tyre jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb edhe p\u00ebrshtatje filmash. Deri m\u00eb sot, n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb veprave t\u00eb tij, jan\u00eb xhiruar 285 filma.<\/p>\n

Sh\u00ebnim<\/strong>: Didaskalie jan\u00eb udh\u00ebzime, k\u00ebshilla, sh\u00ebnime. Bashk\u00eb me tekstin q\u00eb e flasin personazhet e dram\u00ebs, shum\u00eb autor\u00eb dramash, n\u00eb kllapa apo n\u00eb sh\u00ebnime e p\u00ebrshkruajn\u00eb sken\u00ebn, rrethin, mjedisin dhe sjelljen apo veprimin e personazheve n\u00eb situata t\u00eb caktuara. Her\u00eb-her\u00eb u japin edhe k\u00ebshilla aktor\u00ebve sesi duhet t\u00eb sillen n\u00eb sken\u00eb.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0N\u00eb vitin 1994, u p\u00ebrshtat p\u00ebr film dhe u shfaq n\u00eb Nju-Jork drama \u201cXhaxha Vanja\u201d<\/em> n\u00eb regji t\u00eb regjisorit, skenaristit dhe producentit francez Lui\u00a0 Mal<\/strong> (Louis Malle, 1932-1995). N\u00eb vitin 1968 u p\u00ebrshtat p\u00ebr film drama \u201cPul\u00ebbardha\u201d<\/em> n\u00eb regji t\u00eb regjisorit, producentit dhe skenaristit amerikan Sidni Lumet <\/strong>\u00a0(Sidney Arthur Lumet, 1924-2011). N\u00eb vitin 1970 u p\u00ebrshtat p\u00ebr film drama \u201cTri motrat\u201d<\/em> n\u00eb regji t\u00eb aktorit dhe regjisorit anglez Lorens Olivie<\/strong> (Laurence Olivier, 1907-1989). N\u00eb vitin 1996 \u201cXhaxha Vanja\u201d<\/em> me titullin \u201cAugust\u201d, <\/em>u realizua si film n\u00eb regji t\u00eb aktorit, kompozitorit, regjisorit dhe producentit nga Uellsi (Welsh), Antoni Hopkins <\/strong>(Anthony Hopkins, 1937- ).<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Krijimtaria <\/strong>\u2013 Veprimtarin\u00eb letrare, \u00c7ehovi e filloi me humoreskat e shkurtra<\/em>, si p. sh. \u201cTregime laramane\u201d<\/em>, 1886. Pasojn\u00eb novelat \u201cNjeriu n\u00eb k\u00ebll\u00ebf\u201d, \u201cP\u00ebr dashurin\u00eb\u201d<\/em> etj.\u00a0 <\/em>N\u00eb to pasqyron personazhet e humbura dhe t\u00eb tjet\u00ebrsuara<\/em><\/strong>. N\u00eb novelat e veta, \u00c7ehovi nuk sjell ngjarje, ndodhi, personazhe t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb shquara t\u00eb cil\u00ebt paraqiten n\u00eb shoq\u00ebri z\u00ebsh\u00ebm dhe zhurmsh\u00ebm. Fabulat jan\u00eb m\u00eb se t\u00eb zakonshme dhe ato fare nuk jan\u00eb pik\u00ebsynim, p\u00ebr arsye se \u00c7ehovi synon t\u00eb shkaktoj\u00eb p\u00ebrshtypje, disponime, atmosfer\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>. Te personazhet ai krijon disponime n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat ata plot\u00ebsisht vijn\u00eb n\u00eb shprehje. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, \u00c7ehovi gjithmon\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i thukt\u00eb apo konciz, lakonik n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e vet, duke i p\u00ebrdorur me t\u00eb madhe peizazhet dhe digresionet lirike.<\/p>\n

Veprat e hershme t\u00eb \u00c7ehovit, t\u00eb botuara n\u00eb revista humoriste t\u00eb ndryshme, jan\u00eb laike dhe kan\u00eb form\u00eb anekdotash. Por \u00e7ehobi shum\u00eb her\u00ebt e p\u00ebrvet\u00ebsoi tem\u00ebn e dob\u00ebsis\u00eb njer\u00ebzore dhe t\u00eb izolimit<\/em><\/strong> dhe kjo mbeti dominuese n\u00eb krijimtarin\u00eb e tij (\u201cRast nga p\u00ebrvoja\u201d \u2013 <\/em>Slu\u010daj iz praktiki<\/em>, <\/em>1898)<\/em>; \u201e<\/em>Zonja me qenin e vog\u00ebl\u201d (<\/em>Dama s soba\u010dkoj, <\/em>1899)<\/em>; \u201ePeshkopi\u201c \u2013 (Arhijerej, <\/em>1902); \u201eNusja\u201c (Nevesta, <\/em>1903)<\/em>. N\u00eb mesin e personazheve t\u00eb paraqitura n\u00eb form\u00eb skicash n\u00eb skenat nga jeta e p\u00ebrditshme, ndodhen edhe arketipat socio-psikologjike<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>si p\u00ebr shembull \u201ckameleon\u00ebt\u201d \u2013 heronjt\u00eb dyfytyr\u00ebsh, mendjeleht\u00eb si\u00e7 jan\u00eb ata t\u00eb tregimtarit rus Mihail Jevgrafovi\u00e7 Saltikov-Sh\u00e7edrin <\/strong>(1826-1889) dhe \u201cprishibejev\u00ebt\u201d \u2013 personazh si personifikim i profesionit t\u00eb vet.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb aspektin programor, \u00c7ehovi i p\u00ebrmbahej aforizmit \u201cshkurt\u00ebsia \u00ebsht\u00eb mot\u00ebr e talentit\u201d<\/em><\/strong>. Ai shkruan me nj\u00eb stil konciz dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajtur, duke e privuar veprimin nga ekspozicioni humoresk dhe duke e p\u00ebrqendruar n\u00eb nj\u00eb moment ky\u00e7 q\u00eb e zbulon thelbin e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb heroit dhe problematik\u00ebn themelore t\u00eb vepr\u00ebs. Duke rendur pas nj\u00eb bote m\u00eb t\u00eb poetizuar dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb bukur dhe duke u shmangur nga ajo q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdhese, e pakuptimt\u00eb dhe triviale, n\u00eb periudh\u00ebn e hershme \u00c7ehovi shkruan tregime paksa melodramatike, n\u00eb qend\u00ebr t\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebve jan\u00eb personazhe pozitive, shpeshher\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrvuajtur.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb viteve \u201980 t\u00eb shekullit XX, \u00c7ehovi largohet nga perspektiva satirike, nd\u00ebrsa heronjt\u00eb e vet fillon t\u2019i shoh\u00eb \u201cnga brenda\u201d, duke e thelluar begatin\u00eb e mendimeve dhe t\u00eb ndjenjave t\u00eb tyre. Tani i krijon edhe t\u00eb parat vepra dramatike m\u00eb serioze, \u201cIvanovin\u201d<\/em> (1887), dram\u00eb p\u00ebr \u201cnjeriun e tep\u00ebrt\u201d<\/em><\/strong>, \u201cShpirtin e pyllit\u201d (Le\u0161ij, <\/em>1888)<\/em>, pjes\u00eb kjo e pasuksesshme e cila m\u00eb von\u00eb i sh\u00ebrbeu si baz\u00eb p\u00ebr \u201cXhaxha Vanj\u00ebn\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Shkrimet p\u00ebr revistat humoristike i nd\u00ebrpret me botimin e tregimit \u201cStepa\u201d (Step, <\/em>1888)<\/em>, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn, fabul\u00ebn klasike e z\u00ebvend\u00ebson me pasqyrimin impresionist<\/em><\/strong> t\u00eb step\u00ebs \u201cs\u00eb gjall\u00ebruar\u201d, t\u00eb dinamizuar, peizazhet e s\u00eb cil\u00ebs m\u00eb tep\u00ebr ndodhen n\u00eb aluzione dhe mbresa sesa n\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrime.<\/p>\n

Absurditetin, munges\u00ebn e ndonj\u00eb q\u00ebllimi dhe teprin\u00eb e ekzistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre, personazhet e \u00c7ehovit e kompensojn\u00eb me parandjenja t\u00eb paqarta dhe me p\u00ebrfytyrime poetike p\u00ebr nj\u00eb jet\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb bukur q\u00eb u duket m\u00eb reale se ekzistenca e tyre, pavar\u00ebsisht n\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar ajo, me tipare tragjike apo komike.<\/p>\n

Duke hequr dor\u00eb nga krijimi i nj\u00eb fabule t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuar, raportet e heronjve t\u00eb vet \u00c7ehovi i p\u00ebrshkruan n\u00eb detaje dhe imt\u00ebsi, por, pik\u00ebrisht k\u00ebto imt\u00ebsi q\u00eb duken si t\u00eb par\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, jan\u00eb shenja ky\u00e7e t\u00eb vetive dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrsiatjeve t\u00eb brendshme. Nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb tregimesh \u201cproblemore\u201d merren me \u00e7\u00ebshtje shoq\u00ebrore dhe psikologjike bashk\u00ebkohore, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb pamund\u00ebsia e dashuris\u00eb s\u00eb p\u00ebrhershme midis mashkullit dhe femr\u00ebs, pasiviteti i intelektual\u00ebve, q\u00ebndrimi ndaj paras\u00eb, seksualiteti dhe morali <\/em><\/strong>etj. Por, p\u00ebrmbajtja abstrakte gjithmon\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e zhytur thell\u00eb n\u00eb realen.<\/p>\n

Poetik\u00ebn e pasqyrimit t\u00eb mendimeve dhe t\u00eb ndjenjave thelb\u00ebsore n\u00eb t\u00eb folurit e heronjve, n\u00eb nd\u00ebrprerjen e t\u00eb folurit dhe n\u00eb fjalit\u00eb e pap\u00ebrfunduara, n\u00eb dukje – t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme, \u00c7ehovi e ka zhvilluar deri n\u00eb p\u00ebrsosm\u00ebri n\u00eb kat\u00ebr dramat e tij: te \u201cPul\u00ebbardha\u201d<\/em><\/strong> (\u010cajka, <\/em>1896), simboli i titullit t\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs flet p\u00ebr nj\u00eb bukuri, t\u00eb p\u00ebrdhosur mizorisht dhe n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb pakuptimt\u00eb, por edhe p\u00ebr eg\u00ebrsin\u00eb ndaj jet\u00ebs s\u00eb njeriut n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi; te \u201cXhaxha Vanja\u201d <\/em><\/strong>(Djadja Vanja, <\/em>1897)<\/em> \u2013 dram\u00eb p\u00ebr d\u00ebshtimin e fateve njer\u00ebzore<\/em>; <\/strong>te \u201cTri motrat\u201d <\/em><\/strong>(Tri sestry, <\/em>1901)<\/em> \u2013 dram\u00eb q\u00eb flet p\u00ebr pamund\u00ebsin\u00eb e ndryshimeve n\u00eb jet\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>; <\/em>te \u201cKopshti i vishnjave\u201d<\/em><\/strong> (Vi\u0161nevy sad, <\/em>1904)<\/em>, dram\u00eb p\u00ebr vdekjen e vlerave t\u00eb vjetra dhe p\u00ebr ardhjen e plog\u00ebt, por t\u00eb pandalshme t\u00eb vlerave t\u00eb reja<\/em><\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>Duke trajtuar tem\u00ebn se komunikimi dhe marr\u00ebveshja midis njer\u00ebzve \u00ebsht\u00eb e pamundur, dialog\u00ebt e dram\u00ebs e marrin form\u00ebn e monolog\u00ebve paralel\u00eb tipik\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebt heronjt\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr e ndjekin rrjedh\u00ebn e mendimeve, t\u00eb ndjenjave dhe t\u00eb asociacioneve t\u00eb veta, sesa u replikojn\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve. Fjalit\u00eb eliptike<\/em><\/strong> ndryshohen me rrebeshet e koh\u00ebpaskohshme t\u00eb fjal\u00ebve, t\u00eb ngjeshura me emocione, nd\u00ebrsa heshtja dhe mendimet e pap\u00ebrfunduara jan\u00eb shoq\u00ebrues t\u00eb p\u00ebrhersh\u00ebm t\u00eb bisedave.<\/p>\n

Fjala \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr dramat e d\u00ebshir\u00ebs s\u00eb zjarrt\u00eb p\u00ebr at\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb arrihet<\/em><\/strong>.<\/em> Nevoja e heronjve p\u00ebr ndryshime rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsore, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb shp\u00ebrpjes\u00ebtimit midis t\u00eb vizionit p\u00ebr nj\u00eb jete m\u00eb t\u00eb bukur dhe m\u00eb kuptimplot\u00eb si dhe mosaktivitetit kronik dhe ngarkimit emocional, gjithmon\u00eb mbetet e parealizuar. Por, edhe kur ndodh ndonj\u00eb ndryshim, zakonisht shfaqet nj\u00eb situat\u00eb edhe m\u00eb tragjike.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb dramat e veta, \u00c7ehovi sistematikisht u \u00ebsht\u00eb shmangur teatralitetit klasik dhe skenave t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, saq\u00eb ngjarje kryesore t\u00eb caktuara kan\u00eb mundur t\u00eb zhvillohen edhe jasht\u00eb sken\u00ebs. Dramatizmi i ndodhive dhe efikasiteti skenik jan\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuar me ndri\u00e7imin e emocionalitetit dhe t\u00eb intimes, t\u00eb detajeve plot dometh\u00ebnie t\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb p\u00ebrditshme, me p\u00ebrjetim dhe me p\u00ebrsiatje t\u00eb thell\u00eb. P\u00ebrkund\u00ebr veprimit, n\u00eb dukje t\u00eb varf\u00ebr dhe mendimeve sistematikisht t\u00eb pap\u00ebrfunduara, kur \u00ebsht\u00eb fjala p\u00ebr raportet midis personazheve dhe rrjedh\u00ebs s\u00eb jet\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre, n\u00eb dramat e \u00c7ehovit mund t\u00eb ndodhin ndryshime rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsore.<\/p>\n

Konstantin Sergejevi\u00e7 Stanislavski, regjisori i shfaqjeve m\u00eb t\u00eb suksesshme t\u00eb dramave t\u00eb \u00c7ehovit, k\u00ebt\u00eb efekt e ka quajtur \u201cshok n\u00ebnujor\u201d<\/em><\/strong>. N\u00eb t\u00eb tilla drama lirike, kan\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi v\u00ebrejtjet e shpeshta jotipike t\u00eb autorit, efektet zanore dhe muzika, parimet e t\u00eb cilave p\u00ebrcillen edhe n\u00eb organizimin e fragmenteve t\u00eb dialog\u00ebve. Kan\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi sidomos simbolet t\u00eb cil\u00ebt, prej dukurive t\u00eb p\u00ebrditshme dhe q\u00eb nuk bien n\u00eb sy, shnd\u00ebrrohen n\u00eb nd\u00ebrprer\u00ebs t\u00eb veprimit dhe t\u00eb dometh\u00ebnies s\u00eb dram\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Edhe te dramat \u201cPul\u00ebbardha\u201d <\/em>(1896), \u201cXhaxha Vanja\u201d <\/em>(1897), \u201cTri motrat\u201d<\/em> (1900), \u201cKopshti i vishnjave\u201d<\/em> (1903) \u00c7ehovi nuk krijon thurje t\u00eb m\u00ebdha dramatike, por kryek\u00ebput synon t\u00eb krijoj\u00eb disponime skenike dhe ngjarje t\u00eb pakapshme n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat personazhet shfaqen si njer\u00ebz t\u00eb gjall\u00eb dhe t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pik\u00ebpamje, \u00c7ehovi \u00ebsht\u00eb mjesht\u00ebr i madh dhe me plot\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00eb e kan\u00eb quajtur themelues t\u00eb<\/strong> dram\u00ebs<\/strong> impresioniste ruse<\/strong>. Dramat e tij merren edhe si shembuj t\u00eb t\u00eb ashtuquajtur\u00ebs dram\u00eb lirike<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

Impresionizmi <\/strong>\u2013 (lat. impressio<\/em>, fr\u00ebngjisht\u00a0 impression<\/em> \u2013 p\u00ebrshtypje, mbres\u00eb) \u00ebsht\u00eb term q\u00eb lindi s\u00eb pari n\u00eb artet figurative<\/em>. N\u00eb let\u00ebrsi<\/em>, impresionizmi shfaqet n\u00eb kap\u00ebrcyell t\u00eb dy shekujve, rreth viti 1890, deri n\u00eb vitin 1910, si nj\u00eb metod\u00eb e pasqyrimit t\u00eb realitetit pa b\u00ebr\u00eb diskriminim midis \u201ce bukur – e sh\u00ebmtuar\u201d. Poeti, me proseden\u00eb e vrojtimit municioz, d.m.th. t\u00eb holl\u00ebsish\u00ebm, e paraqet jet\u00ebn n\u00eb detajet e zgjedhura t\u00eb saj, me pjes\u00ebmarrje t\u00eb theksuar ndjenjash, sikur \u00ebsht\u00eb fjala p\u00ebr p\u00ebrshtypjet, p\u00ebr mbresat (impresionet) t\u00eb cilat poeti i radhit nj\u00ebr\u00ebn pas tjetr\u00ebs. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, kemi t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb me nj\u00eb prosede metodike t\u00eb re dhe me nj\u00eb koncept krijues t\u00eb ri.<\/p>\n

\u00cbsht\u00eb i theksuar sidomos individualizmi<\/strong>, p\u00ebr arsye se vet\u00ebm sipas ndjeshm\u00ebris\u00eb personale, individuale zgjidhen motivet e jashtme dhe tregohen vetit\u00eb karakteristike t\u00eb objektit t\u00eb v\u00ebzhguar. P\u00ebr impresionist\u00ebt, realiteti i drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb dhe i p\u00ebrditsh\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i af\u00ebrt dhe m\u00eb interesant. Por ata, realitetin dhe jet\u00ebn nuk e ilustrojn\u00eb me ndihm\u00ebn e dokumentacionit apo t\u00eb s\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebs objektive dhe shkencore, pavar\u00ebsisht nga fakti n\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e sh\u00ebmtuar apo e bukur, e mir\u00eb apo e keqe, q\u00eb ka qen\u00eb synim i natyralist\u00ebve<\/strong>. Impresionist\u00ebt zbulojn\u00eb n\u00eb to t\u00eb bukur\u00ebn<\/em>, deri at\u00ebher\u00eb t\u00eb panjohur. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, impresionizmi<\/strong> e krijoi kriterin e vet t\u00eb zgjedhjes s\u00eb motiveve. Nd\u00ebrtoi edhe q\u00ebndrim t\u00eb ri ndaj bot\u00ebs p\u00ebrreth, nj\u00ebsoj si simbolizmi<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Impresionizmi<\/strong>, si art i mbres\u00ebs, i p\u00ebrshtypjes, i zhvilloi reaksionet psikologjike n\u00eb t\u00eb vrojtuar, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb shprehjen gjuh\u00ebsore, zhvilloi diferencimin e holl\u00ebsish\u00ebm t\u00eb nuancave dhe t\u00eb gjysm\u00ebtoneve si dhe hijezimin e figurave t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta. Kultivon figuracionin zanor<\/em> dhe sinestezin\u00eb<\/em>. Marr\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, gjuha poetike b\u00ebhet tejet e gjall\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Impresionizmi <\/strong>ka dh\u00ebn\u00eb arritje t\u00eb bukura n\u00eb poezin\u00eb lirike<\/em>, n\u00eb proz\u00ebn e shkurt\u00ebr<\/em>, n\u00eb disa romane<\/em>, por konceptet teorike t\u00eb tij u manifestuan n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb plot\u00eb ese<\/em>, pastaj n\u00eb kritik\u00eb<\/em> (kritika impresioniste)<\/em> <\/strong>dhe n\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb drame<\/em>, n\u00eb t\u00eb ashtuquajtur\u00ebn dram\u00eb lirike<\/em><\/strong>, me \u00c7ehovin<\/strong> si p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues tipik, me veprat \u201cPul\u00ebbardha\u201d<\/em>, \u201cXhaxha Vanja\u201d, \u201cTri motrat\u201d<\/em>. K\u00ebto forma kan\u00eb qen\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme p\u00ebr realizimin e q\u00ebllimit kryesor t\u00eb impresionizmit: ngjarjet, disponimet dhe atmosfera e ndonj\u00eb mjedisi.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cIvanovi\u201d <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 N\u00eb shtator t\u00eb viti 1887, nd\u00ebrmarr\u00ebsi teatror F. A. Korsh i porositi \u00c7ehovit nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb teatrore p\u00ebr stin\u00ebn teatrore t\u00eb sapofilluar. \u00c7ehovi izolohet nja dhjet\u00eb dit\u00eb dhe n\u00ebn ethe krijuese e shkruan dram\u00ebn me kat\u00ebr akte \u201cIvanovi\u201d<\/em>. Personazh kryesor \u00ebsht\u00eb 35-vje\u00e7ari Nikolaj Ivanovi, pronar i pushimores verore. P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb problemeve t\u00eb ndryshme jet\u00ebsore, ai \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb depresion. Gruaja e tij Ana Petrovna, e lindur si Sara Abramson, \u00ebsht\u00eb hebre, e cila, p\u00ebr hir t\u00eb martes\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb konvertuar n\u00eb fe ortodokse. Si pasoj\u00eb, e ka humbur prik\u00ebn, pasurin\u00eb q\u00eb i ka takuar. Ana vdes prej tuberkulozit.<\/p>\n

E vetmja q\u00eb mund t\u2019i ndihmonte ishte pushimi n\u00eb gadishullin e Krimes\u00eb. Por, Ivanovi nuk mund t\u2019ia mund\u00ebsoj\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb ngase i debiton para Zinaida Savishnit. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, Ivanovi nuk e do gruan e vet q\u00eb po vdes, nd\u00ebrsa i vetmi motiv p\u00ebr t\u2019u martuar me t\u00eb ishte prika e madhe e An\u00ebs, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ajo, me t\u2019u konvertuar n\u00eb ortodokse, e humbi. Tani kur gruaja e vet \u00ebsht\u00eb para vdekjes, ai dashurohet te Sasha – bij e Lebdjevit dhe Zinaid\u00ebs. N\u00eb versionin e par\u00eb t\u00eb tekstit, Ivanovi vdes nga vdekja natyrore, qet\u00eb dhe pa r\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb sy. M\u00eb von\u00eb, \u00c7ehovi e ndryshoi epilogun, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb n\u00eb fund t\u00eb aktit t\u00eb kat\u00ebrt, Ivanovi vret veten me revole.<\/p>\n

Premiera e drama u shfaq m\u00eb 19 n\u00ebntor 1887 n\u00eb Teatrin Rus t\u00eb Dram\u00ebs t\u00eb F. A. Korshit n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb. provat e shfaqjes zgjat\u00ebn dhjet\u00eb dit\u00eb. \u00c7ehovi ishte i pranish\u00ebm n\u00eb \u00e7do prov\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa me aktrimin e aktor\u00ebve ishte tejet i pak\u00ebnaqur. Nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e publikut e priti shfaqjen me entuziaz\u00ebm dhe me duartrokitje t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, nd\u00ebrsa pjesa tjet\u00ebr e publikut f\u00ebrsh\u00eblleu zhurmsh\u00ebm. Pas premier\u00ebs, u shfaq\u00ebn vet\u00ebm edhe dy repriza. \u00c7ehovi te \u201cIvanovi\u201d<\/em> punoi ende, e ndryshoi fundin dhe pas dy vjet\u00ebve, m\u00eb 31 janar 1889, n\u00eb regji t\u00eb Fjodor Jurkovskit, drama u shfaq n\u00eb Teatrin e Aleksandrit n\u00eb San-Pet\u00ebrburg. Kjo shfaqje ishte tejet e suksesshme, saq\u00eb bashk\u00eb me aktor\u00ebt, p\u00ebr ta p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndetur publikun, doli n\u00eb sken\u00eb edhe vet\u00eb \u00c7ehovi. Pas shfaqjeve t\u00eb tjera, \u00c7ehovit i vinin urime t\u00eb shumta.<\/p>\n

Vitin n\u00eb vijim, \u00c7ehovit i botohet tregimi i par\u00eb serioz i gjat\u00eb \u201cStepa\u201d<\/em> dhe shfaqen me sukses pjes\u00ebt me nj\u00eb akt \u201cAriu\u201d<\/em> dhe \u201cMsitnia\u201d.<\/em> Nd\u00ebrkaq tregimi i shkurt\u00ebr \u201cN\u00eb muzg\u201d<\/em> e fiton\u00a0 \u00e7mimin \u201cPushkin\u201d<\/em> t\u00eb Akademis\u00eb s\u00eb Shkencave.<\/p>\n

\u201eXhaxha Vanja\u201c<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 N\u00eb tetor t\u00eb vitit 1889, \u00c7ehovi e p\u00ebrfundon dram\u00ebn \u201cShpirt pylli\u201d (Le\u0161ij)<\/em>. Drama shfaqet n\u00eb dhjetor, por nuk pritet mir\u00eb nga kritika. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viti vijues, \u00c7ehovi e shnd\u00ebrron n\u00eb \u201cXhaxha Vanja\u201d<\/em>, dram\u00eb kjo q\u00eb do t\u00eb botohet n\u00eb vitin 1897. Ngjarja e \u201cXhaxha Vanj\u00ebs\u201d<\/em> zhvillohet n\u00eb fshatin rus. N\u00eb pushimoren verore ndodhen kat\u00ebr personazhe, pa kurrfar\u00eb q\u00ebllimi n\u00eb jet\u00eb dhe pa shpresa p\u00ebr ndryshime<\/em><\/strong>. <\/em>Raporti themelor \u00ebsht\u00eb kat\u00ebrk\u00ebnd\u00ebshi i dashuris\u00eb. Jelena Andrejevna, nj\u00eb grua e re dhe e bukur e profesorit Sereb\u00ebrjakov, i cili m\u00eb par\u00eb ka qen\u00eb i martuar me motr\u00ebn e Vanj\u00ebs. Nga ajo martes\u00eb, Sereb\u00ebrjakov ka nj\u00eb vajz\u00eb \u2013 Sonj\u00ebn. Daja i Sonj\u00ebs, Vanja dhe mjeku i fshatit dhe ekstravaganti Astrov dashurojn\u00eb Jelena Andrejevn\u00ebn, Sonj\u00ebs nd\u00ebrkaq i p\u00eblqen Astrovi. N\u00eb fund, asnj\u00eb nga k\u00ebto lidhje nuk realizohet, nd\u00ebrsa Sreb\u00ebrjakov\u00ebt largohen. \u00c7do gj\u00eb mbetet ashtu si ishte, pa kurrfar\u00eb shprese se do t\u00eb b\u00ebhet m\u00eb mir\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1899 \u201cXhaxha Vanj\u00ebn\u201d <\/em>e shfaqin teatrot e Kievit, t\u00eb Krakovit dhe t\u00eb Novogorodit t\u00eb Posht\u00ebm. \u00c7ehovi ka nd\u00ebrmend q\u00eb dram\u00ebn ta shnd\u00ebrroj\u00eb n\u00eb roman. Megjith\u00ebk\u00ebt\u00eb, heq dor\u00eb. PO at\u00eb vit, duke qen\u00eb se \u00c7ehovi p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb s\u00ebmundjes nuk mund t\u00eb vij\u00eb n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb n\u00eb shfaqjet e Teatrit t\u00eb Artit t\u00eb Mosk\u00ebs, trupa teatrore, bashk\u00eb me kostumet, me skenografin\u00eb he me rekuizitat mori rrug\u00ebn e gjat\u00eb p\u00ebr n\u00eb ishullin e Krimes\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr n\u00eb Jalt\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Atje trupa teatrore e MHT-s\u00eb (hudozhestvenik\u00ebt), p\u00ebr \u00c7ehovin dhe p\u00ebr tregimtarin e dramaturgun rus Maksim Gorkin <\/strong>(1868-1936) shfaq\u00ebn \u201cPul\u00ebbardh\u00ebn\u201d, \u201cXhaxha Vanj\u00ebn\u201d, <\/em>dram\u00ebn \u201cNjer\u00ebz t\u00eb vetmuar\u201d (Einsame Menschen, <\/em>1890) t\u00eb dramaturgut dhe tregimtarit gjerman Gerhart Hauptman <\/strong>(Gerhart Hauptmann, 1862-1946) dhe dram\u00ebn \u201cHedda Gabler\u201d<\/em> (1890) t\u00eb dramaturgut norvegjez t\u00eb natyralizmit – Henri<\/strong> Ibsen <\/strong>(Henrik Ibsen, pseudonim i Brynjolf Bjarme, 1828-1906). Hauptmani e nisi krijimtarin\u00eb letrare si dramaturg natyralist<\/strong>. Pas k\u00ebsaj, n\u00eb drama, n\u00eb ep dhe n\u00eb roman, kaloi n\u00ebp\u00ebr simboliz\u00ebm <\/strong>dhe neoromantiz\u00ebm<\/strong>, i kaloi t\u00eb gjitha fazat stilistike t\u00eb eklektikut <\/strong>krijues.<\/p>\n

\u201cPul\u00ebbardha\u201d<\/em> <\/strong>\u2013 Dram\u00ebn \u201cPul\u00ebbardha\u201d<\/em>, \u00c7ehovi e shkroi n\u00eb vitin 1895. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb dram\u00eb b\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr teatrin, p\u00ebr dallimet e pakap\u00ebrcyeshme midis brezit t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr dhe t\u00eb ri, p\u00ebr dashurin\u00eb ndaj artit<\/em><\/strong>. Personazh kryesor i \u201cPul\u00ebbardh\u00ebs\u201d<\/em> \u00ebsht\u00eb aktorja e njohur Irina Nikolajevna Arkadina, e cila me t\u00eb dashurin e saj, shkrimtarin Boris Aleksejevi\u00e7 Trigorin, vjen n\u00eb pron\u00ebn e t\u00eb v\u00ebllait t\u00eb s\u00ebmur\u00eb, Sorin. Aty, i biri i Irina Nikolajevn\u00ebs, Konstantin Gavrilovi\u00e7 Treplov d\u00ebshiron t\u00eb organizoj\u00eb nj\u00eb shfaqje, duke tentuar t\u00eb zbuloj\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb teatrore t\u00eb re. Por, e \u00ebma s\u2019do t\u00eb d\u00ebgjoj\u00eb dhe as ka mir\u00ebkuptim p\u00ebr synimet e t\u00eb birit.<\/p>\n

Aktore kryesore e k\u00ebsaj shfaqjeje \u00ebsht\u00eb vajza e re Nina Mihajlovna Zare\u00e7na. Asaj i vardiset Treplovi, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb i dhuron nj\u00eb pul\u00ebbardh\u00eb q\u00eb e kishte vrar\u00eb vet\u00eb ai. Nga nj\u00eb veprim i k\u00ebtill\u00eb, Nina rr\u00ebqethet. Nj\u00ebherazi, ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb e preokupuar me Trigorinin, i cili po ashtu i vardiset, duke t\u00ebrhequr nj\u00eb paralele nd\u00ebrmjet jet\u00ebs s\u00eb saj dhe pul\u00ebbardh\u00ebs s\u00eb pajet\u00eb, q\u00eb e mori si dhurat\u00eb. Treplovi depresiv, t\u00eb cilin Nina e refuzoi, tenton t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb vet\u00ebvrasje, por plumbi vet\u00ebm ia ka g\u00ebrvishtur kok\u00ebn. Irina Nikolajevna Arkadina d\u00ebshiron t\u00eb kthehet n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa Trigorini d\u00ebshiron t\u00eb mbetet n\u00eb \u00e7iflig.<\/p>\n

Megjith\u00ebk\u00ebt\u00eb, l\u00ebshon pe para d\u00ebshirave t\u00eb dashnores. Nina dhe Trigorini shihen p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb fundit para largimit t\u00eb tij. Ajo i premton se do t\u00eb b\u00ebhet aktore dhe se do t\u00eb shihen n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb. Akti i fundit ndodh pas dy vjet\u00ebsh. Aty m\u00ebsojm\u00eb se Nina dhe Trigorini kan\u00eb pasur nj\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00eb i cili kishte vdekur dhe se Trigorini i ishte kthyer Irina Nikolaevna Arkadin\u00ebs. Brenda k\u00ebtyre dy viteve, Nina kishte udh\u00ebtuar anemban\u00eb me nj\u00eb grup aktor\u00ebsh t\u00eb rendit t\u00eb dyt\u00eb. Tani, krejt k\u00ebt\u00eb ia rr\u00ebfen Treplovit, i cili n\u00eb fund t\u00eb dram\u00ebs vret veten. N\u00eb premier\u00ebn e shfaqur n\u00eb Teatrin e Aleksandrit n\u00eb San-Peterburg, \u201cPul\u00ebbardha\u201d<\/em> nuk pati sukses. Megjith\u00ebk\u00ebt\u00eb, shfaqja e dyt\u00eb u mir\u00ebprit nga publiku.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb 17 dhjetor, n\u00eb Teatrin e Artit t\u00eb Mosk\u00ebs (MHT), premiera e dram\u00ebs \u201cPul\u00ebbardha\u201d<\/em> u shfaq me sukses tejet t\u00eb madh n\u00eb regji t\u00eb Konstantin Sergejevi\u00e7 Stanislavskit, por \u00c7ehovi nuk ishte i pranish\u00ebm. Pas shfaqjes, Vladimir Nemirovi\u00e7 Dan\u00e7enko i d\u00ebrgoi \u00c7ehovit n\u00eb Jalt\u00eb nj\u00eb telegram n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin thuhet: \u201cSapo e shfaq\u00ebm \u201cPul\u00ebbardh\u00ebn\u201d<\/em>. Suksesi ishte kolosal. Publiku na u lut t\u00eb t\u00eb d\u00ebrgojm\u00eb nj\u00eb telegram. K\u00ebnaq\u00ebsia na b\u00ebri t\u00eb \u00e7mendemi. T\u00eb duam t\u00eb gjith\u00eb.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Pas k\u00ebtij suksesi, \u201cPul\u00ebbardha\u201d <\/em>u b\u00eb simbol i Teatrit t\u00eb Artit t\u00eb Mosk\u00ebs (THT).<\/p>\n

\u201eTri motrat\u201c <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 N\u00eb janar t\u00eb vitit 1900, \u00c7ehovi u zgjodh an\u00ebtar nderi i Sektorit letrar t\u00eb Akademis\u00eb s\u00eb Shkencave. Boton veprat \u201cN\u00eb Raven\u00eb\u201d<\/em> dhe \u201cN\u00eb Krishtlindje\u201d<\/em>. Nga gushti deri n\u00eb dhjetor e shkruan, e shkruan dram\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb njohur t\u00eb tij Tri motrat\u201d<\/em> t\u00eb cil\u00ebn e p\u00ebrfundon n\u00eb Nic\u00eb. Personazhe kryesore t\u00eb dram\u00ebs jan\u00eb motrat Prozorov – Olga, Masha dhe Irina dhe v\u00ebllai i tyre Andrej. Veprimi i dram\u00ebs zhvillohet n\u00eb nj\u00eb qytet provincial rus ku jan\u00eb shp\u00ebrngulur para nj\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb viteve p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb zhvendosjes s\u00eb babait t\u00eb tyre. Drama p\u00ebrshkohet nga d\u00ebshira dhe malli p\u00ebr t\u2019u kthyer n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb. Akti i par\u00eb fillon me kremtimin e dit\u00ebs s\u00eb emrit t\u00eb Irin\u00ebs, por kjo, nj\u00ebherazi \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe p\u00ebrvjetori i vdekjes s\u00eb babait t\u00eb tyre. U vijn\u00eb p\u00ebr vizit\u00eb oficer\u00ebt Tusenbah, Soloni dhe \u00c7ebutkin t\u00eb cil\u00ebt jan\u00eb me sh\u00ebrbim n\u00eb qytet.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebta sjellin n\u00eb shoq\u00ebri komandantin e sapoem\u00ebruar Vershinjin. Olga \u00ebsht\u00eb ligj\u00ebruese n\u00eb gjimnaz. Masha, e vetmja prej motrave e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb e martuar, e ka burr\u00eb profesorin Kuligin. Andreu ia k\u00ebrkon dor\u00ebn Natalia Ivanovn\u00ebs. Midis aktit t\u00eb par\u00eb dhe t\u00eb dyt\u00eb, kalon nj\u00eb vit. N\u00eb aktin e dyt\u00eb, Andreut dhe Natalia Ivanovn\u00ebs u lind nj\u00eb djal\u00eb. Por, Andreu \u00ebsht\u00eb i pak\u00ebnaqur nga martesa dhe luan bixhoz. Edhe Masha \u00ebsht\u00eb e pak\u00ebnaqur me martes\u00ebn e vet. Ajo e pranon vardisjen e Vershinjinit. Tek Irina jan\u00eb dashuruar Tusenbahu dhe Soloni, t\u00eb cilin ajo e refuzon. Pas k\u00ebsaj, Soloni kanoset se do ta vras\u00eb \u00e7do rival t\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb aktin e tret\u00eb, i t\u00ebr\u00eb qyteti \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrshir\u00eb nga nj\u00eb zjarr i madh. Olga del p\u00ebr t\u2019u ndihmuar t\u00eb goditurve nga zjarri. Kuligini e k\u00ebrkon gruan e vet, Mash\u00ebn, nd\u00ebrsa Irina nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e sigurt n\u00eb do t\u00eb pranoj\u00eb martes\u00ebn me Tusenbahun. Andreu ua b\u00ebn me dije se sht\u00ebpin\u00eb e ka humbur n\u00eb bixhoz. Me t\u00eb d\u00ebgjuar k\u00ebto fjal\u00eb, Olga, bashk\u00eb me sh\u00ebrb\u00ebtoren, shkon t\u00eb jetoj\u00eb n\u00eb banes\u00ebn shkollore. N\u00eb aktin e fundit, ushtria largohet nga qyteti. Vershinjini p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndetet me Mash\u00ebn, nd\u00ebrsa Soloni dhe Tusenbahu ishin marr\u00eb vesh p\u00ebr t\u00eb dal\u00eb n\u00eb dyluftim. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb dyluftim midis tyre, Tusenbahu u q\u00ebllua p\u00ebr vdekje.<\/p>\n

Drama p\u00ebrfundon me monolog\u00ebt<\/strong> e motrave. Ato, nj\u00ebsoj si heronjt\u00eb e tjer\u00eb t\u00eb \u00c7ehovit, m\u00ebsojn\u00eb se jeta e tyre nuk mund t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb<\/em><\/strong>. Kjo shihet n\u00eb fjal\u00ebt e Olg\u00ebs: \u201cDo t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb koha dhe ne do t\u00eb shkojm\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithmon\u00eb, do t\u00eb na harrojn\u00eb, do t\u00eb na i harrojn\u00eb fytyrat, z\u00ebrat dhe sa kemi qen\u00eb, por vuajtjet tona do t\u00eb shnd\u00ebrrohen n\u00eb hare p\u00ebr ata q\u00eb do t\u00eb jetojn\u00eb pas nesh, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb bot\u00eb do t\u00eb mbizot\u00ebroj\u00eb lumturia dhe paqja. P\u00ebr ata q\u00eb jetojn\u00eb sot, njer\u00ebzit do t\u00eb thon\u00eb fjal\u00eb t\u00eb mira dhe do t\u2019i bekojn\u00eb. Motra t\u00eb dashura, jeta jon\u00eb ende s\u2019ka marr\u00eb fund. Ende kemi p\u00ebr t\u00eb jetuar!\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1902, p\u00ebr \u201cTri motrat\u201d,<\/em> \u00c7ehovit i jepet \u00e7mimi \u201cGribojedov\u201d i Shoqat\u00ebs s\u00eb dramaturg\u00ebve dhe t\u00eb kompozitor\u00ebve operistik\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\u201cKopshti i vishnjave\u201d<\/em><\/strong> –\u00a0 N\u00eb vitin 1902 fillon ta shkruaj\u00eb dram\u00ebn \u201cKopshti i vishnjave\u201d. <\/em>\u00cbsht\u00eb drama e tij e fundit. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vep\u00ebr merret me shkat\u00ebrrimin e aristokracis\u00eb ruse<\/em><\/strong>. Drama fillon me kthimin nga Parisi t\u00eb Lubov Andrejevna Ranjevsk\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb s\u00eb bij\u00ebs Anja n\u00eb pron\u00ebn e vjet\u00ebr, e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00ebn hipotek\u00eb. Kopshti i vishnjave dhe sht\u00ebpia, brenda disa muajve do t\u00eb shiten n\u00eb ankand. Ranjevska d\u00ebshiron ta shp\u00ebtoj\u00eb pron\u00ebn duke e martuar t\u00eb bij\u00ebn Varje me tregtarin e pasur dhe t\u00eb suksessh\u00ebm Lopahin, i cili d\u00ebshiron t\u2019i pres\u00eb vishnjat e kopshtit, p\u00ebr t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar nj\u00eb pushimore. Lopahini e blen pron\u00ebn n\u00eb ankand, vendos t\u2019i pres\u00eb vishnjat dhe t\u00eb mos martohet me Varjen. Drama p\u00ebrfundon me largimin e Ranjevsk\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb v\u00ebllait t\u00eb saj Gajevit si dhe me prerjen e vishnjave. Kopshti i vishnjave \u00ebsht\u00eb simbol i nj\u00eb familjeje dhe i nj\u00eb klase q\u00eb rr\u00ebnohet dal\u00ebngadal\u00eb.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb 17 janar 1904, n\u00eb dit\u00eblindjen e tij, u shfaq premiera e dram\u00ebs \u201cKopshti i vishnjave\u201d<\/em>. Rolin kryesor t\u00eb femr\u00ebs, d.m.th. rolin e Lubov Andrejevna Ranjevsk\u00ebs e luajti gruaja e \u00c7ehovit \u2013 Olga Knipper. Por, \u00c7ehovi nuk ishte i k\u00ebnaqur me shfaqjen p\u00ebr arsye se dram\u00ebn \u201cKopshti i vishnjave\u201d<\/em> e kishte titulluar si komedi, <\/em>nd\u00ebrsa Konstantin Sergejevi\u00e7 Stanislavski dhe Vladimir Nemirovi\u00e7 Dan\u00e7enko e ishin realizuar si tragjedi<\/em>. Sidoqoft\u00eb, n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb dhe n\u00eb San-Peterburg, shfaqja p\u00ebrjeton sukses t\u00eb madh.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0 *\u00a0\u00a0 *<\/p>\n

Dramat<\/strong>: D\u00ebmi nga duhani <\/em>(1886, 1902); Ivanovi <\/em>(1887); Ariu <\/em>(1888); Msitnia <\/em>(1888-1889); \u00a0<\/em>Dasma <\/em>(1889); Jubileu <\/em>(1891); Pul\u00ebbardha <\/em>(1896); Xhaxha Vanja <\/em>(1897);\u00a0 Tri motrat <\/em>(1900);\u00a0 Kopshti i vishnjave <\/em>(1903) etj. Drama \u201cXhxha Vanja\u201d <\/em>n\u00eb disa p\u00ebrkthime haset edhe si \u201cDaja Vanja\u201d <\/em>apo si \u201cXha Vanja\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Proza<\/strong>: P\u00ebrralla t\u00eb Melpomen\u00ebs <\/em>(1884); Tregime laramane <\/em>(1886); N\u00eb muzg <\/em>(1887) etj.<\/p>\n

Novelat dhe tregimet <\/strong>(p\u00ebrmbledhja e botuar n\u00eb vitin 1894): Zonja me kone <\/em>apo Zonja me qenin e vog\u00ebl; Njeriu n\u00eb k\u00ebll\u00ebf, Stepa; N\u00ebnoficeri Prishibjejev; P\u00ebr dashurin\u00eb; Pavijoni Nr. 6; N\u00eb p\u00ebrrosk\u00eb; Nusja; Ishulli Sahalin <\/em>(1895) etj. \u201cIshulli Sahalin\u201d<\/em> haset n\u00eb shqip edhe si \u201cIshulli Sakhalin\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Xhelal Zejneli Anton Pavlovi\u00e7 \u00c7ehovi \u00ebsht\u00eb novelist dhe dramaturg rus. Lindi n\u00eb Tanganrog, Rusi, m\u00eb 29 janar 1860. Vdiq n\u00eb Badenweiler t\u00eb Gjermanis\u00eb, m\u00eb 15 korrik 1904. Njihej me pseudonimin Antosha \u00c7ehonte. Me profesion ishte mjek dhe letrar. Nga llojet letrare q\u00eb i krijoi jan\u00eb dramat dhe tregimet e shkurtra. I p\u00ebrket periudh\u00ebs letrare t\u00eb […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":64002,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,4,35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-64001","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-artikuj","category-histori","category-kulture"],"yoast_head":"\nANTON PAVLOVI\u00c7 \u00c7EHOVI \u2013 DRAMA IMPRESIONISTE - FJALA e LIR\u00cb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jehonashqiptare.al\/fjala\/anton-pavlovic-cehovi-drama-impresioniste\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"ANTON PAVLOVI\u00c7 \u00c7EHOVI \u2013 DRAMA IMPRESIONISTE - FJALA e LIR\u00cb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Xhelal Zejneli Anton Pavlovi\u00e7 \u00c7ehovi \u00ebsht\u00eb novelist dhe dramaturg rus. 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